Mana OHS FINAL (4-6)
What toxic substance is most likely to produce dermatitis? a. sensitizer b. mutagen c. teratogen d. contact irritant
D
In the lab, HIV (I and II) requires the same level of control as what other biohazard? a. rabies b. hepatitis c. legionella d. tick-borne encephalitis
A
What characteristic of a solvent is related to its speed of evaporation? a. surface tension b. flammability c. volatility d. vaporization
C
What heat-related condition could you resolve by giving workers salty crackers along with some water? a. heat stroke b. heat syncope c. heat cramps d. heat hyperpyrexia
C
What obligations do employers have to ensure that the workers are safe from the dangers of heat exposure?
• Conduct a heat stress assessment. • Implement engineering controls to reduce the level of heat. • Adjust work-rest schedules to reduce exposure. • Provide personal protective equipment. • Ensure cool drinking water is accessible near the worksite. • Limit exposure through work rotation. • Install fans or air conditioning. • Allow time to acclimatize. • Provide drinking water. • Support the use of sun hats, sunscreen, and eye protection.
Under what legislation could the theatre be liable for failing to maintain the stage in a better condition? a. Canada Labour Code b. Occupational Health and Safety Act c. Workers' Compensation Act d. CSA Standard Z432-94
A
What condition is an employee likely experiencing if he or she reports tingling in the fingers, loss of sensation in the fingers, and loss of grip strength? a. HAVS b. hyperpyrexia c. hyperreflexia d. neuritis
A
What has research to date indicated about the use of cellphones and the risk of brain cancer? a. Cancer risk is unclear. b. Cancer risk varies with gender. c. Cancer risk varies with age of the cellphone. d. Cancer risk varies with amount of usage.
A
What is another term for a direct unsafe act? a. substandard practice b. act of omission c. poor judgement d. human factor
A
Which of the following most closely reflects the definition of a hazard, as given in the textbook? a. any condition or changing set of circumstances that has the potential to cause an injury b. the probability of harm actually occurring c. the first unsafe act or undesired event that can start the accident sequence d. any work activities that can cause injury or harm
A
Who is most likely to carry out safety sampling? a. in-house safety personnel b. the third party safety professional c. the Ministry of Labour d. the WSIB/WCB
A
Rob's doctor has told him that his alveoli are seriously damaged. In what shape are his cilia likely to be? a. undamaged b. slightly damaged c. severely damaged d. completely destroyed
C
The consequences of a hazard are assessed through what measure? a. probability b. likelihood c. severity d. frequency
C
What two basic types of physiological damage can create hearing loss? a. trauma and infection b. sensorineural and infection c. conductive and sensorineural d. trauma and conductive
C
Which of the following devices emits ionizing radiation? a. computer monitor b. fluorescent light c. tanning bed d. hospital scanner
D
Ear muffs are more costly but more comfortable than earplugs.
F
What type of biological agents, which if inhaled, can cause occupational diseases in farmworkers? a. bacterial b. viruses c. chlamydiae d. fungal
D
According to the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, when might a workplace be too noisy? a. when employees stop going out after work b. when employees have chronic ear infections c. when employees have a general feeling of fatigue d. when numerous employees have hearing problems
A
Besides record keeping, what control measure ensures that baseline tests will be available when needed? a. medical surveillance b. engineering controls c. work practices d. good housekeeping
A
Through what physiological system would poison ivy have an effect on gardeners and agricultural workers? a. nervous system b. immune system c. respiratory system d. metabolic system
B
Akanksha is a dental hygienist who cleans patient's teeth for 35 hours a week. What is the most realistic way of minimizing segmental vibration from the electric polishing brush? a. using a manual polishing brush b. reducing the number of patients that she sees c. loosening her grip on the polishing brush d. adding padding to the handle of the brush
D
If Julia has developed a work-related occupational disease involving the central nervous system, what organic compound is mostly likely to be the cause? a. glycols b. esters c. ketones d. hydrocarbons
D
Marlee is a hard-of-hearing worker in a candy factory. Her supervisor can assume that she does not need the same types of hearing protection as the other workers.
F
A hazard is any activity that may occur on a day-to-day basis as a direct or indirect result of some human or human-related undertaking.
F
As their popularity increases, the move from playing in small clubs to playing in large stadiums can produce tinnitus for band members if they are not careful.
T
The eye is the primary organ at risk from ionizing radiation.
F
The risk levels set by the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) are expressed in terms of the percentage chance a worker has of encountering that event in their lifetime.
F
Evan is the OH&S manager for a research lab that has Biosafety Level 1 (BSL 1) organisms. What does he need to do to protect himself from these type of organisms? a. wash his hands before he eats lunch at work b. put in a separate lunchroom/restroom for lab workers c. make sure his office is on a different ventilation system d. make sure the lab has a negative pressure environment
A
In the context of occupational health and safety, what groups of individuals are most likely to receive kickbacks? a. workers b. supervisors c. managers d. ministry inspectors
A
Which of the following is one of the four specific conditions that have been linked to repetitive strain injuries? a. force application to hinge joints b. overexertion c. high dBA ratings d. pinch points
A
Which of the following is the best example of an engineering control? a. task lighting b. noise-cancelling headphones c. forklift training d. safety campaign for new engineers
A
Discuss commonalities in regards to the origins, effects, and control of the four types of physical agents.
All physical agents are related to sources of energy—noise comes from 1) sound waves, 2) vibration from objects in motion (kinetic energy), 3) radiation from electromagnetic energy, 4) thermal stress from thermodynamic energy. All physical agents can cause a range of injuries and illnesses from minor to severe e.g. annoyance to complete hearing loss, minor cut to amputation, cataracts to death, number fingers to frostbite. The control of all physical agents follows the source-path-human strategy. The first line of defense is to remove the source, if possible, through engineering and administrative controls. The second line of defense is to block the path (move the worker away) from the source through engineering and administrative controls and PPE. If these are not successful or viable then the last line of defense is to protect the human through personal protective equipment.
Describe the legal steps an employer/HRM must take to control hazardous noise in the workplace. What is the most effective noise control method?
An employer/HRM will want to use the source-path-human strategies to control hazardous noise in the workplace. The best method for dealing with noise in the workplace is to reduce noise at the source. If a worker is exposed to noise above the legal noise exposure limit, the employer must, perhaps with the help of experts, investigate and implement engineered noise-control options to reduce the noise exposure of workers below the recommended exposure limits, if possible. If it is not possible to reduce noise levels, the employer must reduce noise exposure to the lowest level possible, post warning signs in the noise hazard areas (workers in a posted noise hazard area must wear hearing protection), provide affected workers hearing protection that meets the legal stand- ards, and ensure that hearing protection is worn effectively in noise hazard areas. This last strategy of using personal protective equipment is less costly but not always the most effective
What is the required noise attenuation in a commercial laundry with the following characteristics: actual noise level is 95 dB(A) and the standard is 88 dB(a) for eight hours? a! 1 dB(A) b! 14 dB(A) c! 49 dB(A) d! 176 dB(A)
B *** FIND OUT MORE
Describe and differentiate between the two types of analytical trees used in hazard analysis, explaining which one is more common, but why the other might facilitate precontact control.
Analytical trees are the most common form of hazard analysis of which there are two types: a positive tree (shows graphically how a job should be done) and a fault tree (provides an illustration of things that can go wrong). The fault tree is the more frequently used tree but a positive tree could be used to ensure that workers are properly trained and that visual reminders of proper procedures are posted at the task site. Workers may understand the risk but be slightly off in their risk perception, underestimating the risk, especially for infrequent or unusual types of occurrences. Knowing the proper methods and having constant reminders can prevent hazards from reaching workers in the first place, which is the definition of precontact control.
CIUB injuries would fall within what larger category of injuries? a. injuries resulting from overuse b. overt traumatic injuries c. overexertion injuries d. awkward working position injuries
B
Careless stacking of boxes, such that the boxes later fall on a coworker ,would be classified as what type of hazard? a. human factor—commission b. human factor—omission c. human factor—poor judgement d. human factor—substandard practice
B
Employees with diabetes and other conditions often need to inject themselves at work to keep their condition under control. What is an administrative control that the human resource management department can implement to protect everyone from needlestick injuries? a. install "sharps" disposal bins in restrooms b. provide education and training to all employees c. ask these employees to inject themselves in an off-site location d. change work schedules, so they can inject at home before and after work
B
If a kitchen worker gets locked into the walk-in freezer either by accident or by a misguided prank, when you finally find them, what symptom would tell you that he or she is suffering from moderate hypothermia? a. intense pain in fingers b. abnormal drowsiness c. decreased respiration d. irrational behaviour
B
In the equation for thermal stress, what does the character M stand for? a. body mass b. metabolic heat production c. metabolism d. mechanical energy
B
Rafael has worked in a metal processing facility for six months and believes he has suffered toxic exposure to chromic acid. What symptom would help his doctor assess this claim? a. irritated eyes b. changes to his skin c. difficulty breathing d. loss of feeling in fingertips
B
Shutting off power to protect emergency responders is an action taken as part of what stage of hazard control? a. precontact control b. contact control c. postcontract control d. administrative control
B
The effect of noise exposure in the workplace is measured using what type of device? a. dosimeter b. audiometer c. octave band analyzer d. sound pressure level meter
B
The kitchen has a number of large floor-standing mixers for mixing large batches of cake and bread dough. The frequency of these mixers is 75 Hz. What part of the body would be affected by resonance at this frequency? a. head b. eyeballs c. shoulder d. arms
B
The performing arts (theatre, dance, music) do not always come to mind when hazardous workplaces are being discussed. However, performers at Canada's famed Shaw and Stratford festivals encounter many hazards and OH&S incidents can occur. Imagine a theatre with suspended overhead lights, trapdoors in the stage, on-stage sets that look real but are built of flimsy materials, narrow hallways and stairs, and actors engaged in fight scenes using realistic weapons. The same process of hazard recognition, risk assessment, and control must take place. What type of hazard would be represented by an unevenly repaired patch on a stage that could cause an actor to slip and fall when engaged in a fight scene? a. equipment hazard b. environment hazard c. materials hazard d. process hazard
B
What is an example of an unsafe condition? a. use of defective equipment b. poor indoor air quality c. failure to wear personal protective equipment d. alcohol and drug abuse
B
What is the prerequisite step before engaging in risk assessment? a. choosing a qualitative approach b. the identification of hazards c. choosing a quantitative approach d. conducting the risk assessment
B
What is the recommended remedy for occupational asthma (e.g. crab asthma experienced by the snow crab workers in Newfoundland)? a. transferring to a different job in the same plant b. changing to employment in another industry c. taking asthma medication via a bronchial inhalator "puffer" d. taking antihistamine medication (e.g. Benadryl, Claritin)
B
Which of the following is an engineering control? a. recognizing the source of the hazard (i.e., the potential energy source) b. segregating the hazard in time and space c. protecting workers from exposure through personal protective equipment d. contacting the Ministry of Labour after an incident
B
Marguerite turns up the sound on her computer speakers by 3 dB to play her favourite song. How much louder would this sound be to Genevieve who is in the next cubicle next? a! just as loud b! twice as loud c! three times as loud d! five times as loud
B ** KNOW HOW TO CALC
Long-distance truck drivers could be subject to what whole-body vibration related problem as a result of sitting over or near the engine for long periods of time? a. Raynaud's phenomenon b. impaired vision c. sore joints d. muscle atrophy
B *** CHECK THIS OUT
By which four routes can chemicals enter the body? a. respiration, inhalation, skin absorption, and skin penetration b. ingestion, skin penetration, inhalation, and lungs c. respiration, skin absorption, skin penetration, and ingestion d. lungs, nose, skin absorption, and ingestion
C
In what situation could frostbite happen as quickly as frostnip? a. when the temperature is below -30 degrees C. b. when the worker has inadequate hand and foot protection c. when the worker is exposed to cold compressed gas d. none because frostbite takes more time to develop than frostnip
C
In what three ways can noise affect humans? a. cognitive effects, sensorineural damage, and sociological effects b. physiological damage, physiological effects, and psychological effects c. sociological damage, psychological effects, and sensorineural damage d. physiological effects, sociological effects, and cognitive damage
C
Sanjay is looking forward to his new job as a Conservation Officer working at Point Pelee National Park. What disease is he at higher risk for when working at Point Pelee and how can he protect himself? a. rabies; report wild animals acting strangely b. tick-borne encephalitis; wear long pants and long-sleeved shirts c. Lyme disease; use insect repellant containing DEET d. brucellosis; make sure cuts on hands/arms are covered
C
School boards can generate the "free field effect" for teachers by taking what action? a. requiring open classroom windows b. installing white noise machines c. having longer recess and lunch periods d. making teachers close classroom doors
C
What is an example of a lockout? a. turning off a stove, and placing a sign on it that says "Do not use" b. placing a restricted-access sign on a piece of equipment c. turning off equipment and securing the fuse box so no one has access to it d. isolating the electrical controls on one piece of equipment
C
What is an example of a repetitive strain injury? a. sprain b. tinnitus c. Raynaud's syndrome d. dermatitis
C
What is an example of an unsafe act? a. improper illumination b. poor design c. inadequate hand washing d. defective equipment
C
Where does personal protective equipment (PPE) rank in terms of the recommended approach to hazard control? a. the first line of defence b. the second line of defence c. the third line of defence d. the fourth line of defence
C
From which source could a chef or sous chef (preparation cook) be exposed to ionizing radiation? a. microwave oven b. kitchen computer c. vegetables d. aluminium pan
C ** LOOK IN TO
Imagine a large scale kitchen operation such as the Mandarin, Boston Pizza, or Swiss Chalet. Even though restaurant customers might experience a relatively quiet, comfortable, and relaxing atmosphere out front, in the kitchen area, there are many physical agents that can impair the safety and health of kitchen workers and servers. During the dinner hour when there are a lot of boiling pots, frying pans, and hot ovens in constant operation, what is likely to be the typical humidex range captured using the WGBT index? a! 20-29 degrees C. b! 30-39 degrees C. c! 40-45 degrees C. d! 46+ degrees C.
C *** FIND OUT MORE
PROBLEM: It is rare to see employees in a trendy club wearing any kind of hearing protection. As the new HR manager, explain why club owners and managers may not be protecting club employees from ex- cessive noise and what you could suggest to them that might reduce the risk of hearing loss.
CHAPTER 5 REVIEW NOTES - not seeing sound noise - not knowing actual noise level in club - not hearing from employees that they're experiencing hearing related issues IN ORDER TO GET PAST BARRIERS: - hire outside specialist to conduct noise assessment - once data is collected, must calculate total noise from diff sources and compare to provincial standards ENGINEERING CONTROLS: - turning down sound - changes to wall and ceiling padding (absorption of sound) - rotating employees from busy nights to slow nights, loud sections to quiet sections - workers who don't need to directly communicate with clients should wear protection OTHER WAYS: - clients pay/order electronically, not to workers - rule that only texting, no calls, are allowed in club
The Globally Harmonized System is a system that would establish consistency around in world in terms of what? a. the purchase and control of biological agents b. specifying the toxicity levels of chemical agents c. dealing with epidemics due to biological agents d. classification and labelling of chemical products
D
The carbon monoxide detector suddenly goes off in the car dealership's administration offices due to leaking fumes from the automotive service area. What type of toxicity should the dealership manager be concerned about for his office workers? a. acute toxicity b. local toxicity c. chronic toxicity d. systemic toxicity
D
What analytic technique is available to show why the defective repair occurred and contributed to the incident? a. safety sampling b. audit program c. positive tree d. fault tree
D
What factor would explain why in a cold climate, Worker A can raise their body temperature by four degrees by jogging on the spot or skipping with a rope, whereas Worker B can only raise their body temperature by two degrees? a. Worker A is in better physical condition. b. Worker B is an older worker. c. Worker A is a non-smoker. d. Worker B is female.
D
What is an example of a process modification that would be supported by the Hawthorne studies? a. machine guarding b. illumination c. heat stress testing d. job rotation
D
What is the difference between a fume and a vapour? a. vapours are lighter in colour b. fumes come from the evaporation of solids c. vapours come from the evaporation of liquids d. the material in a fume condenses with air contact
D
What numerical measure is typically used to communicate risk, regardless of how it is assessed? a. cost b. frequency c. severity d. probability
D
What size is the typical airborne particle found in fumes and smoke? a! 1000 microns b! 100 microns c! 10 microns d! less than 1 micron
D
What statistical value should Aiko look at to compare the hearing protection of various devices on the market? a. dB(A) b. Hz c. WBGT d. NRR
D
What three characteristics is the human hearing response conditional on? a. duration, standards, and loudness b. loudness, duration, and level c. frequency, standards, and level d. frequency, duration, and loudness
D
What type of non-ionizing radiation is more likely to cause damage to the retina of the eye? a. high-energy X-rays b. far infrared radiation c. short ultraviolet radiation d. long ultraviolet radiation
D
Which of the following is most likely to create a synergistic effect with airborne chemicals in a manufacturing plant? a. the other chemicals used in the plant b. inadequate safety training c. inconsistent use of respirators d. the plant being located in a valley
D
What is the lower back stress experienced by a member of the theatre crew given the following information related to their task of moving a table on and off the stage between scenes. The table weighs 25 pounds; the centre of the table is held 45 cm away from the body; and the distance from the front of the body to the rotation point of the spine is 20 cm. a! 36 kg/cm b! 90 cm/kg c! 1105 cm/kg d! 1625 kg/cm
D *** LEARN HOW TO CALC
There are four mechanical dishwashers in the kitchen running at the following sound ratings: 82 dB, 84 dB, 86 dB, and 88 dB. A 2 dB difference translates to a noise factor increase of 2.1 dB, a 4 dB difference to a factor of 1.5, and a 6 dB difference to a factor of 1.0. Given this information, what is the total noise level coming from the dishwashers? a! 85.0 dB b! 86.1 dB c! 87.5 dB d! 89.0 dB
D** CALC
Differentiate between engineering controls and administrative controls, giving an example of how each could be applied in a situation where workers have to work outside in the summer (e.g. road crew or roofing crew).
Engineering controls involve the modification of work processes, equipment, and material in order to reduce exposure to hazards. Examples would include changing schedules to avoid peak temperatures taking frequent breaks, providing water at the job site, and adding canopies to heavy equipment to protect operators from the sun. Engineering controls do not include personal protective equipment such as sunscreen and sunglasses. Administrative control is the use of management involvement, employee training, employee rotation, environmental sampling, and medical surveillance to protect individuals. Examples would include monitoring workers for signs of heat stroke or dehydration, training employees to recognize signs of heat exhaustion and dehydration in themselves and coworkers, and rotating workers from heavier jobs to lighter jobs.
As Plant Safety Officer, Celine's job is to identify human factors in workplace incidents so that blame can be laid on those who engaged in unsafe acts and/or created unsafe conditions.
F
As part of hazard identification, Ray was asked to describe how much time he spent on various tasks and to rank the importance of each of these tasks. This information was necessary for safety sampling.
F
At the winery, part of Alain's job involves being lowered through a narrow opening into a giant tank to clean them out in between batches. The first step in the plan should be to vent the container and test the air quality to ensure all vapours have been removed.
F
Engineers working in the engine room of a cruise ship are more likely to experience segmental vibration than chefs working in the cruise ship kitchen.
F
If a roofer is suffering from hyperpyrexia after installing replacement shingles for eight hours in the hot sun their skin will be dry and tight.
F
Jeremy works in a large shipping area of a courier company. If a parcel flies off the conveyor belt and hits him in the shoulder, this would be an example of how lack of a machine guard allows kinetic energy to create unnecessary risk.
F
Many of the colloquial (everyday) names for repetitive strain injuries listed in the textbook refer to what part of the body? a. wrist b. back c. shoulder d. elbow
D
Rick is the supervisor of a road crew working on highway resurfacing. What administrative control would help his workers acclimatize to working in the heat? a. a heat stress assessment b. reduced worker activity c. cooling vests d. mandatory water breaks
D
Bruce Hsieh has a job servicing office printers and copiers in downtown Vancouver. According to recent research, what occupational disease may he be at higher risk of acquiring than his brother who is a zookeeper? a. chlamydiae b. salmonella c. streptococcus d. MCS
D
Give two different examples of overexertion injuries that an exterior window cleaner working on a multi-story office building might experience. Explain the basic causes of overexertion injuries and discuss the impact of pre-existing conditions on overexertion injuries.
Injuries that window cleaners might experience from their work are back strain from working in awkward positions and stretching beyond their normal reach, as well as repetitive strain injuries from using the same motion and holding their wrist and elbow in an awkward position. Pre- existing conditions such as arthritis and circulation disorders would make these injuries worse or could trigger the overexertion injury much sooner.
Define and give examples of two of the four types of overt traumatic injuries discussed in the textbook. What are some prevention strategies that an HRM can implement to prevent overt traumatic injuries?
Overt traumatic injuries result from individuals coming in contact with objects and equipment (an energy source). Four types of overt traumatic injuries are: 1) being struck by a moving object (material or equipment); 2) being caught in, under, or between (CIUB) machines; 3) falls; 4) burn/abrasion injuries from contact with a source of energy. Overt traumatic injury prevention focuses on recognizing the source of the hazard, eliminating the hazard, and protecting workers from exposure to the energy source (e.g. through precontact engineering controls, precontact administrative controls, and personal protective equipment).
Jarrett has just taken a transfer from being a retail store manager to a development opportunity as the manager of the retail chain's local distribution centre (warehouse); the new position will help to prepare him for a long-term career in the company. Discuss the pros and cons of three different ways that he can quickly familiarize himself with the hazards facing workers in his new work environment in order to meet his legal responsibilities?
REVIEW IN CHAP 4 NOTES - talk to people - read company documents - consult external sources - collect new data - analysis of plant, tasks and jobs
Dog trainers can experience hearing loss from using a "silent" dog whistle
T
In order to accurately describe the risks involved in using various types of lasers by surgeons at the clinic, Oleg must consider both likelihood and severity of both overt traumatic and overexertion injuries.
T
Kim Sung is a member of the Joint Health and Safety Committee at her workplace and she has been asked to work with an outside safety expert to identify hazards from poor housekeeping throughout the hospital. A walk-through survey would be an effective way for them to collect this data.
T
Nico fell asleep for a minute while driving his company vehicle and narrowly missed hitting a car in the next lane. This would be classified as an OH&S incident.
T
Rina should ignore her coworkers in the woodworking area when they tell her that she should use compressed air to clean up her work area at the end of the day.
T
The heat level in a crowded room or subway car rises due to convection.
T
To measure the gross noise level in the casino, the casino's health and safety manager, Kamran, will use a sound pressure level meter.
T
While at work, Zamboni drivers who resurface the ice in hockey arenas are more likely to have lower blood pressure than athletic trainers working in arena dressing rooms.
T
Describe several factors that the Canadian Forces would have to take into account in developing a cold-weather occupational health and safety strategy for Forces members working at bases in the northernmost territories of Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territory, and Nunavut).
The first consideration is to consider what engineering controls such as heaters and shields could protect all members working at these bases from extremely cold temperatures. Secondly, they could consider how administrative controls such as work and rest schedules and shut and closure requirements might need to be modified for these bases. Personal protective equipment must more than meet the extremes of temperature experienced in these places and should also be taken into account. In addition to dealing with temperature, consideration must be given to the potential hazard and associated eye damage arising from sustained exposure to the glare from snow and ice. Last but not least, the Forces have to consider individual differences that would make some Forces members more susceptible to cold-related illnesses. These include age, gender, fatigue, diseases, health conditions, and consumption of drugs and alcohol. Rather than screening out Forces members with these characteristics, which could be discriminatory as predisposition does not always produce illness, the Forces should develop a wellness strategy that helps all members acclimatize to the cold.
List the four levels of probability and the three levels of consequences provided by the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS). Apply the following hazards facing chefs working in a restaurant kitchen, identifying the injury, likelihood, and typical severity: hot oven, sharp knives, pots with boiling contents, and hard floors.
The four levels of probability (likelihood) are very likely (at least once every six months), likely (once every five years), unlikely (once during working lifetime), and very unlikely (less than 1% chance during working lifetime). The three levels of consequences are slightly harmful (nuisance) moderate harm (somewhat debilitating), and extremely harmful (death or severely limiting injury). Burn from coming into contact with hot oven—very likely; consequences are moderately harmful Cut from sharp knife—very likely; consequences are slightly to moderately harmful, however some cuts can cause amputation (e.g. end of finger) and untended cuts can lead to more serious conditions (e.g. flesh-eating disease) Scald from being splashed by pot of boiling water/oil—very likely to likely depending on type of food being prepared; consequences could be anywhere from slightly harmful to extremely harmful, possibly death if entire pot is pulled/dumped over body. Back pain from standing on hard floors—very likely due to long hours, unless rubber cushioning mats are provided; consequences range from slightly harmful to moderate harm (over time)
