Management Chapter 11

What are the seven diversity trends anticipated by the Pew Research Center?

1) A reduction in immigration to the US from Mexico 2) An increase in immigration from Asian countries 3) Racially diverse millennials maturing 4) A growing share of women in "top leadership jobs" and a continued narrowing of the gender wage gap 5) A decline in the number of two-parent households 6) A drop in the share of middle-class households 7) A rise in the number of people who describe themselves as unaffiliated with any organized religion

What are the types of employee behavior that managers can influence?

1. Counterproductive work behaviors 2. Turnover and absenteeism 3. Organizational citizenship behavior 4. Performance and productivity

Situation factors that contribute to employee engagement (list + description)

1. Job characteristics; engaged when work contains variety and when feedback about performance is timely 2. Leadership; engaged when manager is supportive and maintains a positive, trusting relationship with employees 3. Organizational climate; positive/inspiring to negative/depleting 4. Stressors; environmental characteristics that cause stress

What are two important trends that show U.S. businesses need to do better by minority populations?

1. Minorities tend to earn less than whites 2. A number of studies have shown that minorities experienced more perceived discrimination, racism-related stress, and less psychological support than their white counterparts

What factors contribute to the wage gap's persistence?

1. More women than men interrupt their careers to care for children/other family members 2. Women's underrepresentation in high-paying jobs 3. Gender discrimination

Four types of workplace behaviors (list)

1. Performance and productivity 2. Absenteeism and turnover 3. Organizational citizenship behaviors 4. Counterproductive work behaviors

Person factors that contribute to employee engagement (list)

1. Personality 2. Positive psychological capital 3. Human and social capital

Five ways managers can boost employee self-esteem

1. Reinforce employees' positive attributes and skills 2. Provide positive feedback whenever possible 3. Break larger projects into smaller tasks and projects 4. Express confidence in employees' abilities to complete their tasks 5. Provide coaching whenever employees are seen to be struggling to complete tasks

Four key components of emotional intelligence (list + description)

1. Self-awareness: the ability to read your own emotions and gauge your moods accurately, so you know how you're affecting others 2. Self-management: the ability to control your emotions and act with honesty and integrity in reliable and adaptable ways 3. Social awareness: Includes empathy; allows you to show others that you care, and organizational intuition 4. Relationship management: the ability to communicate Cleary and convincingly, disarm conflicts, and build strong personal bonds

Five distortions in perception (list)

1. Stereotyping 2. Implicit bias 3. Halo effect 4. Recency effect 5. Causal attribution

What are the four layers of diversity?

1. personality 2. Internal dimensions (gender, country of origin, race, physical ability) 3. External dimensions (religion, parental status, recreational habits, geographical location) 4. Organizational dimensions (management occupation, department, specialty)

Attitudes (defintion)

A learned predisposition toward a given object; directed toward specific objects, people, or events

Employee engagement (definition)

A mental state in which a person performing a work activity is fully immersed in the activity, feeling full of energy and enthusiasm for work

Diversity climate (definition)

A subcomponent of an organization's overall climate; the employees' aggregate "perceptions about the organization's diversity-related formal structure characteristics and informal values"

Values (definition + description)

Abstract ideals that guide one's thinking and behavior across all situations Lifelong behavior patterns come from values that are well set early in our lives. Our values can be reshaped by significant life-altering events, such as having a child

Behavior is defined as the combination of which two elements?

Actions and judgements

Diversity (definition)

All the ways people are unlike and alike; the differences and similarities in age, gender, race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, capabilities, and socioeconomic background

Self-fulfilling prophecy (definition)

Also known as pygmalion effect; phenomenon in which people's expectations of themselves or others lead them to behave in ways that make those expectations come true

Halo effect (definition)

An effect in which we form a positive impression of an individual based on a single trait

The three components of ________ are affective, cognitive, and behavioral

Attitudes

Why are internal dimensions of diversity referred to as primary dimensions?

Because they are not within our control, but strongly influence our attitudes, expectations, and assumptions about other people, which in turn influence our own behavior

Organizational behavior (OB) (definition)

Behavior that is dedicated to better understanding and managing people at work

The statement "I won't give Austin such a tight deadline again" reflects the ________ component of an attitude

Behavioral or intentional

Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) (Defintion)

Employee behaviors that are not directly part of employees' job descriptions; that exceed their work-role requirements

_______ is defined as an individual's involvement, satisfaction, and enthusiasm for work

Employee engagement

True or false: Research demonstratives a significant and negative correlation between organizational citizenship behaviors and job satisfaction, productivity, efficiency, and customer satisfaction

False; research demonstrates a significant and moderately positive correlation

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) (Defintion)

Founded in 1992; prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities and requires organizations to reasonably accommodate an individual's disabilities

Fundamental and self-serving bias (definitions)

Fundamental attribution bias: Tendency whereby people attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics rather than to situational factors Self-serving bias: people tend to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure

Who is Daniel Goleman and what what is his significance?

He is a psychologist who popularized the trait of EI; he is significant because he concluded EI is composed of four key components

Conscientiousness (definition)

How dependable, responsible, achievement-oriented, and persistent someone is

Openness to experience (definition)

How intellectual, imaginative, curious, and broad-minded someone is

Extroversion (definition)

How outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive a person is

Emotional stability (definition)

How relaxed, secure, and unworried a person is

Agreeableness (defintion)

How trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted someone is

Generalized self-efficacy (definition)

Individuals' perception of their ability to perform across a variety of different situations

What does research show concerning internal versus external locus of control?

Internals exhibit less anxiety, greater work motivation, and stronger expectations that effort leads to performance; they also earn higher salaries. One's internal locus of control can be improved by providing more job autonomy

Locus of control (definition)

Measure of how much people believe they control their fate through their own efforts

What trend is emerging in regards to age?

More older people are staying in the workforce longer, and "unretirement" is becoming more common; 25-40% of workers who retire will eventually return to the workforce

Statistics on gender inequality in the workforce

Mothers are the primary earner for 40% of households, but earn only 83% of what men earn on average. Women aged 25-34 earn 90% of what men in this age group earn Pay gap is higher for women with children

What does organizational behavior try to help managers do?

Not only explain workplace behavior but also predict it, so that they can better lead and motivate their employees to perform productively

What are the two groups of factors that contribute to employee engagement?

Person and situation factors

Core self-evaluation (CSE) (definition)

Represents a broad personality trait comprising four positive individual traits: (1) self-efficacy, (2) self-esteem, (3) locus of control, (4) emotional stability

What is the most essential trait of EI?

Self-awareness

What are the key correlates of job satisfaction?

Stronger motivation, job involvement, organizational commitment, and life satisfaction, and less absenteeism, tardiness, turnover, and perceived stress

Emotional intelligence (defintion)

The ability to cope, to empathize with others, and to be self-motivated; or, the ability to monitor your and others' feelings and to use this information to guide your thinking and actions

Causal attribution (defintion)

The activity of inferring causes for observed behavior (cause-and-effect explanations)

Implicit bias (definition)

The attitudes or beliefs that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner

Self-efficacy (definition)

The belief in one's personal ability to do a task

Ethnocentrism (defintion)

The belief that your native country, culture, language, abilities, or behavior is superior to those of another cultures

Learned helplessness (definition)

The debilitating lack of faith in your ability to control your environment; can result from a low generalized self-efficacy

Organizational commitment (definition)

The extent t to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals

Psychological safety (definition)

The extent to which people feel free to express their ideas and beliefs without fear of negative consequences

Emotional stability (definition)

The extent to which people feel secure and unworried and how likely they are to experience negative emotions under pressure

Self-esteem (definition)

The extent to which people like or dislike themselves, their overall self-evaluation

Job satisfaction (definition)

The extent to which you feel positive or negative about various aspects of your work, such as work, pay, promotions, co-workers, and supervision

Glass ceiling (definition)

The metaphor for an invisible barrier preventing women and minorities from being promoted to top executive jobs

Perception (definition + list)

The process of interpreting and understanding one's environment, consists of four steps; 1. Selective attention: Did I notice something? 2. Interpretation & evaluation: What was it I noticed and what does it mean? 3. Storing in memory: Remember it as an event, concept, person, or all three? 4. Retrieving from memory to make judgements and decisions: what do I recall about that?

Personality (definition)

The stable psychological traits and behavioral attributes that give a person his or her identity

Stereotyping (defintion)

The tendency to attribute to an individual the characteristics one believes are typical of the group to which the individual belongs

Recency effect (definition)

The tendency to rememberer recent information better than earlier information

the Big Five Personality dimensions (list)

They are (1) extroversion, (2) agreeableness, (3) conscientiousness, (4) emotional stability, and (5) openness to experience

Internal dimensions of diversity (definition)

Those human differences that exert a powerful, sustained effect throughout every stage of our lives: gender, age, ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, and physical abilities

Why do managers need to learn how to manage individual differences?

To influence employees' behavior

True or false: young workers earn less than they used to

True; wages have risen only 1.4 percent above 2000 levels

Behavior (description)

Values and attitudes together influence workplace behavior, or their actions and judgements

When is a diversity climate positive?

When employees view the organization as being fair to all types of employees, which promotes employee loyalty and overall firm performances. It also enhances psychological safety.