Management Chapter 7 Learn Smart

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diverse groups are sometimes less prone to groupthink because group members ________

-already differ from each other -are less subject to pressures for uniformity

which are factors upon which the administrative model is based?

-bounded rationality -satisficing -incomplete information

which of the following are examples of nonprogrammer decision making?

-developing a new product -investing in new technology -starting a new business -entering a new market

which of the following are techniques to counteract groupthink and cognitive biases?

-dialectical inquiry -devils advocacy

under which two of the following conditions is the nominal group technique most beneficial?

-different managers are expected to champion different courses of action -the issue is controversial

decision making in response to _________ occurs when managers search for ways to improve organizational performance to benefit customers, employees, and other stakeholder groups

opportunities

a ________ decision is the most appropriate decision in light of what mangers believe to be the most desirable future consequences for the organization

optimum

tom wants to increase the ability of his management team to make decisions that will allow them to adapt to, modify, and even drastically alter their task environment. Tom should encourage _____, which is the process by which managers seek to improve employees desire/ability to understand and manage the organization and its task environment

organizational learning

sam has already committed a significant amount of time and money to a new project and feel personally responsible for the project even though it is failing. sam is ignoring evidence that the project is impractical. This is an example of?

escalating commitment

peter senge and edward de bono popularize the management techniques for _______

creative thinking and stimulating problem solving

by giving employees the opportunity and freedom to generate new ideas, managers can encourage ________

creativity

if barry wants to encourage group ______ he should use problem-solving techniques tailored to groups which help promote creative ideas and innovative solutions

creativity

__________ making is a basic part of every task managers perform

decision

when two groups assess alternatives, select one, and then critique the other group's position in order to find a new and better alternative, the _________ is occurring

dialectical inquiry

an individual who starts a business after noticing opportunities and deciding how to mobilize the resources necessary to produce new and improved goods and services is known as what?

entrepreneur

__________ the mobilization of resources to take advantage of an opportunity to provide customers with new or improved goods and services

entrepreneurship

_________ is noticing an opportunity and to satisfy a customer need and then deciding how to find and use resources to make a product that satisfies that need, encompasses all the decisions involved in planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources

entrepreneurship; management

sam continually commits organizational resources to personal projects even if evidence suggests that it is unwise. This is an example of ___________ commitment

escalating

a _________ organization is one in which managers try to maximize the ability of individuals and groups to think and behave creatively and thus maximizing potential organizational learning

learning

organizational ________ is the process through which managers seek to improve the desire and ability of their employees to understand and manage the organization and its task environment

learning

john has been looking for a more structured way of generating alternatives in his team. For yesterday's meeting, the team wrote down their ideas and read them to the group. Then the group discussed and ranked the alternatives. John's team engaged in the __________ group technique

nominal

when a group uses the ______ group technique, group members write down ideas and solutions, read their suggestions to the whole group, and discuss and then rank the alternatives

nominal

both intuition and judgement are often flawed and can result in poor decision making. As a result, _______ decision making is more prone to error

nonprogrammed

sam frequently relies on his _______ to make decisions. He is a firefighter and must act quickly and decisively to do his job

intuition

reasoned _________ is a decision that takes time and effort to make. It is the result of careful information gathering, generation of alternatives, and evaluation of alternatives

judgment

the ______ step in the decision making process is to learn from feedback. Effective managers always conduct a retrospective analysis to learn from past mistakes. Failure to do so results ins stagnation and making the same mistakes repeatedly

last

the three steps of the classical model of the decision-making model from the first step to the third step

1. list the alternatives and consequences of each alternative 2. rank each alternative from least to most preferred 3. select the alternative that leads to desired future consequences

the _______- step is the decision making process is to rank the various alternatives and choose one after the set of alternatives has been carefully evaluated

4th

an approach to decision making that explains why decision making is inherently uncertain and risky and why managers usually make satisfactory rather than optimum decisions defines the _______ model

administrative

information that can be interpreted in multiple and often conflicting ways is ________ information

ambiguous

the final step in the decision making process is learning from ________

feedback

once managers recognize the need to make a decision in response to the opportunity or threat, they must _________

generate a list of feasible alternatives

jimmy has searched for and chose an acceptable solution to his problem rather than trying to make the best decision. This is an example of?

satisficing

managers create the need to make decisions by pursing opportunities to utilize the organization's _______

skills, competencies, knowledge resources

a group of entrepreneurs who are deliberately separated from the normal operation of a organization to encourage them to devote all of their attention to developing new products is known as?

skunkworks

a team that is isolated so that it can intensely focus on developing new and innovative products is known as what?

skunkworks

senge believes that since most learning occurs in subunits, _____ learning is more important than ________ learning

team;individual

managers must make decisions to deal with ________ that arise

threats and opportunities

decisions that are undermined by biases, difficulty getting multiple managers to agree on one solution, and an increase in the time necessary to make decisions are 3 problems associated with ________ decision making

group

a pattern of faulty and biased decision making that occurs in groups whose members are more concerned with agreement than with accurately assessing information is known as?

groupthink

when groupthink occurs, individuals within a group are discouraged from raising concerns that are contrary to the majority opinion due to pressure for _____ in the group

harmony and agreement

when groupthink occurs, individuals within a group are discouraged from raising concerns that are contrary to the majority opinion due to pressure for ______ in the group

harmony and agreement

___________ are rules of thumb that simplify the process of making decisions

heuristics

march and simon believed that limitations on the ability of people to interpret, process, and act on information constrains what?

human decision making capability

the classical decision making model is based on the assumption that the decision maker can ___________

identify and evaluate all possible alternatives and their consequences

the fifth step in decision making is to ________

implement the decision

with respect to decision making, ______ is incomplete because of risk and uncertainty, ambiguity, and time constraints

information

charlie is trying to make a decision but he does not have enough time or money to search for all possible alternatives or to evaluate each of those alternatives and their consequences. In this example, Charlie's information is incomplete due to:

information costs and time constraints

increased competition from small and agile businesses has made it increasingly important for large companies to promote and encourage higher levels of __________

intrapreneurship

programmed decision making is not always a viable option because sometimes the situation is uncertain or unexpected and managers lack the information they would need to develop rules to cover it. In these situations, __________ decision making occurs

nonprogrammed

rick is the CEO of a company that is acquiring another company. This is his first merger so he has no basic rules to govern his decisions. Rick will need to rely on _____________ decision making, which occurs in response to unusual, unpredictable opportunities or threats.

nonprogrammed

it is easier to implement devil's advocacy than dialectical inquiry because the former requires less managerial _______ and ______

time and effort

when _________ exists, the probabilities of alternative outcomes cannot be determined and future outcomes are unknown

uncertainty

which of the following are advantages of group decision making?

-draws on combined skills, competencies, and accumulated knowledge -greater probability that the decision will be implemented successfully -alternatives are less likely to fall victim to biases and errors -allows managers to process more information and correct one another's errors

peter senge, a learning theorist, identified which of the following as the 5 principles for creating a learning organization?

-encourage systems thinking -promote team learning -build a shared vision -encourage employees to develop and use complex mental models -allow employees to develop a sense of personal mastery

which of the following are among the 4 criteria that managers use to evaluate alternatives?

-ethicalness -legality -economic feasibility -practically

which of the following are part of the formal procedure managers use to avoid repeating past mistakes?

-explore why any expectations for the decision were not met -derive guidelines that will help in future decision making -compare what actually happened to what was expected to happen as a result of the decision

which of the following are potential disadvantages of group decision making?

-groups take longer to make decisions than individuals -it can be difficult to get multiple managers to agree on one solution

as small and agile businesses exert more pressure and competition on large companies, it has become increasingly important for large companies to promote and encourage entrepreneurship to raise the level of:

-innovation -organizational learning

what are the 4 characteristics of entrepreneurs?

-internal locus of control -high need for achievement -opennness to experience -high self esteem

which of the following are examples of situations in which it is appropriate to rely on intuition?

-it is an emergency situation entailing high risk and uncertainty, and rapidly changing conditions -there are no established rules to guide decisions

the administrative model is based upon which of the following beliefs?

-managers are incapable of absorbing and evaluating the vast amount of information, if its available -managers do not have all of the information available to make optimal decisions

the administrative model of decision making explains why?

-managers usually make satisfactory rather than optimum decisions -decision making is inherently uncertain and risky

which are group decision-making techniques

-nominal group technique -brainstorming -delphi technique

as small and agile businesses exert more pressure and competition on large companies, it has become increasingly important for large companies to promote and encourage intrapreneurship to raise the level of?

-organizational training -innovation

four sources of bias that can adversely affect the way managers make decision are?

-prior hypothesis -illusion of control -representativeness -escalating commitment

which of the following are examples of initiatives pursued by social entrepreneurs?

-reducing substance abuse -reducing poverty -protecting the natural environment -increasing literacy

which of the following are reasons why even good managers sometimes make poor decisions?

-risk and uncertainty -cost of information -time constraints -incomplete information

when a group experiences diminished productivity due to the unstructured of brainstorming, this is known as production _________

blocking

__________ rationality is the term coined by March and Simon to describe the cognitive limitations that constrain the ability of people to interpret, process, and act on information

bounded

march and simon believed that decision making ability inhibited by cognitive limitations, the ability to interpret, process, and act on information. What term did they use to describe these limitations?

bounded rationality

which group problem-solving technique requires managers to meet face-to-face to generate and debate a wide variety of alternatives from which to make a decision?

brainstorming

the _______ decision making model assumes that managers have perfect knowledge of all the information they need to make an optimal decision

classical

the ________ decision-making model is a prescriptive approach to decision making based on the assumption that the decision maker can identify and evaluate all possible alternatives and their consequences and rational choose the most appropriate course of action

classical

by being aware of their own personal style, managers improve their decision making and problem solving abilities while reducing the negative effects of ________

cognitive biases

what can managers use to signal the importance of coming up with creative ideas and encouraging employees to share them?

contests and rewards

illusion of ___________ is a source of cognitive bias resulting from the tendency to overestimate personal ability to be in charge of activities and events

control

regarding promotion of individual creativity, research suggests that when certain conditions are met, managers are more likely to be _______

creative

the ability of a decision maker to discover original and novel ideas that lead to feasible alternative courses of action is what?

creativity

managers periodically make ineffective decisions because they fail to specify the ______ for decision making

criteria

once managers have generated a set of alternatives, they must evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each one. This is the third step in __________ making

decision

the process by which managers respond to opportunities and threats by analyzing options and making determination about specific organizational goals and courses of action is __________ making

decision

when a manager makes an effective _________, it is likely to result in the appropriate selection of goals and courses of action that increase organizational performance, whereas the opposite results in bad performance

decision

by revealing the assumptions, complexities, and pitfalls that affect _____, the classical and administrative models help reveal factors of which decision makers should be aware

decision making

managers can use ___________ to regulate all routine organizational activities, thus making them programmed decisions

decision rules

the _____ technique is a decision-making technique in which group members do not meet face-to-face but respond in writing to questions posed by the group leader

delphi

the ______ technique has the distinct advantage of eliminating the need to meet in person because group members respond in writing to questions posed by the leader

delphi

the ________ technique is a decision-making technique in which group members do not meet face-to-face but respond in writing to questions posed by the group leader

delphi

when a group is using the ____- technique, the leader outlines the problem and prepares a questionnaire for group members who are not located in the same place as the leader

delphi

which group decision-making technique allows group members in different locations to respond in writing to questions posed by the group leader?

delphi technique

when someone within the group defends unpopular or opposing alternatives for the sake of argument as a means of critical analysis of a preferred alternative, the group is engaging in what?

devil's advocacy

when individuals have strong beliefs even though evidence shows that their beliefs are wrong, this is ___________

prior-hypothesis bias

a ________ is a manager who takes ownership of a project and provides the leadership and vision that take a product from the idea stage to the final customer

product champion

the idea behind ______ is that employees who feel ownership for a project are more likely to act like entrepreneurs and go to great lengths to ensure its success

product champions

every decision that a manager makes is either _____ or ______

programmed and non programmed

the first step in the decision making process is to ________

recognize the need for a decision

when an individual attempts to inappropriately generalize using a small sample or a single event, this is known as ______________ bias

representativeness

to encourage managers to bear the uncertainty and risk associated with entrepreneurship, it is necessary to link performance to?

rewards

tom wants to encourage his management team to act more like entrepreneurs but they are reluctant to bear the uncertainty and risk associated with it. Tom should consider linking performance to _____-

rewards

__________ is present when managers know the possible outcomes of a particular course of action and can assign probabilities to the

risk


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