Management Final

____ is the process of working with and through others to achieve organizational objectives in a changing environment. Select one: a. Leading b. Controlling c. Organizing d. Planning e. Management

E. Management

An example of a well-written objective is: Select one: a. "to achieve a 15 percent increase in our hydro power car sales by December 31." b. "increase department sales by $250,000." c. "reduce absenteeism." d. "open a new sales office in India." e. "increase this week's sales."

a. "to achieve a 15 percent increase in our hydro power car sales by December 31."

Decision confidence is highest under what condition? Select one: a. Certainty b. Uncertainty c. Nonprogrammed situation d. Objective risk e. Subjective risk

a. Certainty

____ is the transfer of information and understanding from one person to another. Select one: a. Communication b. Media richness c. Noise d. Semantics e. Grapevine

a. Communication

____ is not a characteristic common to all organizations. Select one: a. Equal authority and responsibility b. Division of labor c. Common goal or purpose d. Coordination of effort e. Hierarchy of authority

a. Equal authority and responsibility

____ strategies are found in farsighted organizations. Select one: a. Formally written b. Verbal c. Computerized d. Informal e. Short-term profit-oriented

a. Formally written

World-oriented managers have what kind of attitude? Select one: a. Geocentric b. Cross-cultural c. Universal d. Ethnocentric e. Polychronic

a. Geocentric

What kind of culture prevails in the U.S.? Select one: a. Low-context and individualistic b. Geocentric and individualistic c. High-context and collectivist d. Polychronic and centralized e. Variable-context and collectivist

a. Low-context and individualistic

____ is commonly referred to as the primary management function. Select one: a. Planning b. Organizing c. Leading d. Staffing e. Controllin

a. Planning

According to research evidence, what kind of impact does strategic planning have on business performance? Select one: a. Positive b. Inconclusive c. Negative d. Neutral e. Marginal

a. Positive

In the PROCEED model of the employee selection process, the P and C stand for Select one: a. Prepare and Conduct. b. Preliminary interview and Credit check. c. Preview of job and Candidate selection. d. Plan and Contract. e. Preparation and Commitment.

a. Prepare and Conduct.

Which of the following is not part of Archie B. Carroll's global corporate social responsibility pyramid? Select one: a. Social b. Philanthropic c. Economic d. Legal e. Ethical

a. Social

Emily Jefferson is a supervisor for a local bank who sums up her management philosophy by saying "My people are basically lazy and it is my job to tell them what, when, and how to do things. In fact, they want to be told what to do." What label would McGregor have applied to Ms. Jefferson's management style? Select one: a. Theory X b. Theory Z c. Ineffective d. Task-motivated e. Theory Y

a. Theory X

Advocates of the _______________ approach to management believe that ____________ should be the central focus of organized activity. Select one: a. behavioral; people b. universal process; technology c. operations; quality d. quality control; suppliers e. scientific management; functions

a. behavioral; people

A(n) ____ is a self-sufficient entity, whereas, a(n) ____ depends on the surrounding environment for survival. Select one: a. closed system; open system b. universal system; specific system c. open system; closed system d. open system; general system e. general system; closed system

a. closed system; open system

A good example of a(n) ____ is motorcycle maker Harley-Davidson because it successfully produces and markets a few products in a narrowly defined market. Select one: a. defender b. reactor c. opportunist d. prospector e. analyzer

a. defender Correct

The contingency approach to organizational design requires managers to evaluate two things, the appropriate combination of structural characteristics and the ____________________. Select one: a. degree of environmental uncertainty b. ability to grow c. amount of resources available d. level of readiness of employees e. level of employee satisfaction

a. degree of environmental uncertainty

When goods produced in one country are sold to customers in foreign countries, it is called Select one: a. exporting. b. direct foreign investment. c. joint venture. d. licensing. e. domestic expansion.

a. exporting.

Jann Wenner, founder of Rolling Stone magazine says that he makes decisions based on personal preferences and his own ideas about "what would be fun," rather than focusing on market research or financial reports. Wenner's information-processing style is predominantly __________. Select one: a. intuitive b. temporal c. casual d. balanced e. thinking style

a. intuitive

A ____ organization is one that is skilled at creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge, and at modifying its behavior to reflect new knowledge and insights. Select one: a. learning b. closed-system c. mechanistic d. traditional e. matrix

a. learning

A(n) ____ is a specific commitment to achieve a measurable result within a given time frame. Select one: a. objective b. motivator c. mission d. priority e. vision

a. objective

The process of coping with uncertainty by formulating future courses of action to achieve specified results refers to Select one: a. planning. b. the project life cycle. c. controlling. d. pareto analysis. e. PERT.

a. planning

Demographics involves the study of Select one: a. population characteristics. b. work schedule variations. c. male-female pay gaps. d. regional pay rates. e. managerial influence

a. population characteristics.

The process of determining how to pursue the organization's long-term goals with the resources expected to be available refers to Select one: a. strategic planning. b. synergy. c. profiling. d. reengineering. e. strategic management.

a. strategic planning.

When the Wagner Act was passed in 1935 legalizing collective bargaining, business managers began adopting morale-boosting human relations techniques as a(n) Select one: a. union-avoidance tactic. b. experiment in scientific management. c. way to avoid pay raises. d. legal requirement. e. motivator.

a. union-avoidance tactic.

Before corporate actions can be called socially responsible, they must be Select one: a. voluntary. b. contractual. c. ethical. d. unprofitable. e. legal.

a. voluntary.

According to the iron law of responsibility, Select one: a. we need to use power responsibly or lose it. b. nothing gets accomplished without power. c. power corrupts. d. absolute power is dangerous. e. economic power prevails.

a. we need to use power responsibly or lose it.

The ____ communication strategy is similar to the Theory X command-and-control style of management. Select one: a. withhold and uphold b. identify and reply c. tell and sell d. spray and pray e. underscore and undermine

a. withhold and uphold

Which of these best describes the basic communication process? Select one: a. Cycle of learning b. A chain with identifiable links c. A fire d. A computer network e. Inherently flawed

b. A chain with identifiable links

Which approach makes it clear to managers that people are the key to productivity? Select one: a. Scientific management b. Behavioral c. Contingency d. Operations management e. Systems

b. Behavioral

____ is central to the management process. a. Enhancing interpersonal relationships b. Effective and efficient use of limited resources c. Becoming an employee-centered leader d. Maximizing profits e. Maintaining status quo in a changing environment

b. Effective and efficient use of limited resources

Which of these refers to an organization's unofficial and informal communication system? Select one: a. Semantics b. Grapevine c. Telecommuting d. Noise e. Videoconference

b. Grapevine

Which of these was a concerted effort among theorists and practitioners to make managers more sensitive to their employees' needs? Select one: a. Excellence in attributes management b. Human relations movement c. Operations approach d. Systems movement e. Universal process approach

b. Human relations movement

Which of these is true about the male-female pay gap in the U.S.? Select one: a. It is now only about a 3 cent variance b. It is still significant and persistent c. It only impacts minority females d. It was recently eliminated due to the Equal Pay Act e. It never existed

b. It is still significant and persistent

When Speedy Automotive chose to defend one of its car models in court after receiving an unsafe product notice from the government, it qualified for which position on the political response continuum? Select one: a. Entrenched b. Reactive c. Proactive d. Neutral e. Anticipatory

b. Reactive

____ is the ongoing process of ensuring a competitively superior fit between an organization and its changing environment. Select one: a. Synergy b. Strategic management c. Strategic control d. Organizational planning e. Operational planning

b. Strategic management

According to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, for people with physical and mental disabilities, what is required of employers? Select one: a. To eliminate unemployment among the disabled b. To make reasonable accommodations c. To pay all medical benefits d. To provide on-the-job therapists e. To offer guaranteed employment

b. To make reasonable accommodations

Rachel is preparing to present a new strategy to her company's board of directors. She is debating whether to use a face-to-face conversation, e-mail, a power-point presentation, or telephone call. Her decision involves selecting Select one: a. the decoder. b. a medium. c. the level of noise. d. a feedback method. e. the receiver.

b. a medium.

One of the methods organizations use to coordinate is through _______________, the grouping of jobs, activities or processes into major subunits. Select one: a. cultural development b. departmentalization c. reengineering d. technology e. innovation

b. departmentalization

Harry's Honda Dealership is an example of ______________ departmentalization as it has the following departments: finance, marketing, sales, and service. Select one: a. work flow b. functional c. product d. customer classification e. geographic

b. functional

Entrepreneurs are preoccupied with ____ rather than ____. Select one: a. where; how b. how to; why not c. profits; project d. why not; how to e. when; what

b. how to; why not

The median age of U.S. employees is ____, with most vigorous growth for the ____ age group. Select one: a. constant; 25-35 b. increasing; 55 and older c. increasing: 54 and younger d. decreasing; 54 and younger e. decreasing; 55 and older

b. increasing; 55 and older

The ideal way for future managers to learn to manage is to Select one: a. rely strictly on common sense. b. integrate theory and practice. c. ignore theory. d. read periodicals, such as the Harvard Business Review. e. get an MBA.

b. integrate theory and practice.

The universal process approach assumes that Select one: a. it is more difficult to manage public organizations. b. managing in public and private organizations is basically the same. c. managing in public and private organizations is completely different. d. small organizations are hardest to manage. e. management is not practiced in small organizations.

b. managing in public and private organizations is basically the same.

For organizations like Facebook and Pollo Campero, planning is a(n) __________ process. Select one: a. unnecessary b. never-ending c. qualitative d. predictable e. easy

b. never-ending

Regarding the political response continuum, more business managers are becoming Select one: a. reactive. b. proactive. c. legalistic. d. neutral. e. passive.

b. proactive.

Kodak continues to grapple with its transition from film-photography to digital photography, which exploded in the mid-1990s. Kodak can best be described as a(n) Select one: a. analyzer. b. reactor. c. prospector. d. defender. e. follower.

b. reactor.

Managers now have greater appreciation for the importance of seeing the whole picture because of the influence of the Select one: a. behavioral approach. b. systems approach. c. contingency approach. d. multivariate analysis. e. matrix theory.

b. systems approach.

In an assembly plant where there are 20 or 30 employees doing identical, relatively simple work in the same geographic location with the need for minimal supervisory direction you are most likely to have ______ span of control. Select one: a. heavy b. wide c. light d. narrow e. no

b. wide

How should older workers be managed? Select one: a. By their age b. By a revised set of standards c. By their individual abilities d. By demographic statistics e. By their age and gender

c. By their individual abilities

____ are the two key variables in Porter's generic competitive strategies model. Select one: a. Primary markets and secondary markets b. Time and cost c. Competitive advantage and competitive scope d. Cost and volume e. Resources and markets

c. Competitive advantage and competitive scope

When Walmart competes globally on the basis of "everyday low prices," it relies on which of Porter's generic strategies? Select one: a. Cost focus b. Economies of scale c. Cost leadership d. Differentiation e. Economies of scope

c. Cost leadership

____ in the U.S. attempts to ensure a fair and unprejudiced experience for all job applicants. Select one: a. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) b. Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) c. Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) legislation d. American Background Information Services, Inc. (ABI) e. American Minority Workers (AMW) legislation

c. Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) legislation

Which of the following encompasses all present and future workforce participants and emphasizes the need to develop their fullest potential for the benefit of the global economy? Select one: a. In-group socialization b. Knowledge workers c. Human capital d. High-tech selection e. Job analysis

c. Human capital

When Sunny Day, Inc. requires that its quality inspectors sample work in process and prescribe machine adjustments to avoid substandard outputs, it is following which approach to quality? Select one: a. Force-it b. Build-it-in c. Inspect-it-in d. Design-it-in e. Fit-it-in

c. Inspect-it-in

How do part-timers compare to full-time employees cost-wise? Select one: a. One cannot compare because part-timers are contingent workers b. Slightly less costly c. Much less costly d. About equal e. Much more costly

c. Much less costly

____ interferes with the normal flow of understanding during the communication process. Select one: a. Semantics b. Telecommuting c. Noise d. Grapevine distortion e. Media richness

c. Noise

____ is referred to as body language. Select one: a. Upward communication b. Telecommuting c. Nonverbal communication d. Reverse communication e. Semantics

c. Nonverbal communication

____ are repetitive and routine. Select one: a. Semiprogrammed decisions b. Nonprogrammed decisions c. Programmed decisions d. Contingent decisions e. Reality checks

c. Programmed decisions

____ is the first step in the general decision-making model. Select one: a. Forecasting b. Conducting a stakeholder audit c. Scanning the situation d. Evaluating alternatives e. Making a decision

c. Scanning the situation

What are the two basic information-processing styles? Select one: a. Linear and circular b. Nearsighted and farsighted c. Thinking and intuitive d. Formal and informal e. Subjective and objective

c. Thinking and intuitive

Which of the following is not one of the Clampitt's five common communication strategies? Select one: a. Spray and pray b. Withhold and uphold c. Underscore and restate d. Tell and sell e. Identify and reply

c. Underscore and restate

Which approach is the oldest, and one of the most popular, approaches to management thought? Select one: a. Contingency b. Operational c. Universal process d. Systems theory e. Behavioral

c. Universal process

When a co-worker says, "My duty is to eliminate uncertainty," how should you respond? Select one: a. You'll need a computer to do it b. You will be about 50 percent successful c. You cannot eliminate uncertainty d. You're right e. It will take group decision making

c. You cannot eliminate uncertainty

Evergreen Industries and BigTime Technologies have teamed up to produce a more environmentally-friendly automotive engine. This is an example of Select one: a. exporting. b. licensing. c. a joint venture. d. foreign direct investment. e. local warehousing and selling.

c. a joint venture.

The first stage of the project life cycle is Select one: a. termination. b. growth. c. conceptualization. d. execution. e. planning.

c. conceptualization.

Creativity has three overlapping domains: art, humor, and Select one: a. technology. b. experience. c. discovery. d. introspection. e. feeling.

c. discovery.

The first step of the strategic management process is Select one: a. a statement of corporate values. b. the formulation of strategic plans. c. formulation of a grand strategy. d. a clear code of ethics. e. a staffing strategy.

c. formulation of a grand strategy.

Communication involves the interpersonal transfer of ____ and ____. Select one: a. encoding; decoding b. sender; receiver c. information; understanding d. social; political activities e. authority; responsibility

c. information; understanding

The field of management can be described as Select one: a. seriously out of date b. little more than common sense c. interdisciplinary d. applied social science e. highly scientific

c. interdisciplinary

PERT is most appropriate for Select one: a. managers who prefer hand calculations. b. machine-paced work. c. large, non-routine projects. d. projects where time is not a major factor. e. assembly-line operations.

c. large, non-routine projects.

More than 4,000 employees surveyed indicated that ______________ was the most common ethical problem in the workplace. Select one: a. abusing drugs or alcohol b. sexual harassment c. lying to supervisors d. stealing e. conflict of interest

c. lying to supervisors

Pharmaceutical giant Pfizer must pay $2.3 billion to Select one: a. get the cooperation of foreign governments b. fund their free-drug program c. resolve criminal and civil allegations of illegal conduct d. complete their ethics audit and training program e. keep whistle-blowers quiet

c. resolve criminal and civil allegations of illegal conduct

The label that best matches the term organizational values is Select one: a. informal authority. b. hierarchy. c. shared beliefs. d. official policy. e. instrumental values.

c. shared beliefs.

By definition, organizations are ____ entities. Select one: a. for-profit b. corporate c. social d. legal e. political

c. social

As an area of academic study, management is essentially a product of Select one: a. trial and errors. b. the British system. c. the twentieth century. d. corporate America. e. the sixteenth century.

c. the twentieth century

Managers who rely predominantly on the ____ style tend to be logical, precise, and objective. Select one: a. synergistic b. balanced c. thinking d. casual e. intuitive

c. thinking

Social responsibility challenges managers to ____ make the world a better place while pursuing a ____ profit. Select one: a. voluntarily; minimum b. involuntarily; minimum c. voluntarily; legitimate d. involuntarily; maximum e. voluntarily; illegitimate

c. voluntarily; legitimate

Which performance appraisal technique involves input from one's boss, peers, and subordinates? Select one: a. A top-down review b. Goal setting c. Ranking/comparisons d. A 360-degree review e. A single-rater appraisal

d. A 360-degree review

What serves as the focal point for the entire planning process? Select one: a. The customer b. A performance appraisal system c. A code of ethics d. A mission statement e. Product/service quality

d. A mission statement

Which of these is one of the four corporate social responsibility strategies? Select one: a. Retroactive b. Reciprocal c. Legal action d. Defense e. Capitulation

d. Defense

Karl Wilhelm, an operations manager, cannot predict the effects of a new technology on his organization. What type of uncertainty is Karl experiencing? Select one: a. Response b. State c. Operational d. Effect e. Technological

d. Effect

Which of these best describes a small business? Select one: a. Fewer than 10 employees b. Up to 500 employees c. Up to 1,000 employees d. Fewer than 100 employees e. No more than 25 employees

d. Fewer than 100 employees

____ has been called the ____ management function. Select one: a. Motivation; central b. Staffing; secondary c. Organizing; only d. Planning; primary e. Controlling; major

d. Planning; primary

When the CEO of Patagonia voluntarily switched to organically grown cotton that does have exposure to harmful pesticides he demonstrated which social responsibility strategy? Select one: a. Accommodation b. Traditional c. Reaction d. Proaction e. Political/legal

d. Proaction

____ occurs when two or more variables interact to produce an effect greater than the sum of the effects of the variables acting independently. Select one: a. Trend analysis b. Business ecosystem c. Strategy d. Synergy e. Capability profile

d. Synergy

Good management requires telling the truth, learning, and ________________. Select one: a. never admitting ignorance on a subject. b. keeping uncertainties secret. c. the ability to bluff your way through a sticky situation. d. asking for help. e. telling people what to do.

d. asking for help. Correct

Under a condition of ____, there is no doubt about the factual basis of a decision and its outcomes. Select one: a. subjective risk b. minimal risk c. uncertainty d. certainty e. managed uncertainty

d. certainty

According to the model of uncertainty and confidence, as uncertainty increases, a decision maker's confidence tends to Select one: a. become disconnected. b. slightly increase. c. significantly increase. d. decline. e. remain stable

d. decline.

Successful_________, is more likely if the receiver of a message know the jargon and terminology used in the message. Select one: a. medium b. noise c. idea d. decoding e. encoding

d. decoding

A concise document outlining the role expectations and skill requirements for a specific job is called a Select one: a. job analysis. b. position matrix. c. job specification. d. job description. e. posting notice.

d. job description.

All of the following are included in Porter's generic competitive strategies except Select one: a. focused differentiation. b. differentiation. c. cost focus. d. market domination. e. cost leadership.

d. market domination.

A global company is, by definition, a Select one: a. global network of productive units with a single national identity and decentralized authority. b. multi-product exporter. c. foreign-owned company. d. multinational venture centrally managed from a specific country. e. futuristic concept.

d. multinational venture centrally managed from a specific country.

Decisions that are made in complex, important, and nonroutine situations are called Select one: a. programmed decisions. b. individual decisions. c. ethical decisions. d. nonprogrammed decisions. e. group decisions.

d. nonprogrammed decisions.

Lexie, a sales representative for GreenWares Company, failed to achieve her sales quota last year but was praised by her manager for reducing her expense account by 25 percent. Lexie was Select one: a. effective but not efficient. b. somewhat effective and very inefficient. c. both effective and efficient. d. not effective but efficient. e. not effective and not efficient.

d. not effective but efficient.

A(n) ____interview is defined as a set of job-related questions with standardized answers. Select one: a. lengthy b. virtual c. political d. structured e. unstructured

d. structured

Which of the following is NOT one of the areas of responsibility according to Archie B. Carroll's Global Corporate Responsibility model? Select one: a. Be ethical in practice b. Be a good corporate citizen c. Obey the law d. Make a profit e. Allow the invisible hand to promote public welfare

e. Allow the invisible hand to promote public welfare

____ are what the public expects business to make today. Select one: a. Long-term profits b. Only social contributions c. Short-term profits d. Only economic contributions e. Both excellent financial and social responsibility contributions

e. Both excellent financial and social responsibility contributions

____ refers to the ability to interpret and act in appropriate ways in unfamiliar cultural surroundings. Select one: a. Intelligence quotient b. Global awareness c. International empathy d. Emotional intelligence e. Cultural intelligence

e. Cultural intelligence

____ is aimed at preventing future discrimination, while ____ amounts to a concerted effort to make up for past discrimination. Select one: a. EEO; reverse discrimination b. Reverse discrimination; ADA c. ADA; affirmative action d. Affirmative action; EEO e. EEO; affirmative action

e. EEO; affirmative action

____ enters the picture when the resources required to achieve an objective are weighed against what was actually accomplished, whereas ____ entails promptly achieving a stated objective. Select one: a. Quality; quantity b. Effectiveness; quality c. Efficiency; quality d. Effectiveness; efficiency e. Efficiency; effectiveness

e. Efficiency; effectiveness

___________ management involves the acquisition, evaluation, retention of people necessary for organizational success. Select one: a. Contingency b. Staffing c. Performance d. Strategic e. Human resource

e. Human resource

____ is defined as the process of transforming material and human resources into useful goods and services. Select one: a. Scientific management b. Behavioral management c. Quality control management d. Contingency management e. Operations management

e. Operations management

Kevin, a web developer, tends to emphasize short-term profits. Which strategy does he use? Select one: a. Farsighted emphasis on return b. Farsighted emphasis on organizational strategy c. Shortsighted emphasis on organizational strategy d. Shortsighted emphasis on management style e. Shortsighted emphasis on return

e. Shortsighted emphasis on return

Which of the following best describes the contingency approach? Select one: a. Differential management b. Managerial similarity c. Continuous improvement d. One best way to manage e. Situational management

e. Situational management

Management is, above all else, a ______ process. Select one: a. Technical b. Economic c. Profit-oriented d. Political e. Social

e. Social

____ refers to systematically identifying all parties that could possibly be impacted by a company's performance. Select one: a. External audit b. Corporate domain audit c. Capability profiling d. Social responsibility profile e. Stakeholder audit

e. Stakeholder audit

Chey, a district manager at Direct Divisions Inc., remarks that "my employees are creative, imaginative, and capable of self-direction and self-control." What label would McGregor have applied to Chey's management style? Select one: a. Idealistic b. Relations-motivated c. Theory X d. Theory Z e. Theory Y

e. Theory Y Correct

____ is a feature of Gantt charts that is an improvement over flow charts. Select one: a. Separate steps b. Budget estimates c. Staffing requirements d. Formally written objectives e. Time element

e. Time element

The landmark equal employment opportunity (EEO) law in the U.S. is the Select one: a. Sherman Act of 1895. b. Bell Act of 1949. c. Fair Employment Act of 1982. d. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. e. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

e. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

___ is a forecasting technique based on the assumption that the future will be an extension of present and past tendencies. Select one: a. Scenario analysis b. Canned surveys c. Synergy d. Informed judgment e. Trend analysis

e. Trend analysis

By definition, how many people does it take to make an organization? Select one: a. More than fifty b. More than twenty c. One or more d. At least six e. Two or more

e. Two or more

The ____ stage in the evolution of product quality emphasizes continuous improvement. Select one: a. build-it-in b. fix-it-in c. force-it-in d. inspect-it-in e. design-it-in

e. design-it-in

The three types of forecasts include event outcome forecasts, time series forecasts, and Select one: a. format series forecasts. b. event scope forecasts. c. valuable worth forecasts. d. time scale forecasts. e. event timing forecasts.

e. event timing forecasts.

You are likely a victim of ____ if you buy a certain brand of bug spray after hearing a radio commercial claim it is 100 percent effective in killing all bugs. Select one: a. resistance to change b. overconfidence c. short-term thinking d. sucker trap e. framing error

e. framing error

In dealing with corporate misconduct, there is a clear trend toward Select one: a. more lenient sentences. b. smaller fines. c. more out-of-court settlements. d. more involuntary bankruptcies. e. greater personal responsibility for managers.

e. greater personal responsibility for managers.

A diagram of an organization's official positions and formal lines of authority refers to a(n) Select one: a. flow chart. b. fishbone diagram. c. position chart. d. pattern diagram. e. organization chart.

e. organization chart.

Good Grocery has the following departments: produce, bakery, meat, dairy and dry-goods. This is an example of _____________departmentalization. Select one: a. functional b. work flow c. customer classification d. geographic e. product

e. product

People perceive three types of environmental uncertainty: response, ____, and ____. Select one: a. primary; secondary b. optimistic; pessimistic c. subjective; objective d. macro; micro e. state; effect

e. state; effect

The purpose of the management process is Select one: a. to make a profit b. to manage people. c. zero defects. d. to be the best that there is. e. to achieve organizational objectives.

e. to achieve organizational objectives.