MAN&ORG CH2

Workers resisted scientific management by withholding job knowledge from their managers to protect their _____ and pay.

jobs

The benefits of scientific management include which management practices?

achieving the right mix of worker-task specialization and linking people and tasks by the speed of the production line

Fayol's principle of unity of command recommends that subordinates report to only _____ supervisor; other reporting arrangements would confuse workers.

one

A system that takes in resources from its external environment and converts them into goods and services that are then end back to that environment for purchase by customers is a(n) _____ system.

open

_____ used organizations as sets of interrelated parts to be managed as a whole with the purpose of achieving a common goal.

systems theory

_____ theory is a contemporary approach to management that focuses on the use of rigorous quantitative techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources to produce goods and services.

Management Science

Groups and teams can cooperate with management to raise performance or thwart any attempts to do so. Therefore, as the Hawthorne studies suggested, it is important to understand that the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of which two groups can affect performance?

Management and work-group members

Who identified two sets of assumptions, Theories X and Y, about how work attitudes and behaviors not only dominate the way managers think but also affect how they behave in organizations?

McGregor

In bureaucratic systems, _____ are defined as unwritten informal codes of conduct that prescribe how people should act in particular situations and that are considered important by most members of the group or organization.

Norms

The set of forces and conditions that operate beyond an organization's boundaries, but affect a managers ability to utilize resources is referred to as the _____ environment.

Organizational

Formal written instructions that specify actions to be taken under different circumstances to achieve specific goals are known as:

Rules

According to Taylor, _____ management is the systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency.

Scientific

Frederick W. Taylor is best known for defining the techniques of _____ management.

Scientific

Which are the two major components of classical management theory?

Scientific management and administrative management

A system that is self-contained and, thus, not affected by changes occurring in its external environment is known as a _____ system.

closed

An open system draws from and interacts with its external environment in order to survive, whereas a(n) _____ system is self-contained and does not draw from or interact with the external environment.

closed

_____ theory is the idea that the organizational structures and control systems managers choose depend on the characteristics of the external environment in which the organization operates. The crucial message is that there is no one best way to organize.

contingency

A lack of unity of _____ results in an ineffective organization where activities are unfocused and individuals and groups work at cross-purposes.

direction

According to Fayol, _____ results in respectful relations between organizational members and reflects the quality of an organization's leadership and a manager's ability to act fairly and equitably.

discipline

The Gilbreth's goal was to maximize the _____ with which each individual task was performed so that gains across tasks would result in enormous savings of time and effort.

efficiency

Theory _____ managers believe that workers are lazy, dislike work, will try to do as little as possible, have little ambition, and wish to avoid responsibility.

X

Theory _____ suggests that managers should closely supervise employees to maintain control over the worker's behaviors and minimize the worker's control over the pace of work.

X

Theory _____ suggests that workers, given the chance, will do what is good for the organization; they are not inherently lazy.

Y

Frederick W. Taylor believed that, if the amount of time and effort each worker expends to proceed a unit of output can be reduced by increasing task specialization and the division of _____, the production process will become more efficient.

labor

Which mathematical techniques are often utilized in quantitative management?

linear and nonlinear programming, modeling, simulation, queuing theory, and chaos theory

According to Taylor, the role of _____ is to develop the one best way to perform any task.

management

Organic structures are generally more expensive to operate because they require more:

managerial time, effort, and money

A relatively closed organizational structure in which authority is centralized, tasks and rules are clearly specified, and employees are closely supervised is a(n) _____ structure.

mechanistic

Burns and Stalker identified two types of structures through which managers can organize and control an organization's activities. They are:

mechanistic structure or organic structure

One way managers increased worker performance was through the _____ such as the assembly line. This helped overcome loss in productivity when they were unable to inspire workers to accept the new scientific management techniques for performing tasks.

mechanization of tasks

Adam Smith found that the performance of factory workers who specialized in _____ tasks was much greater than the performance of the factory in which each worker performed all 18 pin making tasks.

only one or a few

Which of the following is not a physical characteristic of the workplace the Gilbreth's posited would contribute to job stress and fatigue and, thus, poor performance?

salary

Ineffective implementation of the _____ management theory resulted in disadvantages to workers including increased workloads for the same pay, increased layoffs, and monotonous and repetitive work.

scientific

The management science theory is a contemporary extension of _____ management

scientific

Which are resources available in the organizational environment?

skilled people, customers who buy goods and services, and raw materials

_____ is the systematic slowdown in work by laborers in order to keep their managers ignorant of how fast the work can actually be done.

soldiering

As different workers specialize in different tasks over time, a division of labor occurs known as job _____.

specialization

The main benefit of the division of labor is:

specialization

Tenure refers to:

the length of employment

Behavioral management is the study of how managers should personally behave:

to motivate employees to be committed to organizational goals and to encourage employees to perform at high levels

The first issue that management theories wanted to know about was why the new machine ships and factory systems were more _____ and produced greater qualities of goods and services than older, crafts-style production operations.

efficient and productive

Max Weber (1864-1920) wrote at the turn of the 20th century, when Germany was undergoing its _____ revolution.

industrial

In a bureaucratic system, when specifying the best ways to accomplish organizational tasks or increase performance, behavioral guidelines must be set. What is not important to include when defining these guidelines?

industry ratios and benchmarks

Which of Fayol's principles suggests that employees need the ability to act on their own without direction from a superior?

initiative

During the first stage, referred to as the _____ stage, an organization acquires resources.

input

The three stages in an open system are _____, _____, and _____.

input, conversion, output

Although _____ 14 principles of management were developed at the turn of the 20th century, they are still the foundation for much of recent management theory and research.

Fayol's

Two of the most influential early views regarding the creation of efficient systems of organizational administration were developed by:

Weber and Fayol

_____ is known for introducing continuous improvement and statistical process control to improve quality.

Deming

Rank the theories of management from earliest to latest.

1. Scientific Management 2. Administrative Managemetn 3. Behavioral management theoru 4. Management science theory 5. Organizational environment theory

What are principals developed by Taylor to increase efficiency in the workplace?

1. Study the way workers perform their tasks, gather all the informal job knowledge that workers possess, and experiment with ways of improving how tasks are performed 2.Codify the new methods of performing tasks into written rules and standard operating procedures. 3. Carefully select workers who possess skills and abilities that match the needs of the task, and train them to perform the task according to the established rules and procedures. 4. Establish a fair or acceptable level of performance for a task, and then develop a pay system that rewards performance above the acceptable level.

____ involves identifying key variables, understanding their relationships, and recognizing the causes and effects of managerial decisions.

Contingency thoory

In the open systems view, an organization transforms its inputs into outputs, or finished goods and services, during the _____ stage, the second stage in the process.

Conversion

Fayol's principal of _____ states that managers have the right to give orders and the power to exhort subordinates to obey.

Authority and Responsibility

While today this term is viewed as the equivalent of hierarchical or an impediment to change, _____ was originally defined by Weber as a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.

Bureaucracy

Which management theorist suggests that the interest of the organization must take precedence over the interests of the individual?

Fayol

Which three of the following were the Gilbreths' main goals?

Find better ways to perform each component action, break up tasks into individual components necessary to accomplish them, and reorganize each component action so that the action as a whole can be performed more efficiently.

_____ proposed that knowledge and expertise, not managers' formal authority deriving fro their position in the hierarchy, should decide who will lead at any particular moment.

Follett

The finding that a manager's behavior or leadership approach can affect worker's level of performance is known as the _____ effect.

Hawthrone

_____ refers to the chain of command extending from the top to the bottom of an organization.

Line of authority

_____ is the planning, organizing, leading, and controlling of human and other resources to achieve organizational goals efficiently and effectively.

Management

_____ discovered that factories in which workers specialized in a few of the task functions were more productive than those in which workers specialized in all of the tasks.

Smith

Specific sets of written instructions about how to perform a certain aspect of a task are called:

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)

Researchers using the open systems view are especially interested in the _____ created when departments work together because they are interested in how the various parts of a system work together to increase efficiency and effectiveness.

Synergies

The gain in performance that results when individuals and departments coordinate their actions is known as _____.

Synergy

Mary Parker Follett's concern that the prominent management theorist at the time, Frederick _____, was ignoring the human side of management led her to write about the way management should behave toward workers.

Taylor

Which theory suggests that it is the manager's task to create a work setting that encourages commitment to organizational goals and provides opportunities for workers to exercise self-direction?

Theory Y

_____ is a set of positive assumptions about workers that leads to the conclusion that a manager's task is to create an environment that encourages commitment to organizational goals and provides opportunities for workers to be imaginative and to exercise intimate and self-direction.

Theory Y

Standard operating procedures (SOPs), rules, and norms are important in a bureaucratic system because:

They guide performance by specifying the best ways to accomplish tasks.

Which are considered branches of management science theory?

Total quality management, operations management, quantitative management, and management information systems

_____ management refers to the study of how to create an organizational structure and control system that leads to high efficiency and effectiveness.

administrative

The Hawthrone effect suggests that managers' behavior toward their employees:

affects the level of the worker's performance

According to Fayol, _____ should not be concentrated at the top of the chain of command.

authority

Managers have the formal _____ to direct and control their subordinates' behavior to achieve organizational goals

authority

The power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions concerning the use of organizational resources is called:

authority

Weber's third principle of bureaucracy helps clarify for managers and workers what is expected o them and what to expect from each other by clearly specifying the tasks and level of formal _____ associated with various positions in the organization.

authority

Reward systems should:

be fair to the employees and be feasible for the organization to implement

The view of management that stresses understanding the importance of peoples' needs and attitudes within an organization is the basis of the _____.

behavioral approach

Weber believe that if organizations implemented all five of the principals of bureaucracy, the organization would:

encourage organizational members to act ethically, reduce stress throughout the organization, make it easier for managers to organize and control the work of the subordinates, further promote the interests of the organization, and improve managers' feelings of security

The tendency of a closed system to lose its ability to control itself and thus to dissolve and disintegrate is referred to as:

entropy

The Fayol principle of management that stated all organizational members are entitled to justice and respect is:

equity

According to Fayol, _____ can result when managers encourage personal, verbal contact between mangers and workers and also when managers encourage communication to solve problems and implement solutions.

esprit de corps

Taylor proposed using different ways to improve each worker's ability to perform a particular task. These methods include:

experimenting with type or size of tools workers used, reducing the number of motions workers made to complete tasks, and changing the layout of the work area

An important factor in an organization's _____ environment that affects and organization's ability to obtain resources is the degree to which the environment is changing.

external

The Hawthorne studies wanted to find what elements in the workers' environments had the greatest effect on worker performance. At the end of the nine-year study, they concluded that _____ had the greatest effect.

good social relationships

The ____ relations movement advocates that supervisors be behaviorally trained to manage subordinates in ways that elicit their cooperation and increase their productivity.

human

The _____ approach is a management approach that advocates the idea that a manager's attitude toward employees can affect productivity; the self-fulfilling prophecy is an example.

human relations

Which of Fayol's principles meant the methodical arrangement of positions to provide employees with career opportunities that satisfy their needs?

order

A more open organizational structure in which authority is decentralized to middle and first-line managers and tasks and roles are left ambiguous to encourage employees to cooperate and respond quickly to the unexpected is an _____ structure.

organic

In the open-systems view, the production of goods and services is a process through which organizations interact with their environment. During the last stage, referred to as the _____ stage, an organization releases finished goods and services to the external environment.

output

The goal of the relay assembly test experiments was to raise:

productivity

The degree of change in the external environment is important because it may impact an organization's ability to obtain the necessary _____ required to produce its products or services.

resources