Marine bio quiz 2

Some land mammals, like howler monkeys and humans, cheat as they produce vocalisations that make themselves sound bigger than they actually are. True or False? Howler monkeys produce very low-pitched sounds by opening their mouths very wide.

False

True or False? The pitch of the sounds produced by mammals is related to the size of their body.

False

True or false? A trophic level describes a group of animals that inhabit the same area.

False, A trophic level describes a group of animals that fulfil a similar role within a food web.

True or false. Comb jellies capture their prey by poisoning them with toxins.

False, Comb jellies capture their prey by trapping them in adhesive cells on their tentacles.

True or false? Seagrass and algae are both flowering plants.

False, Seagrass is a flowering plant and algae is not.

The ancestral whales looked nothing like whales today, but more like wolves, but what characteristic whale-like trait did they have?

Heavy dense boned auditory bulla.

How does the Christmas tree worm - a tube-building polychaete worm - feed?

They filter-feed using their brightly coloured radioles to filter microorganisms from the water.

True or False? Chromatophores are pigmented cells which allow cephalopods to change color.

True

True or False? There is less variation in the body size of aquatic mammals compared to land mammals. The African elephant is only 25 times smaller than the largest marine mammal, the blue whale.

True

True or false. The gulper eel has an enormous mouth because there is little prey at great depths, so having a large mouth allows it to take any sized prey that comes its way.

True

True or false? Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction where the embryo develops from an unfertilized egg cell.

True

True or false? The advantages of monogamy for seahorses are that the females can forage for more resources and so produce more eggs and thus produce more young.

True

True or false? The hooded seal has the shortest lactation period (the time they produce milk to nurse their pups) of any mammal, at only four days.

True

Why are the leopard seals nasal bones, called turbinates, greatly modified?

Turbinates are enlarged to save water when they exhale as it ensures a greater surface area for seals to capture water vapour from their exhaled breath.

When comparing deep-diving whales and humans, which of the following statements is true?

Whales have small lungs, collapse their lungs when they dive, and inflate them at the surface, so they are more efficient at moving air in and out.

Marine mammals that vocalise underwater tend to recycle air, whereby they keep air moving between the lungs and other air sacs in their body. Which of the statements below is NOT a reason to recycle air?

recycling air means they can dive deeper

The pinna and ear canal make up the outer ear. They are least modified in which group of marine mammals?

sea lions

Relative to their body size, how big are the lungs of deep-diving whales compared to those of humans?

smaller

The first group of mammals to return to live in the sea were:

whales

Which of the following adaptations is not involved in allowing marine mammals to hold their breath for longer periods than other mammals?

whales have larger lungs - this is FALSE

Which of the following statements are true about the birth of smalltooth sawfish?

- A thick protective sheath of tissue covers the teeth along the newborn pup's rostrum. - The newborn pup's snout (its rostrum) is studded on either side with razor-sharp teeth.

Flatworms mate by traumatic insemination. Which of the statements below is true of flatworm mating?

- Flatworms are hermaphroditic - each individual has both egg-producing ovaries and sperm-producing testes. - While mating, both individuals can transfer sperm to the other, and both are capable of being fertilised - While mating it is possible for both individuals to be fertilised.

Which of the statements below are true of birth in seahorses?

- Hatching hormone signals cause the embryos to hatch out of thin-walled membranes, and once free they swim and move freely inside the dad's brood pouch. - With about a week to go before birth, seahorse dads produce hormones to prepare their embryos. - At birth the dad's pouch undergoes muscular contractions as his young, called "fry", emerge.

Which of the statements below are true of pregnancy?

- Many of the same processes, and even many of the same genes, control both male and female pregnancy. - Pregnancy for female animals occurs inside the reproductive tract, but not in the male seahorse.

Which of the following statements about the pelvis of cetaceans (whales and dolphins) are FALSE?

- No cetaceans have a well-developed pelvis, as they do not have weight-bearing hind limbs like us. - All cetaceans have a well-developed pelvis.

Which of the statements below are true for the Nazca booby?

- Once the second chick hatches, its older sibling kills the newly hatched chick within days of hatching. - Booby mothers secrete extra testosterone into their first-laid egg, which makes the first chick larger, stronger and more aggressive, regardless of whether it's male or female.

How do marine mammals come into contact with organophosphates?

- Organophosphates have been used heavily as pesticides in agriculture. -Organophosphates wash into rivers systems and travel out to sea. -Organophosphates accumulate into high toxic doses in top predators, like marine mammals. -Organophosphates are eaten by small organisms and move up through the food chain.

Which of the statements below are true of pregnancy in seahorses?

- Seahorse dads remove the embryos' waste like carbon dioxide and nitrogen. - Seahorse dads produce antibacterial and antifungal molecules to protect their developing embryos from infection.

Cetaceans, whales, dolphins and porpoises hear well underwater. Which of the statements is/are false?

- The auditory bullae of cetaceans are extremely thin, hollow and lightweight. - This style of auditory bullae is present only in more recent forms of whales.

Why does this angler fish have a second angler fish attached to it? Which statements are FALSE?

- The larger angler fish is a male; he has a smaller parasitic male attached to and feeding from his body. - The larger angler fish is a female; she has a smaller parasitic male attached to her body who will fertilise her eggs that season and then detach.

Which of the statements below is true of maternal care in crocodiles?

- The mother carries her hatchlings in her mouth to the water. - She remains and protects her young for several months after hatching.

Which of the statements are true of Phronima?

- They are tiny voracious predators. - They carve out the insides of a salp to make a home. - They carve out the inside of a salp to make a nursery for their young.

Which of the following statements is true of the early baleen whales?

- They didn't even have baleen. - They had lobed teeth that they used to filter feed. - Llanocetus was one of the earliest baleen whales. - They arose 37 million years ago.

Many long-lived seabirds are monogamous and this mating strategy can be problematic for these species. Which of the statements below are true?

- They do not start breeding until they are quite old. - Over their lifetime, they have a low reproductive rate.

Which of the statements below are true of right whale mating?

-Males have enormous testicles (1 tonne testicles) that are about 3 to 4% of their body mass. -The males take turns to mate with a female in oestrus. -When the female is ready to mate (in oestrus) she will mate with up to ten males.

The male giant Australian cuttlefish performs spectacular displays to intimidate other males as well as to lure females into their territory. Which statements below are true with regards to the mating display of the giant Australian cuttlefish?

-The males are bigger than the females and displaying males make themselves look bigger by extending banner-like webs along their body and arms. -The males have iridescent colors that pulse along the edges of banner-like webs along their body and arms. -The males vary the speed and intensity of the colour changes along the edges of banner-like webs along their body and arms.

Which of the following statements are true about the courtship display of the male Japanese pufferfish?

-The males decorate the sandcastles with intricate designs, comprising repeating patterns of ridges and grooves. -The males use their artwork to attract and win a mate. -The males carve the perfect circular sandcastles, which are up to 2 meters wide, using their fins. NOT: The males protect their sandcastles with aggressive displays as they keep the same sandcastle and use it year after year.

The Etruscan shrew is the smallest mammal. How big are they?

1.8g

The smallest land mammal, the Etruscan shrew, is how many times smaller than the smallest marine mammal, the sea otter?

1000x

The beaked whale is the deepest diving mammal that we know of. How deep can they dive and for how long can they stay underwater?

3000

When were whales first living completely aquatic lifestyles and what was the name of that whale?

37 million years ago - Dorudon.

What is the name of the most ancestral whale and when did they live?

48-50 million years ago - Pakicetus.

How many times faster does sound travel through water than air?

4x

Slide 1 of 2 Although marine mammals belong to unrelated groups, each group independently evolved to be a similar average body mass. How big is that?

500 kg

Which of the marine mammal groups have damaged, non-functional PON1 genes and so cannot detoxify toxic organophosphates?

All marine mammal groups.

What type of algae is kelp classified as?

Brown Algae

The closest living relatives of the dugong and manatees are...?

Elephants

The closest living relatives of whales and dolphins are...?

Even-toed ungulates like the hippopotamus

True or false? Small males of the giant Australia cuttlefish make themselves look larger in order to intimidate territorial males by varying the speed and intensity of colour changes across their body.

False, Small males of the giant Australia cuttlefish mimic the colouration and behavior of females to sneak close to the females being guarded by territorial males in order to mate with the females. You got 1 out

True or false? Some species of cephalopod (octopus and squid) guard their eggs during incubation, and a deep-sea octopus has the longest known incubation guarding period of 40 years.

False, Some species of cephalopod (octopus and squid) guard their eggs during incubation and a deep-sea octopus has the longest known incubation guarding period of 4.5 years.

True or false? Tardigrade mating lasts only a few seconds.

False, Tardigrades have marathon mating sessions, where foreplay includes mutual stimulation that lasts for over an hour, before ejaculation.

True or false? The eggs of the clownfish need to be cleaned by removing algae that can grow over them, and fanned with fins to circulate oxygen-carrying water over the eggs. Both the male and female clownfish tend to the eggs.

False, The male clownfish tends to the eggs while the female watches, as if he is does not do a good job aerating their eggs, the larger aggressive female will chase him away and find a new mate

True or false? The mating system of the humpback whale involves the males attracting a group of females with their underwater display.

False, The mating system of the humpback whale involves the males competing via aggressive behavior to gain access to females in oestrus.

True or False? The advantages of monogamy for seabirds is that females can forage for more resources and so produce more eggs.

False, This is the case for seahorses. One of the advantages of monogamy for seabirds is to have two parents to provide food for their young to ensure that more of their young survive.

True or false? Whale sharks can filter 14.5 million litres of water every day.

False, they can filter 4.5 million litres a day

True or false? Pompeii worms survive living at great depths in the hot waters around hydrothermal vents by burying themselves in the sand.

False,They live in a symbiotic relationship with bacteria that provide them with food and protect them from high temperatures.

True or false? Coral can reproduce by spawning, which involves releasing eggs and sperm into the water column simultaneously, timing the spawning with ocean currents.

False. Coral can reproduce by spawning, which involves releasing eggs and sperm into the water column simultaneously at the right time by timing the spawning with the lunar cycle.

True or false? The type of reproduction that is happening here is asexual reproduction - fragmentation.: Pic of jellyfish

False. The type of reproduction that is happening here is asexual reproduction - budding.

After , --- the male fertilises the eggs and then collects them in his ---, keeping them until they hatch to protect them from ---. He --- the egg brood by opening its mouth wide and --- the egg mass. During the --- period, he cannot ---, which means he is --- by the time their eggs hatch.

Fill in Courtship Mouth Predators aerates rotating incubation feed underweight

Herbivorous zooplankton live at --- during the daylight hours and --- to the ---waters at to feed on ---. Herbivorous zooplankton live at depth because it is --- so they can avoid ---.

Fill in Depth Migrate surface night phytoplankton dark predators

Male elephant seals do not have an --- courtship display directed at ---. Instead, male elephant seals have an aggressive display directed at ---, and this is part of establishing ---. The dominant male elephant seals use their display to --- and hold those regions --- by the females to father more ---.

Fill in Elaborate Females Males Dominance establish favored pups

Sea lettuce is an example of --- algae. Sea lettuce is --- by a range of different species, including ---.

Fill in Green Eaten humans/people/mammals/dugongs/sea hares.

The term "algae" is an informal term to --- together a diverse group of --- organisms that are not necessarily closely ---. --- are grouped according to the coloured photosynthetic --- that they carry, either ---, red or green.

Fill in Group Photosynthetic related Algae pigments brown

Phytoplankton are tiny, floating --- organisms that make their own food via ---. They are restricted to living in the --- upper layers of the ocean. They are so --- that they make up 50% of the photosynthesis on --- and are an extremely diverse group which includes single-celled microbes like --- and archaea.

Fill in Microscoping Photosynthesis well lit Earth Bacteria

Excessive --- and phosphorous levels are --- to seagrass. Extra --- stimulate the growth of epiphytic --- that grow on the seagrass as well as the growth of --- algae, which --- the amount of sunlight available to the seagrass. This reduces its ability to --- - so it starves.

Fill in Nitrogen Toxic nutirents algae free-floating reduces photosynthesize

Jellyfish use both --- and sexual reproduction. The advantages of using asexual reproduction is that you can make many copies of --- quickly and so exploit a new resource quickly, --- other species. However, by also using sexual reproduction your offspring has greater --- variation, and there is a greater chance that they will have features that will help them --- in a --- environment.

Fill in asexual yourself outcompeting genetic survive changing

When fish are in a large three-dimensional space and at ---, flying seabirds cannot capture them. Thus, flying seabirds --- from the feeding of marine --- as they work together to --- a shoal of fish to the water's --- within the --- of diving seabirds.

Fill in depth benefit mammals drive surface range

Antarctic krill are --- and migrate to the surface waters at night to feed on --- . They live at --- because the darkness helps them to avoid ---.

Fill in herbivorous phytoplankton depth predators

Large numbers of --- fish aggregate because large quantities of --- become trapped between the boundaries where water bodies meet. They can evade --- by schooling in large ---.

Fill in herbivorous phytoplankton predators groups

Being --- helps the baleen --- feed on often --- and unpredictable distributions of --- as they can go for long periods and --- over great distances --- feeding events.

Fill in large whales patchy krill travel between

Herbivores maintain the balance between corals and ---. The loss of herbivores mean that macroalgae can --- coral reefs. Coral reefs have large --- communities. The loss of an important herbivore on --- coral reefs caused the loss of coral, but also the loss of many other species such as worms, snails and ---.

Fill in macroalgae over-grow herbivorous Caribbean fish

Food webs in the ocean typically have --- food chains with many --- levels.

Fill in Long Trophic

Land mammals do not hear well underwater. Why can they not identify where sounds come from?

Flesh and water have similar sound conduction properties, so sound vibrates the entire skull. As land mammals have ears attached to their skull, the left and right ears detect sound vibrations at the same time.

Which of the following statements about the PON1 gene are true?

PON1 gene is found in all mammals but is not functional in marine mammals, so they cannot produce enzyme that detoxifies organophosphates.

Seals hear underwater is a similar fashion to land mammals. Yet land mammals cannot hear very well underwater because sound has difficulty traveling from a watery medium to the air-filled chamber in our ear. How do seals overcome this problem?

Seals overcome the problem by engorging tissue with blood to fill air-spaces in the ear canal and middle ear so that sound travels to the inner ear.

Land mammals can identify the direction a sound comes from by the difference in the time that the sound arrives at their left and right ear. This is because...?

Sound in air bends around the animal's head because flesh and air have vastly different sound conducting properties.

The ear canals of whales and dolphins are no longer functional, so how does sound from the water travel to the middle and inner ear?

Sound travels through "acoustic fat" in the lower jaw to the middle ear.

The cochlea of the toothed whales is adapted to detect high-pitched, low-intensity sounds for echolocation. To do this their cochlea is:

Stiffer and proportionately thicker compared to the cochlea of land mammals.

Which statement below is true with regards to the courtship display of the male hooded seal?

The male hooded seal blows a pink balloon out its NOSE to attract females and to show dominance over other males.

Mammals that live in the water are big. What limits how small or large they can be?

The need to stay warm sets a lower limit of how small a marine mammal can be, but how much they can eat sets an upper limit on how big they can get.

What are microscopic drifting herbivorous animals called?

Zooplankton

Slide 1 of 2 Why do marine mammals use sound to communicate underwater?

because vision is limited

The closest living relatives of seals and sea lions are...?

carnivors like weasels and racoons

Baleen whales, which were once the size of dolphins, became giants about 4.5 million years ago. Which of the factors below was not involved in driving this dramatic change in body size?

deep diving

Nudibranchs are --- , which means they have --- male and female --- organs. However, they --- fertilize themselves and need to mate with another individual by laying their --- in a --- spiral.

fill in hermaphroditic both reproductive cannot eggs gelatinous