Martin Luther King Jr.

Equal Empoyment Opportunity Commisson

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Freedom Summer

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap

Thurgood Marshall

Born in Baltimore Maryland in uly 2, 1908, Thurgood Marshall was the grandson of a slave. His father William Marshall nstilled in him from youth an appreciation for the United States Constitution and the rule of law.

NAACP

Founded Feb. 12. 1909, the NAACP is the nation's oldest largest and most widely recognized grassroots-based civil rights organization. Its more than half-million members and supporters throughout the United States and the world are the premier advocates for civil rights in their communities, campaigning for equal opportunity and conducting voter mobilization.

Huey Newton/Bobby Seale

Huey Newton and fellow activist Bobby Seale founded the radical Black Panther Party in 1966.

Rosa Parks

In 1955 Rosa Parks was an African American living in Montgomery Alabama a city with laws that strictly segregated blacks and whites. On 1 December 1955 after her day of work as a seamstress at a local department store Rosa Parks boarded a city bus.

Montgomery bus boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

James Meredith

James H. Meredith born June 25, 1933 is an American civil rights movement figure. He was the first African American student at the University of Mississippi, an event that was a flashpoint in the American civil rights movement. Motivated by the broadcast of President John F. Kennedy's inaugural address.

Jim Crow Laws

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

Martin Luther King Jr.

Martin Luther King, Jr. was an African-American clergyman who advocated social change through non-violent means. A powerful speaker and a man of great spiritual strength, he shaped the American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s.

SNCC

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was one of the principal organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

Earl Warren

United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1891-1974)

Malcom X

While in prison for burglary Malcolm Little adopted the Black Muslim faith and became a minister of the Nation of Islam upon his release in 1952. As Malcolm X he was a charismatic advocate of black separatism who rejected Martin Luther King Jr.'s policies of non-violence.

Boycott

a group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies

Freedom rides

a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961

CORE

an organization founded by James Leonard Farmer in 1942 to work for racial equality

Kerner Commision

assesed progress on civil rights and concluded they still had a long way to go., Main cause of violence in inner cities was White racism

Brown v. Board of Education

court found that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection clause "separate but equal" has no place

twenty-Fourth Admendment

ended poll tax

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

SCLC

key civil rights organization. Southern Christian Leadership Conference. founded in 1957 by, among others, Dr. MLK Jr.

Project "C"/Protests in Birmingham

movement organized by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to bring attention to the unequal treatment black Americans endured in Birmingham, Alabama.

Sit-in

nonviolent protests in which a person sits and refuses to leave

de facto segragation

physical seperation based on informal norms

Black Panthers

political party formed by African Americans to fight police brutality. They urged violent resistance against whites. Many whites and moderate African Americans feared the group.

de jure segregation

segregation that is imposed by law

Lyndon B. Johnson

signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

Plessy v. Ferguson

sumpreme court ruled that segregation public places facilities were legal as long as the facilites were equal

Selma March

three marches in 1965 that marked the political and emotional peak of the American civil rights movement.

Stockely Carmichael

was a Trinidadian-American black activist active in the 1960s American Civil Rights Movement. He rose to prominence first as a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee SNCC pronounced "snick" and later as the "Honorary Prime Minister" of the Black Panther Party.