Martini Chapters 23/24 Respiratory and Digestive
Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is A) inversely proportional to the volume of its container. B) always higher in the atmosphere than in the lungs. C) directly proportional to temperature. D) inversely proportional to temperature. E) directly proportional to the volume of its container.
A
During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle. A) right primary B) left primary C) right lobar D) left lobar E) medial
A
During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation? A) rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles B) diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles C) rectus abdominis and diaphragm muscles D) diaphragm and external intercostal muscles E) pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles
A
Alveolar ventilation refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) movement of air into and out of the alveoli. C) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. D) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli. E) utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism.
B
An elastic ________ ligament and the ________ muscle connect the ends of tracheal cartilage. A) tracheal; trachealis B) anular; trachealis C) tracheal; anular D) cricoid; anular E) cricoid; trachealis
B
A pneumothorax typically causes A) COPD. B) emphysema. C) atelectasis. D) loss of surfactant. E) elevated intrapulmonary pressure.
C
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces: A) speech. B) articulation. C) phonation. D) whistling. E) ululation.
C
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form: A) hydrochloric acid. B) oxygen. C) carbonic acid. D) carbaminohemoglobin. E) nitric acid.
C
During deglutition, which of the following phases is first? A) buccal B) pharyngeal C) gastric D) esophageal E) enteric
C
Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle. A) scalene B) diaphragm C) internal intercostal D) external intercostal E) serratus anterior
C
A condition that increases lung compliance is A) lung cancer. B) respiratory distress syndrome. C) loss of surfactant. D) emphysema. E) pneumothorax.
D
A pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production are the A) intrinsic ligaments. B) extrinsic ligaments. C) ventricular folds. D) vocal folds. E) intrinsic laryngeal muscles.
D
Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds. A) mucosa B) submucosa C) submucosal neural plexus D) muscularis mucosa E) adventitia
D
Dalton's law states that A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.
D
Identify the structure labeled "2." A) olfactory organ B) oropharynx C) nasopharynx D) internal nares E) nasal sinus
D
Identify the structure labeled "5." A) pharyngeal tonsil B) palatine tonsil C) epiglottis D) soft palate E) hard palate
D
Identify the structure labeled "7." A) internal nares B) esophagus C) glottis D) oropharynx E) laryngopharynx
D
In which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration? A) from the blood into the tissue cells B) from the blood into the lungs C) from the lungs into the atmosphere D) from the tissue cells into the blood E) from the lungs into the blood
D
Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the A) mucosa. B) submucosa. C) muscularis mucosa. D) myenteric plexus. E) submucosal neural plexus.
D
The Hering-Breuer reflex A) functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure. B) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes. C) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes. D) protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation. E) is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing.
D
The ________ branch from the trachea at the carina. A) terminal bronchioles B) lobar bronchi C) segmental bronchi D) primary bronchi E) alveolar ducts
D
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the: A) bronchioles. B) terminal bronchioles. C) spaces between the parietal and visceral pleura. D) blood air barrier of the alveoli. E) interlobular septa.
D
The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the A) serosa. B) adventitia. C) muscularis mucosa. D) mucosa. E) submucosa.
D
The laryngeal cartilage which is not composed of hyaline cartilage is the: A) arytenoid. B) corniculate. C) cricoid. D) epiglottis. E) thyroid.
D
The physical movement of air into and out of lungs is termed: A) external respiration. B) internal respiration. C) cellular respiration. D) pulmonary ventilation. E) gas diffusion.
D
The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage. A) epiglottis B) cuneiform C) corniculate D) cricoid E) arytenoid
D
There are normally a total of ________ permanent teeth .A) 20 B) 25 C) 28 D) 32 E) 34
D
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term myenteric plexus? A) component of mucosa B) sensory neural network C) secretes a watery fluid D) coordinates activity of muscularis externa E) loose connective tissue layer containing blood vessels
D
________ are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping. A) Canines B) Premolars C) Cuspids D) Incisors E) Molars
D
________ are pointed teeth that are adapted for tearing and slashing. A) Incisors B) Bicuspids C) Premolars D) Cuspids E) Molars
D
Air that remains in conducting passages and doesn't participate in gas exchange is termed A) vital capacity. B) minimal volume. C) residual volume. D) functional residual capacity. E) anatomic dead space.
E
If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's A) tidal volume. B) inspiratory reserve volume. C) expiratory reserve volume. D) reserve volume. E) vital capacity.
E
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the A) thyroid cartilage. B) cricoid cartilage. C) corniculate cartilage. D) cuneiform cartilage. E) epiglottis.
E
The ligament bridging the larynx with the trachea is the ________ ligament. A) cricoid B) thyrohyoid C) vestibular D) cricothyroid E) cricotracheal
E
The mesocolon is A) a section of the large intestines between the sigmoid colon and the rectum. B) a thick mesenteric sheet associated with the small intestines. C) a ligament that suspends the liver from the diaphragm. D) a serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity. E) a mesentery associated with a portion of the large intestine.
E
The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage are the ________cartilages. A) cricothyroid B) innominate C) cuneiform D) corniculate E) arytenoid
E
What is the function of the structure labeled "5"? A) help olfaction B) improve warming of air C) cause air to swirl within the respiratory passageway D) prevent food from entering the larynx E) prevent food from entering the nasopharynx
E
What is the general function of the tongue?
Manipulates material inside mouth - may bring foods into oral cavity
What are the four functions of the tongue?
Mechanical processing, manipulation, sensory analysis, secretion
falciform ligament
from the ventral body wall and diaphragm to the liver
lesser omentum
joins lesser curvature of stomach to liver
parietal peritoneum
shinny layer that lines the body wall of the abdominal cavity
Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will A) decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli. B) decrease the rate of oxygen diffusion from the alveoli to the blood. C) increase the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli. D) decrease the rate of carbon dioxide diffusion from the blood to the alveoli. E) hardly affect either the partial pressure or diffusion of gases.
A
Prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center. A) apneustic B) pneumotaxic C) expiratory D) baroreceptor E) chemoreceptor
A
The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because A) large masses of food can move through the esophagus. B) large masses of air can pass through the trachea and thus the bronchi. C) it facilitates turning of the head. D) the bronchi are also C-shaped. E) it permits the trachea to pinch shut prior to sneezing.
A
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the A) trachea. B) bronchiole. C) laryngopharynx. D) alveolar duct. E) bronchus.
A
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the: A) trachea. B) bronchiole. C) laryngopharynx. D) alveolar duct. E) bronchus.
A
The following is a list of some airways. What is the order in which air passes through them? 1. lobar bronchus 2. bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. primary bronchus 5. respiratory bronchiole6. alveoli 7. terminal bronchiole A) 4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6 B) 4, 1, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6 C) 1, 4, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6 D) 1, 4, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6 E) 2, 4, 1, 7, 5, 3, 6
A
The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage. A) thyroid B) cricoid C) cuneiform D) arytenoid E) epiglottic
A
The layer of loose connective tissue that directly supports the digestive epithelium is the A) lamina propria. B) muscularis mucosae. C) submucosa. D) submucosal neural plexus. E) myenteric plexus.
A
The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of: A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B) moist cuboidal epithelium. C) simple squamous epithelium. D) ciliated squamous epithelium. E) stratified squamous epithelium.
A
The right lung is to ________ as the left lung is to ________. A) three lobes; two lobes B) two lobes; two lobes C) two lobes; three lobes D) three lobes; three lobes E) four lobes; three lobes
A
The serous membrane that covers the lungs is the: A) visceral pleura. B) parietal pleura. C) visceral pericardium. D) parietal pericardium. E) visceral peritoneum.
A
Use of the accessory respiratory muscles is characteristic of forced breathing, or: A) hyperpnea. B) eupnea. C) dyspnea. D) hypoxia. E) apnea.
A
What structures make up the conducting portion of the Respiratory tract? A) Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and larger Bronchioles B) Trachea, Bronchi C) Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Larger Bronchioles D) Larynx, and Trachea E) A sandwich
A
What structures make up the respiratory portion of the Respiratory tract? A) Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveoli, and blood air barrier B) Alveoli and blood barrier C) Respiratory Bronchioles D) Alveoli E) Blood Air Barrier
A
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, A) the volume of the thorax increases. B) the volume of the thorax decreases. C) the volume of the lungs decreases. D) the lungs shrink. E) expiration occurs.
A
Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known? A) respiratory minute volume B) inspiratory reserve volume C) expiratory reserve volume D) anatomical dead space E) forced vital capacity
A
________ are teeth with flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for crushing and grinding. A) Molars B) Cuspids C) Eye teeth D) Canines E) Dentins
A
During quiet breathing: A) only the internal intercostal muscles contract. B) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. C) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. D) both inspiration and expiration are passive. E) both inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions.
B
External respiration involves the: A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) diffusion of gases between the interstitial fluid and the external environment. C) exchange of dissolved gases between the cells and interstitial fluids. D) binding of oxygen by hemoglobin. E) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism.
B
JJ is suffering from laryngitis. He will most likely experience which of the following symptoms? A) coughing B) hoarseness C) sneezing D) suffocation E) impaired swallowing
B
Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the A) mucosa. B) submucosa. C) muscularis. D) adventitia. E) serosa.
B
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is: A) dissolved in plasma. B) bound to hemoglobin. C) in ionic form as solute in the plasma. D) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide. E) carried by white blood cells.
B
Put the following layers of the digestive tract wall in order from the lumen to the deepest layer. 1. lamina propria 2. muscularis externa 3. submucosa 4. digestive (mucous) epithelium 5. serosa6. muscularis mucosae A) 5, 2, 3, 6, 1, 4 B) 4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5 C) 4, 6, 3, 1, 2, 5 D) 5, 4, 2, 6, 1, 3 E) 1, 4, 3, 6, 2, 5
B
Quiet breathing is to ________ as shallow breathing is to ________. A) eupnea; diaphragmatic breathing B) eupnea; costal breathing C) costal breathing; eupnea D) costal breathing; diaphragmatic E) diaphragmatic breathing; eupnea
B
The apneustic centers of the pons A) inhibit the pneumotaxic and inspiratory centers. B) provide stimulation to the inspiratory center. C) monitor blood gas levels. D) alter chemoreceptor sensitivity. E) generate the gasp reflex.
B
The double-layer sheets of serous membrane that support the viscera are called A) peritoneal sheets. B) mesenteries. C) ascites. D) the diaphragm. E) the dorsal and ventral frenulums.
B
The serous membrane that covers the thoracic cavity is the: A) visceral pleura. B) parietal pleura. C) visceral pericardium. D) parietal pericardium. E) visceral peritoneum.
B
There are normally a total of ________ deciduous teeth. A) 18 B) 20 C) 25 D) 28 E) 32
B
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term submucosal plexus? A) component of mucosa B) sensory neural network C) secretes a watery fluid D) coordinates activity of muscularis externa E) loose connective tissue layer containing blood vessels
B
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion? A) appendix B) pancreas C) spleen D) colon E) esophagus
B
________ involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements and calls on accessory muscles to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and sometimes abdominal muscles, too... A) Eupnea B) Forced breathing C) Costal breathing D) Vital breathing E) Passive breathing
B
Henry's law states that A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.
C
In most cases, the mumps is a viral infection of the ________ glands. A) mandibular B) sublingual C) parotid D) submandibular E) lingual
C
Increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from A) sympathetic stimulation. B) hormonal stimulation. C) parasympathetic stimulation. D) myenteric reflexes. E) hunger.
C
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as: A) solute dissolved in the plasma. B) carbaminohemoglobin. C) bicarbonate ions. D) solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. E) carbonic acid.
C
Surfactant is produced by what cell type in the alveolus? A) smooth muscle cells B) pneumocytes Type I C) pneumocytes Type II D) pneumocytes Type I and Type II E) alveolar macrophages
C
The ________ inhibit the apneustic centers and promote passive or active exhalation. A) DRG B) VRG C) pneumotaxic centers D) LRG E) inspiratory centers
C
The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium. A) nasopharynx B) trachea C) oropharynx D) larynx E) nasal cavity
C
The ________ supports all but 25 cm of the small intestine and provides stability and limited movement. A) falciform ligament B) greater omentum C) mesentery proper D) lesser omentum E) diaphragm
C
The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages. A) 1.0 cm; 15-20 B) 1.0 cm; 10-15 C) 2.5 cm; 15-20 D) 2.5 cm; 40-50 E) 4.5 cm; 60-80
C
The blood air barrier consists of: A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B) 1 layer of moist cuboidal epithelium. C) 2 layers of simple squamous epithelium. D) stratified squamous epithelium. E) surfactant cells.
C
The larynx contains ________ cartilages. A) 14 B) 6 C) 9 D) 2 E) 5
C
The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center(s). A) apneustic B) pneumotaxic C) DRG and VRG D) expiratory E) ventral respiratory
C
The pneumotaxic center of the pons A) sets the at-rest respiratory pattern. B) prolongs inspiration. C) modifies the rate and depth of breathing. D) suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla. E) stimulates the dorsal respiratory group.
C
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the cells and interstitial fluids is: A) pulmonary ventilation. B) external respiration. C) internal respiration. D) cellular respiration. E) breathing.
C
Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called A) segmentation. B) pendular movements. C) peristalsis. D) churning movements. E) mastication.
C
What is the function of the structure labeled "8"? A) forces air into the lungs B) causes air to swirl within the respiratory passageway C) prevents food from entering the larynx D) acts like a supplementary air pump E) adjusts tension of vocal folds
C
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term external intercostal? A) accessory muscle of expiration B) accessory muscle of inspiration C) primary muscle of inspiration D) primary muscle of expiration E) an accessory muscle for both expiration and inspiration
C
Which of the following is not a true statement? A) The DRG primarily controls inspiration. B) The VRG primarily controls expiration. C) The DRG functions in forced breathing only. D) The VRG functions in forced breathing only. E) The DRG controls external intercostals and the diaphragm.
C
What enzyme does the tongue produce?
Lingual lipase
Segmentation
MIXES FOODIn segmentation, shorts sections of smooth muscle contract and relax in seemingly random fashion. Occurs primarily in the small intestine.
Deglutition
Has three Phases: *Buccal Phase - voluntary, tongue pushes food to the oropharynx area *Pharyngeal Phase - involuntary, epiglottis closes over the glottis and swallowing begins * Esophageal Phase - involuntary, upper esophageal spincter opens and bolus begins moving down esophagus
Peristalsis
Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.
What is the difference between the vestibular fold and the vocal fold?
Vestibular fold - False cords Vocal fold - true cords
mesentary proper
double layer of peritoneal membrane extending from the dorsal body wall to the viscera (internal organs)
greater momentum
double layer sac extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the spleen
