Mass Communication Exam 1 (ch.1-4)

the two major events that sparked twitter?

1. 1/15/09 when US Airways Flight 1549 crashed in the Hudson River 2. April 13, 2013, two bombs exploded near the finish line at the Boston marathon

When did the Cherokee nation adopt the language?

1825

When was the 1st personal computer introduced?

1975; by SATCOM 1, a satellite that remained above a fixed point on the earth's service, was 1st satellite approved; it is sustained about 22,300 miles above the Equator.

When does world wide web inception begin?

1991

Who created Paypal?

1998 by Mark Levchin, Peter Thiel & Elon Musk; really caught on in 2000

Google's Timeline

1998, 30M pages indexed; 2000, 1B indexed; 2004, 8B; 2008, 1 trillion 2000 - Launched "AdWords"- service that allows ads to appear for businesses when searched 2003 - Launched "AdSense" - websites get paid for displaying Google ads 2004 - Gmail launched etc.

When was the Copyrigt act inacted?

1998: First U.S. HDTV broadcasts, new Copyright Act

When and who founded Skype?

2003 by Niklas Zennstrom of Sweden & Janus Friis of Denmark

What is Paypal?

Allows secure payments to be made by anyone with a valid e-mail address; PayPal wants to win the mobile digital race against Google, Amazon, Visa, MasterCard, & Square. PayPal & eBay announced they would no longer be bound together after 13 years together. Now, if PP were a bank, it would be the 21st largest U.S. bank

Generation Z

Also called Centennials, iGeneration, they were born 2000-present they love technology, and they learn fast; they will likely take on similar characteristics. Unclear what events will affect their formative years; interestingly, this generation marks the first in which whites make up only 50% of the population.

Silent Generation

Born 1927-1945; They lived through the Great Depression, World War II, postwar peace/prosperity, the invention of TV, rock n roll, the cure for polio, racism, FDR, Elvis, JFK, Jackie Robinson

Baby Boom Generation

Born 1946-1964, after the end of WW2 They lived through hula hoops, the Vietnam War, assassinations, and 6 major cultural revolutions: civil rights, feminist, ecology, war protest, sexual and drug revolutions. Boomers were and are very aware that they were a "generation." Biggest generation

Generation X

Born 1965-1981; children of Baby Boomers & the least supervised generation. They got their name from a book written by Douglas Coupland using the term; Billy Idol went on to name his band "Generation X." They are self-focused, self-reliant, skeptical, individualistic; their formative years gave us the computer generation, video gamers, cable TV (first generation to fully utilize network TV alternatives), divorced parents, family stress, Title IX female athletes and financial uncertainty.

Who acquired whatsapp?

FB saw the value, so in February, 2014, paid $19 billion, the biggest Internet deal since the Time Warner/AOL $124 billion merger in 2001. now is the #1 messaging app

Premium cable

Pay television, subscription television, premium television, or premium channels are subscription-based television services, usually provided by both analog and digital cable and satellite television

Cord Cutters (13%)

People who get rid of their landline phones and/or stop their cable & satellite service in favor of less expensive options over the Internet, such as web-based TV shows, streaming video services like Netflix & Hulu. By 2013, 7.6 million "cut" homes; ; those using mobile technology also increase cord cutting. cord cutters have the lowest level of viewing satisfaction among all streaming customers.

Writing cultures history

Phoenicians developed 1st syllable alphabet. Greeks credited with perfecting the alphabet.

ENIAC

Scientists at the University of Pennsylvania developed the first American digital computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Calculator, known as ENIAC 100 feet long, weighed 30 times, could only work for 30 minutes at a time.

Who acquired Oculus?

Since 2012, FB has paid more than $25 billion on Instagram, WhatsApp and Oculus (virtual reality bought in March, 2012).

What was parchment made from?

Skins of goats and sheep

Cable

is a system of delivering television programming to paying subscribers via radio frequency WTBS, 1st basic cable service, debuts 1976.

Dan Rather

is an American journalist and the former news anchor for the CBS Evening News.

What was snapchat originally called?

it began as "Picaboo"

Conglomeration

media bought by non-media companies

Why did Craigslist receive bad press in 2009?

the Craigslist Killer; used "Erotic Services" section, now closed Allegedly, Philip Markoff, a Boston med student, met victims using the site; in April, 2009, Julissa Brisman killed, Markoff charged.

What is Snapchat?

to have pics be private & disappear after being sent the 1st ever ephemeral picture messaging app for iPhones

Broadcasting

transmit (a program or some information) by radio or television.

When was network radio dominated

was dominant until 1948

Oral Cultures

were the cultures that passed information from one generation to the next without benefit of writing. - Myth and history were interwined

Feedback

which is crucial, may be misinterpreted, unclear, delayed, etc. - response, ratings, views, socail media

Rosetta stone

who: by French soldiers of Napoleon Bonaparte what: clue to breaking a code that baffled scholars for centuries: Egyptian hieroglyphs when: 1799 where: found at el-Rashid (Rosetta) in Egypt

Rise of Snapchat

"Picaboo" launched in July, 2011 with only 127 users; Snapchat launched in 2012 with 100,000 users in that year. Then brown was ousted in 2014

"Yahoo" stands for

"Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle," though founders say definition sold the name

What was the Cherokee alphabet comprised of?

86 characters, each representing a sound in language

Problems with communication

A message that challenges a person's experiences can be rejected, distorted or misinterpreted.

Who created Pinterest, and what is it's use?

A virtual pinboard-like website developed in March 2010 by Ben Silbermann, a former product designer for Google; site allows users to collect photos based on their chosen themes

What is Skype?

An app allowing people to communicate over the Internet through text, voice or video calls; available by phone, computer or some TV. Originally called skyper

Who created Snapchat?

Begun by Stanford University students Evan Spiegel, Reggie Brown & Bobby Murphy Spiegel (CEO) drew the ghost logo ("Ghostface Chillah"); Murphy, Chief Technical Officer; Brown, Chief Marketing Officer.

Who created Yahoo?

Begun in '94 by two Stanford Electrical Engineering Ph.D. candidates, David Filo & Jerry Yang

Who created Instagram?

App developed in 2010 by Kevin Systrom & Mike Krieger, for the purpose of helping users share their photos in a fast & efficient way.

What was google's original name?

Began the search engine BackRub that later became Google (named for the number represented by the number 1 with 100 zeros behind it)

Who created MySpace?

Begun by Greenspan, DeWolfe & Anderson in '03 to promote bands

Millennials

Born in 1980s-1999; also called Gen Y, MTV & Boomerang generation Most supervised generation ever ("Helicopter Parents"); they are a massive generation. like boomers & they know they are. Not as accountable, not self-sufficient; never had to be. Not selfish, care about all people. They are socially active, optimistic, idealistic, enthusiastic, remarkably close to parents; a tech-dominated life with tremendous spending power (thanks to Mom & Dad). Their formative years include 9/11, Columbine, earthquakes, tsunamis, the "Great Recession," Hurricane Katrina, the Gulf oil spill, and the Obama elections (2/3 voted for him).

Mark Zuckerberg

Born in 1984 (same year the Mac computer was launched) He's now responsible for mapping the social relations of a billion people; 83.6 % outside of the U.S. & Canada. He's created a new system of exchanging info that is indispensable. He's changed how we live our lives.

Who acquired MySpace?

Bought by Rupert Murdoch in 2005 for $580 million By 2006, it was the #1 social networking website.

Intrapersonal Communication

Communication one has with oneself Can take any of the following forms: Speaking aloud Eye contact Winking Daydreaming This type is often referred to as the "silent language."

Facebook going public

Companies go public to raise funds for future expansion; it offers an Initial Public Offering (IPO), becoming a public company. Facebook went public on May 18, 2012 with shares selling for about $42; glitches at NASDAQ were nightmarish. Stocks once dipped below $20 during the IPO; FB ultimately bounced back, raising $16 billion, the third largest public offering in history.

Who created Google?

Computer science grad students Larry Page & Sergey Brin at Stanford in '95; founded in '98

What is Synapse?

Created by Zuckerberg; a music website intended to anticipate user preferences offered $1 million by Microsoft

Which one is not an aftermath of media changes? (TEST Q)

Democratization of media; reach diminished "Newstainment"—question credibility—reality programming, product placement & beyond No boundaries; no news cycles Content delivery now proliferated

Who acquired instagram?

Facebook acquired in April '12 for $1 billion in cash (had 13 employees at the time).

Information revolution

Fang defines an information revolution as a period of "profound changes involving new means of communication that permanently affect entire societies, changes that have shaken political structures & influenced economic development, communal activity and personal behavior

What was Twitter originally called?

First called "Status," Dorsey was inspired by dispatch systems that communicated with emergency vehicles in short bursts

What was Zuckerberg named?

Forbes: "the youngest billionaire on earth & possibly the youngest self-made billionaire ever" (2008)

Who created YouTube?

Founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen & Jawed Karim in '05

Who created Twitter?

Founded by Dorsey, Stone & Williams in '06 users are limited to 140 characters; messages known as "tweets"; postings answer, "What are you doing?"

Who created Netflix?

Founded in 1997, by Reed Hastings it steered audiences from Blockbuster to their mailbox or PC, then to its video streaming services.

What is Yahoo?

It had been a leading global Internet, commerce and media company that offered services to more than 345 million each month worldwide, and worth $100 billion during its heyday; that was until its downfall.

What was Facebook originally called?

Originally called Facemash; then thefacebook.com; extended to Stanford & Yale; now everywhere

What was papyrus made from?

From plants along the nile

Who created the cherokee alphabet?

George Guess/Sequoyah

Enigma

German engineer Arthur Scherbius invented a computer used by Nazi Germany called Enigma

Who is googles parent company?

Google (holding company Alphabet) - had overtaken Apple as the world's most valuable company in early 2016, but now stands at #2, behind Apple. Apple is valued at $170 billion, 67% more than Google.

George Guess

Handicapped & uneducated; never learned to read/write English though he wanted to. George felt such a system would give independence. George, better known by his Cherokee name Sequoyah, honored him with silver medal

Steve Jobs

He was born in 1955; adopted; dropped out of Reed College in Portland, Oregon after only 6 months The youngster, Steve Jobs, went on to meet and work a tech genius, Steve Wozniak, and later, Ronald Wayne at Atari. On April Fool's Day, 1976, the three men launched Apple Computer Company. Jobs was the visionary & master salesman for the company

Who created Vine?

In January, 2013, Twitter introduced the app Vine

Who created whatsapp?

Jan Koum worked for Yahoo! Inc., & Yahoo! engineer Brian Acton left the company in 2007; in 2009, began WhatsApp Inc.

What is MySpace?

June, 2011, Specific Media Group & Justin Timberlake purchased the website for $35 million; the New MySpace emerged, but still failing. In 2016, Time Inc. acquired the site, hoping to monetize the site's audience through ads. Used mostly for Music now

Concentration of ownership is a problem b/c?

Media ownership problematic because a handful of companies own most of the media

What is Meerkat?

Meerkat is the competition; difference is that Periscope saves the video streams for 24 hours; Meerkat's disappears once the user ends the broadcast.

What is Craigslist?

Most postings free; expenses covered through job postings; 1 million jobs posted each month. 60 million U.S. users; 700 Craigslist sites in 70 countries

What is Instagram?

Named for "instant" pictures that were once popular; "gram" for telegrams wired to others; shape of Instagram photos is a distinctive square shape similar to the Kodak & Polaroid pictures of old.

Who created Facebook?

Nineteen-year-old Harvard sophomore Zuckerberg created Facebook in Harvard dorm room as a hobby

Year that JFK was Assasinated?

November 22nd, 1963

Culture

One definition is "the behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age group" such as the youth culture; the drug culture. Another is "the sum total of ways of living built up by a group of human beings and transmitted from one generation to another."

What was Yahoo's original name?

Started as "David & Jerry's Guide to the World Wide Web"

Writing cultures

Sumerians created cuneiform, a picture language using a stylus-like tool Egyptians created hieroglyphs with 2,000 symbols using papyrus (from plants along the Nile) & parchment (skins of goats & sheep) Rosetta Stone helped decipher.

"Cherokee Phoenix" was?

System used to print 1st U.S. Native- American newspaper

Colossus

The British developed their own digital computer to break the Enigma codes; Colossus helped the Allies win World War II.

What is Whatsapp?

The men wanted to develop a simple product for messaging; they didn't collect demographic info; just needed to verify phone numbers. emerged as a text messaging app for cell phones; it sends messages and free calls over the Internet, even to other countries; voice mail messages, PDFs, spreadsheets & slideshows can be sent.

Facebook stats

The site is now the connective tissue for close to 1/7 of the planet. Facebook is now the largest country on earth (China, 1.35B; India, 1.21B); moreover, it knows more information on its citizens than any other government.

The cord shavers (23%)

This group still subscribes to pay television, but they have downgraded their services. 43% of cord shavers view original content. Cord shavers' satisfaction rates higher than both cord cutters and cord nevers.

The Cord Stackers (60%)

This is the group that subscribes to both pay television and streaming services. This represents the largest of all the groups; 41% of cord stackers view original content. The highest satisfaction among all of the groups.

The Cord Nevers (4%)

This is the group who never subscribed to cable TV and rely only on streaming services. 52% of cord nevers are between the ages of 18-34; 54% of cord nevers view original content. Cord nevers' satisfaction ranks slightly higher than the cord cutters.

What is Vine?

allowing users to create 6-second videos that run on a continuous loop; in the first 6 months, it drew 13 million users.

Convergence

allows audiences to access content on multiple media Began w/the convergence of the Phoenician alphabet to the east & the Egyptian papyrus to the south

Who acquired Yahoo?

Verizon bought Yahoo! for $4.8 billion in July, 2016, in an effort to create a new online & mobile giant. The deal includes Yahoo's headquarters, Yahoo Sports and Yahoo Finance.

What is google's intended use?

Wanted to find a way to retrieve information from the web In '98, Google opened its office in Menlo Park, CA

Charles Babbage

an English mathematician in the 1800s Difference Engine: his 1st invention in 1821. Made the 1st successful automated calculator in 1832. A century ahead of his time; often referred to as the "father of computing."

Mass communication

When messages are sent through technology, the possibility arises that large numbers will have access to the messages.

Televisions debut

When: Introduced in 1939 Where: at worlds fair New York city Occasion: JFK's assassination makes it preferred, delayed in beginning by WW2

What is YouTube?

World's most popular online video sharing site (people watching hundreds of thousands videos daily) The largest online video site on the planet & mobile viewership's growing.

Noise

anything that interferes with the transmission of a message, may occur.

Who created Craigslist?

by Craig Newmark as e-mail list for friends; later, job & apartment listings added; now has everything!

Communication

defined as a process by which we assign and convey meaning in an attempt to create shared understanding. This process requires a vast repertoire of skills in intrapersonal and interpersonal processing, listening, observing, speaking, questioning, analyzing, and evaluating.

Ronald Wayne

developed Apple's initial logo, wrote the manual for Apple I, and drew up the partnership agreement. As the only "adult" partner of the three, Wayne became leery of the company's future. He decided to sell back his stock in the company just 12 days after the company was formed; his total compensation was $2300, exactly one-millionth of what his shares would be worth today.

Steve Wozniak

developed the company's 1st personal computer, Apple I, and its second, Apple II

How much was skype bought for?

eBay reportedly paid $2.6 billion in cash for the service in '05; in 2011, eBay allowed Microsoft to buy 70% for $8.5 billion; eBay retains minority ownership.

Johannes Gutenberg

gave 1st printing press with interchangeable letters and established the printing system