Mass Media Final 8-14

Why is the press unofficially called the fourth estate? A. The press serves as a critical watchdog of government. B. Television and radio are the fifth estate. C. It's a fancy title that beats that of muckraker. D. The media formally make up a fourth branch of government. E. The press is regulated by the Fourth Amendment.

A. The press serves as a critical watchdog of government.

Which experiments were conducted in the 1950s to show that children who were exposed to violent television programming were prone to commit acts of violence themselves? A. The Bobo doll studies B. The Payne Fund experiments C. The Magic Bullet tryouts D. Hypodermic-needle models E. The War of the Worlds Studies

A. The Bobo doll studies

The Associated Press (AP) is well known for its core journalistic values and its commitment to ________. A. truth and accuracy B. legal advice and opinionated editorials C. entertainment and colorful copy D. a high density of photographs and tabloid news E. integrity as well as invention of facts

A. truth and accuracy

A treasure trove of information has been provided by __________, which is automatically archived by the mere nature of the Web. A. user-generated content B. the National Security Agency (NSA) C. Twitter feeds D. semipublic data mining E. government surveillance programs

A. user-generated content

When all affected parties have an equal chance to be heard in a discussion and everyone's ideas are considered on their own merits, what ethical system is being followed? A. Discourse ethics B. Democracy C. Egalitarianism D. The Golden Rule E. Utilitarianism

A. Discourse ethics

What concept helps explain how the way messages are communicated can influence our attitudes and actions? A. Framing B. Semantics C. Semiotics D. Decoding E. Encoding

A. Framing

What are the three attributes that communications professionals argue modern advertising has to be characterized by to be successful? A. Interesting, useful, and entertaining B. Tantalizing, seductive, and deviant C. Modern, alluring, and stimulating D. Evolving, precious, and desirable E. Engaging, fascinating, and original

A. Interesting, useful, and entertaining

Why is attracting as large an audience as possible the goal for both print and electronic news distribution? A. It means a higher ad rate and more income for the media organization. B. It means a bonus for staff and more income for the media organization. C. It means no staff cuts and more income for the media organization. D. It means a higher ad rate and the opportunity for the media organization to promote itself as number one. E. It means that a media organization can win the sweeps period and set a higher ad rate.

A. It means a higher ad rate and more income for the media organization.

The most effective media campaigns are those that use which of the following strategies to encourage audiences to act freely and embrace the persuader's point of view? A. Persuasive techniques B. Direct emailing and blogging C. Facebook and Skype D. Twitter and Instagram E. Smartphone appeal

A. Persuasive techniques

There is no single, underlying, unified ethical system that all people can follow to achieve complete justice and peace. However, we can examine and use the different ethical systems that have developed over the years. To do so, society relies on which of the following thinkers? A. Philosophers and religious leaders B. Online opinion columnists C. Movie stars D. Editorial journalists E. Motivational speakers and gurus

A. Philosophers and religious leaders

____________ is an attempt to influence an audience through mass communication that usually involves total control of the transmission of information. Often, the audience does not realize that the government is controlling the message. A. Propaganda B. The War of the Worlds C. Payne's research D. The magic bullet E. The spiral of silence

A. Propaganda

What is yellow journalism? A. Sensationalized news that often is partly or wholly made up to be more dramatic B. A comic book with human interest stories instead of stories on crime and politics C. A popular cartoon with a kid as a leading character D. A magazine with abundant illustrations, colorful headlines, and a racy style E. News printed on less-expensive yellow-tinted paper

A. Sensationalized news that often is partly or wholly made up to be more dramatic

What are three of the four main functions of mass communication in which journalism plays an important part? A. Surveillance, correlation, and cultural transmission B. Correlation, entertainment, and cultural transmission C. Entertainment, education, and informational transmission D. Connection, correlation, and education E. Cultural transmission, entertainment, and connection

A. Surveillance, correlation, and cultural transmission

The rise of 24-hour news channels means what? A. There is much more of a news hole to fill. B. Journalists can demand higher salaries. C. The need for federal regulation is great. D. The need for video equipment is less than it was previously. E. Fewer resources are available for media.

A. There is much more of a news hole to fill.

Some influential ethical systems look primarily to consequences as ways to judge what is ethically good or not good. What system of ethical reasoning assumes that the most ethical action does the greatest good for the greatest number of people? A. Utilitarianism B. Sensationalism C. The Golden Mean D. Wiretapping for the common good E. The categorical imperative

A. Utilitarianism

ederal law defines indecent speech as _____________. A. anything that offends contemporary community standards B. words that include references to God C. broadcasts that refer to illegal substances D. profanities E. texts that include references to violence and sex

A. anything that offends contemporary community standards

Partly because of professional loyalty to their clients, PR professionals have many of the same ___________ that advertising professionals have regarding unsavory clients. A. conflicts of interest B. large advertisement portfolios C. profit interests D. inhibitions E. lawless behaviors

A. conflicts of interest

Benjamin Franklin wrote a famous list of thirteen virtues and vowed to focus on a different virtue ____________. He kept a notebook and charted his successes and failures until he realized that he could not maintain his log successfully. A. every week B. every two weeks C. once a month D. once a day E. twice a day

A. every week

The ethics of care, also called ________, challenges many of the traditional ethical systems and speaks to issues in modern society and communication. A. feminist ethics B. moral relativism C. dialogical ethics D. utilitarianism E. the categorical imperative

A. feminist ethics

Although not prohibited, _________ is subject to federal regulation. A. indecent speech B. the depiction of animal rights C. comic strip publication D. pharmaceutical advertising promotion E. soap ppera distribution

A. indecent speech

Actual malice is defined by the Supreme Court as _____________. A. malicious intent and false statements B. relief to nonpublic figures C. public policy about lies in the press D. a framework for imprisonment measures E. malignant content in the press

A. malicious intent and false statements

Media organizations often do not show the same vigor in reporting about their own business practices and mistakes as they do in reporting about those of other businesses. This is a clear violation of ____________. A. the categorical imperative B. institutional integrity C. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder D. FCC rules of ethics E. the Murdoch doctrine

A. the categorical imperative

The Hays Code prescribed the proper depiction of film content in ____________ specific areas, including criminal activity, sex, and religion. A. twelve B. eight C. fifteen D. five E. twenty

A. twelve

The art of persuasion has a long tradition in modern society. Greek philosophers already fine-tuned this skill through their development of which discursive method? A. Semiotics B. Rhetoric C. Sophism D. Daoism E. Cognitive dissonance

B. Rhetoric

The most long-standing business model for selling advertising goes back to entrepreneur Volney B. Palmer, who created the first ad agency in 1841. This model relies on which of the following data points? A. The "Daisy spot" and close business-client relationships B. Circulation data and copies of ads C. Cost of ad design and newspaper distribution D. Media-billing numbers and standardization E. Mass circulation numbers and penny press sales

B. Circulation data and copies of ads

Once television conquered the American media market, commercials quickly became a mainstay on the air. In 1948, TV already had almost _____________ who were buying airtime. A. as many sponsors as TV sets sold B. 1,000 sponsors C. committed radio officials D. 200,000 ad buyers E. 30 political candidates

B. 1,000 sponsors

How do advertisers establish a brand's uniqueness? A. Star appeal B. A catchy slogan and distinctive visual identity C. Color and shape D. Montage techniques E. Gender identity

B. A catchy slogan and distinctive visual identity

Commercial developments have continued to reshape the TV landscape since the 1950s. By 1971, TV networks had managed to increase the profitability of the advertising business by instituting which change? A. Acceptance of car commercials using female models B. A cut in commercial length to thirty seconds C. Unrestricted acceptance of infomercials D. The demise of the system of Hollywood studios controlling stars through contracts E. The incorporation of children into advertising

B. A cut in commercial length to thirty seconds

What are the principle duties of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)? A. Raising funds for smaller broadcasters B. Allocating new broadcast radio and television stations and renewing licenses of existing stations C. Regulating the Internet in the digital age D. Taking stations off the air when indecent speech is involved E. Maintaining good relations with broadcasters worldwide

B. Allocating new broadcast radio and television stations and renewing licenses of existing stations

What is the standard unit of advertising rates for publications, based on circulation? A. Desirability icons B. Cost per thousand (CPM) C. Rating perks D. Peak points E. Performance pins

B. Cost per thousand (CPM)

What are the three characteristics that contribute to the success of a persuader, according to the textbook? A. Attentiveness, wisdom, and a sense of ethics B. Credibility, authority, and attractiveness C. Chutzpah, charm, and compassion D. Guts, risk management, and cleverness E. Wittiness, business sense, and dry humor

B. Credibility, authority, and attractiveness

In its current code of ethics, the Society of Professional Journalists urges journalists to "seek truth and report it" and charges them to be these three things in gathering the news. A. Opinionated, open-minded, and manipulative B. Honest, fair, and courageous C. Modest, tenacious, and willful D. Discreet, deceptive, and subservient E. Reliable, believable, and truthful

B. Honest, fair, and courageous

Journalist Edward R Murrow is known for what changes in the television news world? A. The invention of television newscasts B. Setting the television news standard during TV's golden age C. The invention of radio newscasts D. The invention of the foundations of journalism E. Development of the inverted pyramid style

B. Setting the television news standard during TV's golden age

When it comes to freedom of speech, Americans can rely on a unique law. ________________ is very much an American invention. Most other countries have no such stipulations in their constitutions. A. The Fourth Estate B. The First Amendment C. The Golden Mean D. The freedom of the press E. The right to free speech

B. The First Amendment

Crime victims can feel doubly victimized when their names are made public by the media, especially regarding crimes such as rape that still carry a social stigma. Most newspapers and television stations ____________. Critics of this practice argue that it stigmatizes rape even further. A. refuse to investigate rapists B. do not make rape victims' names public C. talk openly to perpetrators D. do not search sexual predator lists E. do not want to report abuse

B. do not make rape victims' names public

The depiction of violence and sex by the American entertainment industry has always been controversial. Even though most people do not become mass murderers after watching violent content, critics argue that _______________ has a lasting effect on everyone. A. obscenity in TV shows B. media exposure C. the lack of virtues on TV D. crime shows E. a double standard concerning gender in movies

B. media exposure

Why is the employment outlook for journalists in the digital age not good? A. It's largely a reflection of the state of college journalism programs and related budget and staff cutbacks. B. It's largely a reflection of the state of ownership groups and the amount of debt those companies carry. C. It's largely a reflection of the state of the overall economy and related budget and staff cutbacks. D. It's largely a reflection of the state of the newspaper industry and its budget and staff cutbacks. E. It's largely a reflection of the low turnover rate of job positions in the journalism industry.

C. It's largely a reflection of the state of the overall economy and related budget and staff cutbacks.

What organization spurred the news industry to become more impartial and objective? A. United Press International B. The Hearst Foundation C. The Associated Press D. The Hutchins Commission E. The Radio-Television News Directors Association

C. The Associated Press

A key finding of the landmark Hutchins Commission report was what? A. The media were doing a sensational job and needed to keep up the good work. B. The media need to better balance happy, sad, and sensational stories to stop desensitization. C. The public has a right to information that affects it and the press has a responsibility to present that information. D. Journalism, as we know it, would die in the twenty-first century. E. Media would have to begin to hire more minorities to mirror an expected increase in the minority population in the United States.

C. The public has a right to information that affects it and the press has a responsibility to present that information.

How do media organizations ensure that news coverage is not influenced by business decisions or advertisers? A. They limit the amount of advertising space in their publications by adding more news. B. They report on a broad range of news events. C. They prohibit interaction between reporters and the business office and advertisers. D. They give equal and just consideration to all topics. E. They operate separate editorial and business offices, divisions, or departments.

C. They prohibit interaction between reporters and the business office and advertisers.

When oil from a BP well leaked and spilled into the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, public relations officials worked feverishly to mitigate _______________. This is known as a crisis communication situation. A. satellite TV reports B. viral social media campaigns C. negative press coverage D. organization communication E. disaster reporting

C. negative press coverage

The Payne Fund studies also examined radio. In 1927 and 1928, they created the _________, which would use radio to educate children on a variety of subjects. A. "Pie in the Sky" B. War of the Airwaves program C. "School of the Air" D. Wizard of Radio program E. Emerald City project

C. "School of the Air"

The hypodermic-needle model assumes that messages have a profound, direct, and uniform impact on individuals. This model has also been called the _______________ of communication. A. movie impulse B. War of the Worlds C. "magic bullet" model D. education reform E. Bobo doll research

C. "magic bullet" model

Ethical dilemmas can often be difficult to resolve because there are no easy "right" or "wrong" answers to conflicts. However, several guiding character traits can help individuals develop a moral compass for behavior. In their book Communicating Ethically, William Neher and Paul Sandin use an ethical classification scheme that relies on which of the following? A. Companionship and justice B. Moral conviction C. Character, duties, consequences, and relationships D. Truth and education E. Virtue and professionalism

C. Character, duties, consequences, and relationships

Society today is embracing healthier lifestyles by changing eating behaviors and workout routines. The media are filled with tips for a better work-life balance. What term refers to consumer buying behavior that is based on products that are grown, produced, or manufactured in accordance with high ethical standards? A. Health foodism B. Green thumb theory C. Ethical consumerism D. Daoism E. Sustainability

C. Ethical consumerism

What term describes a government practice of regularly disseminating a belief, doctrine, or information with the intent of molding public opinion? A. Golden Mean B. Media's Golden Rule C. Propaganda D. Positivism E. Postmodernism

C. Propaganda

Which type of journalism developed in the early 1990s in response to dissatisfaction with media treatment of social and political issues? A. Electronic journalism B. Citizen journalism C. Public journalism D. Alternative journalism E. Platypus journalism

C. Public journalism

How does slander differ from libel? A. Libel damages property. B. Slander is an attack on a person's character. C. Slander is a type of defamation that is spoken. D. Slander is a type of defamation that is broadcast. E. Slander is an attack on a person's heritage.

C. Slander is a type of defamation that is spoken.

Even in a changing media landscape, what remains the most important factor in successful persuasion ? A. Facebook and Twitter B. Advertising campaigns C. The audience D. Interpersonal communication E. Social media platforms

C. The audience

Orson Welles's broadcast of ______________ convinced many listeners that Martians were actually invading the East Coast and created a widespread panic A. Hello Martians! B. Star Wars C. War of the Worlds D. Hamlet E. Citizen Kane

C. War of the Worlds

In the spirit of Jefferson, it is fair to say that the press is still __________ government and other powerful institutions in society A. an anti-defamation force overseeing B. a political authority over C. a critical watchdog of D. protected domain of E. a regulator of

C. a critical watchdog of

Understanding other viewpoints is key to effective media communications and a social justice ideal in the media business. An advertising executive may realize that if he were a member of ______________, he might find a proposed advertising campaign offensive or stereotypical. A. the upper class B. a lobbying group in Washington C. a different ethnic group or gender D. the design team E. the production assistants union

C. a different ethnic group or gender

Media theorists have profoundly affected contemporary society in a number of ways, including the use of framing as a way to ______________. A. obtain government funding for tablet programs B. generate new faculty positions at state universities C. make sense of the world D. identify deep thinkers in our world E. help consumers making smart buying decisions

C. make sense of the world

Freedom of expression is protected by the U.S. government. Consequently, the Senate has taken no formal legal action against ____________. A. the World Gamers Corporation B. the Federal Communications Commission C. the comics industry D. the Broadcast Association of America E. the Hollywood movie industry

C. the comics industry

The meaning of the information society is still being debated by social scientists. Another term that is often used in this context is ______________. A. agenda setting B. the digital divide C. the knowledge society D. political economy E. semiotics

C. the knowledge society

Regardless of undergraduate major, what three skills are crucial for a successful journalism career? A. Digital skills, mobile journalism, knowledge of statistics B. The ability to read spreadsheets, knowledge of Twitter, equipment operation C. Storytelling, multimedia graphics, database analysis D. Writing, editing, and storytelling E. Multimedia skills, data entry, the ability to speak Arabic

D. Writing, editing, and storytelling

Hundreds of studies have been conducted and millions of dollars have been spent to investigate the effects of TV violence on children who view it. Among the first of these studies was one that introduced the notion that television had become the new __________. A. Holy Grail B. opiate of the masses C. perfume D. "Pied Piper" E. mantra

D. "Pied Piper"

UCLA researcher Jeffrey Cole led a study on TV violence in the 1990s that found that U.S. network television programming was getting somewhat less violent. What was emerging at the same time that dampened excitement for this finding? A. The Spiral of silence B. Increased news coverage of war C. The Internet D. "Shockumentary" reality-based specials E. Online dating

D. "Shockumentary" reality-based specials

Which term is used to describe a particular phenomenon that occurs when journalists or editors are imprisoned for voicing their opinions and other journalists then hesitate to write about similar topics? A. Surveillance B. Sedition C. Cyberbullying D. A chilling effect E. A prior restraint

D. A chilling effect

Fairness and balance mean equal and just consideration of all sides of a topic. They do not, however, guarantee what? A. Story publication B. A page in the front section C. Large headlines D. Equal space E. A front-page story

D. Equal space

The goal of objectivity in journalism is increasingly being replaced by what goal? A. An increase in editorial pages B. Framing and the use of expert sources C. Associated Press news values D. Fairness and balance in news coverage E. Honesty and truthfulness

D. Fairness and balance in news coverage

__________ are widely used by media researchers to help them draw conclusions about media behavior. A. Monopolies of consumer groups B. Telemarketers C. Environmental labs D. Focus groups E. Laboratory rats

D. Focus groups

One of the foundations of the Judeo-Christian belief system is the so-called ____________. This rule dominates most of Western society and thinking and is linked to the Bible's command to "love thy neighbor as thyself." This approach may help investigative journalists stay on an ethical course and avoid sensationalism when, for example, conducting interviews with family members of a crime victim. A. Sensitivity Rule B. Tenth Commandment C. Compassion Compass D. Golden Rule E. ethical radar

D. Golden Rule

How does the textbook describe the motivation as well as reasoning that encourages journalists who work for such tabloid newspapers as the recently closed News of the World to engage in misconduct? A. Sensationalist investigations B. The teaser mentality C. Exploitation research D. The scoop mentality of daily tabloid journalism E. Entertainment reporting

D. The scoop mentality of daily tabloid journalism

Journalists often find themselves trying to get information that others wish to keep to themselves. This is why _________ become more complex in journalism. A. virtual personalities B. YouTube videos and streamed ads C. the interdependence of information and online selfies D. issues of privacy E. video footage and public service announcements

D. issues of privacy

The U.S. government has extended full First Amendment protection only to __________. A. movies B. telecommunications media C. broadcast media D. print media E. public broadcasting stations

D. print media

The Children's Television Act (CTA) placed limits on the amount of commercial content permitted in children's TV programming. Television stations must meet four standards, including ________________. A. programs must feature Spanish-language (or other multilingual) components B. programs must incorporate relevant science materials C. programs can be broadcast only on Saturday mornings D. programs must meet children's educational and information needs E. programs may run all day Saturday

D. programs must meet children's educational and information needs

Semiotics is the study of ______________. A. the genome program B. astrology C. symbiotic relationships D. signs and symbols E. semiconductors

D. signs and symbols

Which of the following publications most closely fits the definition of yellow journalism, embracing a sensationalist style of reporting? A. Washington Post B. The Guardian C. Huffington Post D. New York Times E. National Enquirer

E. National Enquirer

Which type of journalism engages the citizenry more actively in news creation and discussion? A. Investigative journalism B. Platypus journalism C. Alternative journalism D. Electronic journalism E. Public journalism

E. Public journalism

When the American Congress banned radio and TV from airing cigarette ads in 1970, the broadcast business suffered huge losses, with revenue declining by roughly what amount? A. $10 billion B. $40 million C. $500 million D. $1 billion E. $220 million

E. $220 million

Which process of name recognition, created by advertising executives to create an image in the consumer's mind, is intertwined with the growth of advertising? A. Bannering B. Spamming C. Tweeting D. Brainwashing E. Branding

E. Branding

Public relations professionals generate favorable publicity for clients and ensure that any potentially damaging information is framed in the least harmful way. The 2010 BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is an example of a PR practice known as _______________. A. troubleshooting B. Green-washing C. Whitewashing D. sweet-think E. Crisis communication

E. Crisis communication

This mass-communication model assumes that the media can influence the public in specific ways. It claims that media have direct and measurable effects on audiences, such as encouraging consumer behavior. A. Mastermind model B. Indirect persuasion model C. Withdrawal-symptom model D. Media-pioneering model E. Direct effects model

E. Direct effects model

What term has been coined to help researchers understand the world and its overall framework? A. Spiral of silence B. Media ecology C. Positivism D. Pragmatism E. Epistemology

E. Epistemology

"Man Bites Dog," a commonly used headline in beginning journalism classes, suggests that news becomes news when it is what? A. Entertaining B. Realistic C. Ordinary D. Manipulative E. Extraordinary

E. Extraordinary

What key issue highlights the digital divide? A. Encouraging girls to learn coding B. Ensuring that no child goes without a tablet C. Finding ways to purchase computers for schools D. Creating online courses for high school students E. Finding ways to provide Internet access to economically disadvantaged groups across the United States

E. Finding ways to provide Internet access to economically disadvantaged groups across the United States

Which of the following became the first commercial news website to win a Pulitzer Prize? A. Fox News B. Drudge Report C. TMZ D. ProPublica E. Huffington Post

E. Huffington Post

By the year 2014 this form of advertising will have grown so rapidly that it is expected to top $1 billion in revenue worldwide. A. Billboard marketing B. Public product placement (PPP) C. Online advertising D. Advergaming E. In-game advertising (IGA)

E. In-game advertising (IGA)

What are two concerns with the Telecommunications Act of 1996? A. It overlooks the needs of stations in rural and economically deprived areas. B. It screens Internet streams for indecent speech and trolls. C. It establishes an unfair pricing system that favors digital media at the expense of traditional media. D. It regulates foreign-language radio and television in North America. E. It promotes direct competition among all telecommunications providers.

E. It promotes direct competition among all telecommunications providers.

The art of persuasion in ancient Greece was called rhetoric. It was one of three classical areas of learning that an educated person was supposed to have mastered. What were the other two areas? A. Bantering and debating B. Critical thinking and semantics C. Persuasion and recognizing D. Public speaking and reasoning E. Logic and grammar

E. Logic and grammar

Sometimes advertisers present information in misleading ways. Which American network apologized in 1992 after an independent investigation revealed that a production team had tampered with General Motors pickup trucks to stage footage of exploding gas tanks? A. ESPN B. CBS C. The Automotive Channel D. Public Broadcasting Service E. NBC

E. NBC

YouTube, Facebook, and Google target audiences worldwide successfully with their ad campaigns. In 2011 alone, the income of YouTube and Facebook combined reached what amount? A. $150 million B. $5 billion C. $4 million D. $38 billion E. Over $42 billion

E. Over $42 billion

Strategic communications argue that merely creating awareness of a product is not enough to entice consumers to purchase it. Instead, the media have to play a crucial role of ____________. This is often linked to trust and trustworthiness. Celebrities are often given the responsibility of introducing new products to audiences in order to create an atmosphere of credibility. A. Establishing new styles and perceived desirability B. Triggering desire C. Provoking need D. Manipulation E. Persuasion

E. Persuasion

Why did newspapers begin to suffer in the 1920s with the ascent of radio? A. Radio offered alternative news that was more sensationalist. B. Radio offered the same news as newspapers, with the addition of lively commentators. C. Radio offered the same news as newspapers, and mostly for a reduced fee. D. Radio offered much shorter news reports in the form of news bulletins. E. Radio offered news more quickly than newspapers, and for "free."

E. Radio offered news more quickly than newspapers, and for "free."

What is the name of the system that broadcast and advertising organizations use to assess the rate for an ad that is intended for a slot on the air? A. Cost per thousand audience members B. Search-engine marketing C. Feedback D. Sponsorship E. Ratings

E. Ratings

___________ are intended to protect journalists from legal challenges to their freedom to report the news. A. Fair balance frameworks B. Golden Mean rulings C. Golden rulings D. Protective postulates E. Shield laws

E. Shield laws

What use of advertising benefits social causes and operates according to utilitarian principles? A. The Social Mean B. Social demographics C. Social justice D. The Golden Social Rule E. Social marketing

E. Social marketing

What was one great achievement of the Radio Act of 1927? A. Church and state were separated in radio broadcasts. B. Radio was established as a key mass communication medium. C. Radio stations around the country were combined into one monopoly. D. The Paramount decision was legalized. E. The Federal Radio Commission was created.

E. The Federal Radio Commission was created.

Which code was established in the 1930s by the U.S. movie industry to regulate and censor itself, particularly in respect to nudity and the glorification of antisocial acts in movies? A. The Hollywood Act B. The Obscenity Code C. The Telecommunication Act D. The Paramount decision E. The Hays Code

E. The Hays Code

Which studies were conducted in the United States in the late 1920s and 1930s and concluded that the same film would influence children differently depending on such factors as age, sex, life experience, predispositions, and social environment? A. The hypodermic-needle studies B. The media-result studies C. The Bobo doll studies D. TV violence studies E. The Payne Fund studies

E. The Payne Fund studies

What is media ecology? A. The interdependence between media and the natural sciences B. The study of the universe C. Research on greenwashing by multinational corporations D. The study of global media mergers E. The study of media environments and how they may affect people and society

E. The study of media environments and how they may affect people and society

When a photograph on the front page of a newspaper is staged or a television news report is completely falsified, observers call this ____________. A. a cluster-fail B. crisis communication C. a media debacle D. tormented journalism E. a breach of media ethics

E. a breach of media ethics

In 1934, Congress enacted the Communications Act, which served as the foundation of communications law for over six decades. The act was based on the premise that the airwaves were ____________. A. essential for wartime communication B. strictly under government control C. reserved for information purposes only D. a resource that should be kept free for maritime exploration E. a public good

E. a public good

Senior citizens who watch more television are more inclined to stay at home because they are more fearful of perceived dangers in the real world. This phenomenon was observed by the American researcher George Gerbner through his work with _____________. A. uses-and-gratifications analysis B. the spiral-of-silence hypothesis C. the third-person effect D. semiotics E. cultivation analysis

E. cultivation analysis

Qualitative studies are often used to provide quantitative studies with more ____________. Qualitative research can help you see the world from a new and different perspective. A. symbiosis B. controversy C. framework research D. of a spiral effect E. depth or texture

E. depth or texture

Social-networking sites like Facebook and Twitter have played an important role in many recent social movements. One danger of sharing images that are generated in the heat of the moment, however, is that one cannot be certain that the identity of the depicted person is correct. Zahra Soltani, a university teacher in Iran, experienced this dilemma when her photo was used in 2009 to depict a victim of violence. Her case demonstrates what can happen when media outlets act unethically and think of people ____________ to attract bigger audiences and generate buzz. A. As meaningless toys B. as secondary subjects C. as a free-for-all D. the Golden Mean E. only as objects

E. only as objects

The movie industry was criticized for its depictions of explicit nudity and sexuality in some early films of the 1920s. In response the industry created the Hays Office, which served to _____________. A. transition to the Television Age B. manipulate journalists C. pave the way for federal regulation D. encourage positive film reviews E. self-regulate the movie industry

E. self-regulate the movie industry

Social marketing uses advertising campaigns to fight for a good social cause, such as antismoking or safe-sex campaigns. This marketing technique operates under ___________, because it attempts to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people. A. the Golden Rule B. participatory discourses C. discourse ethics D. false pretenses E. utilitarian principles

E. utilitarian principles

News reporting that offers the same coverage to all relevant sides of an issue and all representatives of those various sides is known as what? A. Objectivity B. Truth C. Fairness D. Accuracy E. Integrity

Fairness