Mastering A&P Chapter 2
Which organic molecules form the major structural materials of the body?
proteins
Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ________.
removal of a water molecule between each two units
Cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as?
steroid
Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) ________ reaction.
synthesis
Except for elements with atomic number 1 and 2, all other elements are stable with how many electrons in their outermost (valence) energy level?
8
Think about a 10% saline solution (saline refers to salt.). Which of the following is a correct statement?
A. It contains 10% salt and 90% solution. B. It contains 10% solvent and 90% water. C. It contains 10% solute and 90% solvent. D. It contains 10% solvent and 90% solute.
Which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nerve impulses?
A. Na B. I C. P D. Fe
When your muscles contract to move your body, such as during walking, work is done, and work requires energy. Based on the Law of Conservation of Energy, from where does this energy come?
A. New energy is created by our cells whenever we need it. B. heat C. mechanical energy stored in ATP D. chemical energy
Which of the following distinguishes hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds?
A. Only covalent bonds can form between molecules. B. Only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules. C. Only ionic bonds can form within molecules. D. Only hydrogen bonds can form within molecules.
Based on the general theme of conservation, which of the following is most likely to happen if an athlete breaks his arm and must wear a cast and not use that arm for six weeks?
A. The muscles in the injured arm will not change—only the bone was broken. B. The muscles in the injured arm will get stronger to compensate for the injured bone. C. Muscles in the injured arm will get smaller because they are not being used. D. The muscles in the other arm will get stronger in order to help out.
Which of the following can happen to a protein if it is denatured?
A. The primary structure of the protein may be altered. B. The genetic code contained in the molecule may be altered. C. The degree of saturation in the fatty acid chains may be altered. D. An enzyme may no longer function properly.
You notice that you cannot read your book through a test tube of patient fluid held against the print, making it so blurred as to be unreadable. There is no precipitant in the bottom of the beaker, though it has been sitting for several days in a rack. What type of liquid is this?
A. colloid B. mixture C. solution D. suspension
Which of these pairs indicates an incorrect coupling of reversible reactions?
A. hydrolysis and breakdown B. breakdown and synthesis C. dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis D. anabolic and catabolic
Consider sweetened ice tea. Which of the following is a solute?
A. ice B. sugar C. the beverage itself D. water
Which of the following is not a compound?
A. methane (natural gas) B. carbon dioxide C. water D. oxygen gas
Which of the following is a product in the following reaction? glucose + fructose →→ sucrose + H2O
A. oxygen (O2) B. glucose C. sucrose D. fructose
Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells?
A. potassium B. sodium C. magnesium D. hydrogen
Which of the following is not a fundamental subatomic particle that forms elements?
A. protons B. neutrons C. electrons D. nucleus
Which of the following is an example of a suspension?
A. salt water B. rubbing alcohol C. cytosol D. blood
What holds the sodium and chloride ions together in a chemical bond?
A. the sharing of a pair of electrons B. the attraction between their respective nuclei C. an electrical attraction between opposite charges D. the sharing of a pair of protons
What is the most significant factor in the formation of a covalent bond?
A. the transfer of one or more protons from one atom to another B. the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms C. the attraction of a hydrogen atom's nucleus to the nucleus of another atom D. the complete transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another
Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule?
CO2 NaOH H2O CH4
What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?
Kinetic energy is energy in action, while potential energy is stored energy.
How do ions form ionic bonds?
Ions of opposite electrical charges are attracted to each other to balance the charges.
Why can dehydration be such a life-threating event?
It significantly alters the ratio of body water (solvent) to dissolved substances (solutes), such as sodium ions.
Would water still be a polar molecule if it were NOT in the form of a V but rather were linear like carbon dioxide?
No, because the difference in the pull of oxygen on the bonding electrons would be neutralized.
What is an ion?
an atom that has either gained or lost electron(s)
What is a cation?
an atom that loses one or more electrons and acquires a net positive charge
Consider the following chemical reaction. Insulin and glucagon are hormones, not enzymes, but one promotes production of glycogen, which is how we store glucose in our cells, while the other promotes the release of glucose from the stored glycogen.In this reaction, is insulin affecting the catabolic or the anabolic reaction?
anabolic
The process of building up large molecules from small components is a(n) ___________ process.
anabolic
Forming glycogen as energy storage in the liver is an example of ________.
anabolism
What happens in redox reactions?
both decomposition and electron exchange occur
Water is an important molecule because it __________.
can form hydrogen bonds
Which four elements comprise approximately 96% of our body weight?
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
Tendons are strong, rope-like structures that connect skeletal muscle to bone. Which of the following proteins would provide strength to a tendon?
collagen
The single most abundant protein in the body is ________.
collagen
Which type of proteins can function as chemical messengers or as receptors in the plasma membrane?
communication
A chemical reaction in which bonds are created is usually associated with ________.
consumption of energy
A bond in which valence electrons are shared is called ________________
covalent
____________________ can be measured only by its effects on matter.
energy
If energy is released when a molecule is broken apart, it is a(n) _____________ reaction.
exergonic
Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat?
high heat of vaporization
A type of bond important in tying different parts of the same molecule together into a three-dimensional structure.
hydrogen bond
What type of bond is formed between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another water molecule?
hydrogen bond
When DNA is replicated, it is necessary for the two strands to "unzip" temporarily. Choose which bonding type is most appropriate for holding the strands together in this way.
hydrogen bonding
A high fever causes an enzyme to lose its three-dimensional structure and function. Which bonds are broken when a protein denatures?
hydrogen bonds
Rank the chemical bonds from relatively weakest to strongest.
hydrogen, ionic, and covalent
Which type of reaction breaks the bonds between the subunits in a polymer chain?
hydrolysis
______________ is the process of breaking large molecules into smaller ones by adding water.
hydrolysis
Kidneys play a major role in helping to maintain proper levels of Na+ and K+ ions in the blood. If the kidneys fail to function properly, one of the direct consequences would be_________.
impaired nerve impulse transmission
A bond in which electrons are completely lost or gained by the atoms involved.
ionic bond
What does this figure depict?
ionization, followed by formation of an ionic bond
The pH scale __________.
is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
Which category of organic molecules includes cholesterol?
lipid
Although a man who weighs 175 pounds on Earth would be lighter on the moon and heavier on Jupiter, his __________ would not be different.
mass
_____________ is anything that occupies space and has mass.
matter
A bond in which electrons are shared equally.
nonpolar covalent bond
Which pH is more acidic, a pH of 3, a pH of 7, or a pH of 9?
pH of 3
Linking amino acid monomers together to form a polymer requires the formation of which type of bond?
peptide
A bond in which electrons are shared unequally.
polar covalent bond
A molecule of water (H2O) is formed by what type of bond?
polar covalent bonds
Formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen atoms and what else?
polar covalent bonds
A lipid with four sites lacking hydrogen saturation is a _____________ lipid.
polyunsaturated
What structural level is represented by the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain?
primary structure
Which parts of atoms can interact (react) to form chemical bonds?
valence electrons
____________ Is a function of, and varies with, gravity.
weight