Mastering A&P: Chapter 2.4-2.5

What organic molecule provides an immediate source of chemical energy within all cells? - glycogen - triglyceride - adenosine triphosphate - glucose

Adenosine triphosphate

Which of the following choices describes the structure of a nucleotide found in DNA? - ribose sugar, nitrogen-containing base, three phosphate groups - ribose sugar, nitrogen-containing base, phosphate group - deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen-containing base, phosphate group - deoxyribose sugar and nitrogen-containing base

Deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen-containing base, phosphate group

The sugar in DNA is __________, while the sugar in RNA is __________.

Deoxyribose; ribose

Which of the following is an exchange reaction? - C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = C12H24O12 - HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O - dehydration - hydrolysis

HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O

Which of the properties of water is most closely associated with the body's ability to maintain constant internal temperature? - chemical reactivity - high heat capacity - cushioning - universal solvent

High heat capacity

Besides replicating before cell division, the other fundamental role of DNA is ____________________.

Instructions to make proteins

In which category of organic molecules would you place compounds that catalyze chemical reactions? - nucleic acids - lipids - carbohydrates - proteins

Proteins

In a chemical equation, what are the chemicals on the left side of the arrow called? - disaccharide - water - reactants - products

Reactants

ATP is a modified nucleotide used for cellular energy that contains the sugar __________.

Ribose

In our body, many salts dissociate into their ions. Which ions are essential for nerve impulses? - calcium - oxygen (O2) - sodium and potassium - iron

Sodium and potassium

Which of the following are especially important for growth and repair processes? - exchange reactions - hydrolysis - synthesis reaction

Synthesis reaction

What occurs when acid is added to a solution with a pH of 7 - the pH becomes neutral - the pH drops below 7 - the pH becomes basic - the pH rises to 10

The pH drops below 7

In DNA, adenine pairs with __________, but in RNA, adenine pairs with __________.

Thymine; uracil

Which organic molecule or molecules are found in subcutaneous tissue and around organs, and are the major source of stored energy in the body? - lipoproteins - triglycerides - cholesterol - glycogen

Triglycerides

Like carbohydrates, all lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, but in lipids, carbon and hydrogen atoms far outnumber oxygen atoms. The most abundant lipids in the body are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Drag and drop each item to all bins that apply.

Triglycerides: - at least one fatty acid chain typically saturated with hydrogens - three fatty acids attached to one glycerol molecule Phospholipids: - charged "head" region with an uncharged "tail" region - fats that contain phosphate groups - bilayer forms selectively permeable membrane Steroids: - fats that are the basis for some hormones - most physiologically important example is cholesterol

Which of the following is not a result of hydrogen bonds? - an enzyme has a unique shape that allows it to bond only with specific molecules - two hydrogen atoms join together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas - some hair is straight, some wavy, and some very curly - two strands of DNA are linked together taking a shape similar to a ladder

Two hydrogen atoms join together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas

Why are salts referred to as electrolytes? - electrical currents are required for cells to dissolve in body fluids - after salts dissolve in a solution, the resulting ions can conduct an electrical current - salts are organic molecules that can conduct electrical current when dissolved in a solution - salts transfer electrons to water molecules as they dissolve in solution. these electrons carry an electrical current

After salts dissolve in a solution, the resulting ions can conduct an electrical current

What type of bond is formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another? - hydrogen bond - a polar covalent bond - a nonpolar covalent bond - an ionic bond

An ionic bond

Which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding? - cells - adipose (fat) tissue - atoms - the heart

Atoms

What type of chemical reaction is used by liver cells when synthesizing glycogen from glucose? - exchange reaction - hydrolysis - dehydration synthesis - decomposition reaction

Dehydration synthesis

Organic compounds are large polymers containing carbon. All cellular and tissue-based structures of the human body can be linked to at least one of these groups. Sort the descriptions into the bins of macromolecule classes.

Carbohydrates: - monosaccharide is the monomer - commonly used source of energy with the ratio 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen Lipids: - not soluble in water - make up the majority of cell membrane structure - concentrated energy made up of hydrocarbon chains or rings Proteins: -structural and biological catalyst macromolecules of amino acids with various functions - has several different levels of folding Nucleic acids: - ATP is a modified version - genetic information comprising a sugar-phosphate backbone and complementary base pairing

Which of the following correctly ranks the types of chemical bonds, in order, from strongest to weakest? - hydrogen, ionic, covalent - ionic, hydrogen, covalent - covalent, ionic, hydrogen - hydrogen, covalent, ionic

Covalent, ionic, hydrogen

Guanine always pairs with __________.

Cytosine

Hydrolysis is an example of which type of reaction? - dehydration synthesis - synthesis - decomposition - exchange

Decomposition

Atoms of oxygen have a total of 8 electrons. Are these atoms stable, and why or why not? - yes, because oxygen is in the air we breathe and it doesn't hurt us - no, because only atoms with 2 valence electrons are stable - yes, because the Octet Rule says stable atoms have 8 electrons - no, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability

No, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability

Which of the following distinguishes hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds? - only ionic bonds can form within molecules - only hydrogen bonds can form within molecules - only covalent bonds can form between molecules - only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules

Only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules

What is the main type of lipid found in cellular membranes? - glycerol - glycogen - triglycerides - phospholipids

Phospholipids

Formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen bonds and what else? - oxygen - water - polar covalent bonds - ionic bonds

Polar covalent bonds

Which of the following best describes dehydration synthesis? - two smaller molecules join together after a water molecule is removed from between them - a large molecule is broken down, or splits, to produce salt and water - two smaller molecules separate and reorganize into two new molecules after a water molecule is added to them - two smaller molecules join together after a water molecule is added to split them apart

Two smaller molecules join together after a water molecule is removed from between them

What nitrogen-containing base is found only in RNA? - adenine - cytosine - uracil - thymine

Uracil

Which parts of atoms can interact (react) to form chemical bonds? - valence electrons - protons - the orbitals - the nucleus of each atom

Valence electrons

Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons. Are they likely to react with other atoms, and why or why not? - no, because they do not have enough valence electrons - yes, but only with other stable atoms - yes, because they can become more stable by doing so - no, because they have an even number of valence electrons so they are already stable

Yes, because they can become more stable by doing so