Mastering A&P Chapter 25--Fluid/Electrolyte/AcidBase
How much water does the average person lose per day?
2.5 liters
The average young adult human male body contains about ________ liters of total body water.
42
Select the blood pH that represents acidosis.
7.24
The normal range of blood pH is __________.
7.35 to 7.45
What statement does NOT describe the methods by which chemical buffer systems operate to maintain pH?
All excess hydrogen ions are removed from the body in the urine.
Select the statement that best describes an acid.
An acid is a chemical that dissociates in water to release a hydrogen ion (H+).
When fewer hydrogen ions are secreted into the filtrate, how is blood pH affected?
Blood pH decreases.
Which of the following is ICF?
C - The cytosol is found inside cells and is therefore intracellular fluid (ICF).
What effect does an increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
ECF increases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present.
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ __________
H+ + HCO3−
What best describes hydrostatic pressure?
Hydrostatic pressure is the force that fluids exert against the capillary wall
Predict the effect of hypertonic fluid on a cell.
Hypertonic fluids cause water to move out of the cytosol and the cell shrinks.
Which of the following statements about ECF is correct?
It is made up of fluids such as plasma and interstitial fluid.
Calcium ion reabsorption in the kidneys is stimulated by the hormone __________.
PTH
A patient who suffers from renal failure increases his water intake to account for his low urine output. What will happen to his electrolyte balance?
The excess water his kidneys cannot excrete will dilute body fluids and lead to an imbalance in electrolytes.
If the Pco2 in the plasma increases, what effect will this have on plasma pH?
The pH will decrease.
A nurse is asked to start an intravenous line of isotonic 0.9% sodium chloride. He accidentally grabs a bag of hypertonic 9% sodium chloride instead. What will happen to his patient?
The patient's cells will shrivel due to losing water by osmosis from the cytosol into the hypertonic extracellular fluid.
Identify the hormones responsible for increasing sodium ion retention.
angiotensin-II and aldosterone
Which hormone promotes the reabsorption of water from the kidneys back into the ECF by osmosis?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The bicarbonate ion is an example of a(n) __________.
base
The primary role of the phosphate buffer system is to __________.
buffer intracellular fluid (ICF)
Substances that function to resist large swings in pH are called __________.
buffers
Overhydration will cause __________.
cells to gain water
Which of the following accounts for about 60% of our total body water?
cytosol
The following represents the main locations fluids are found in the human body. Rank these body fluids in order from the fluid that accounts for most in the human body to the fluid that accounts for the least.
cytosol (intracellular fluid), interstitial fluid, plasma
A patient present with severe metabolic alkalosis. The appropriate respiratory compensation would be __________.
decreased respiratory rate
Decreased volume and increased concentration of the extracellular fluid (ECF) is defined as:
dehydration.
Which of the following is an excess accumulation of interstitial fluid?
edema
Which of the following happens during compensation for alkalosis?
excretion of HCO3−
Which of the following substances is the most acidic?
gastric juice with a pH of 2
The pH of the blood primarily depends upon a normal concentration of:
hydrogen ions.
An elevated sodium ion concentration is known as:
hypernatremia.
What condition accompanies overhydration, or hypotonic hydration?
hyponatremia
What part of the brain controls the thirst mechanism?
hypothalamus
Which type of extracellular fluid (ECF) solution will cause a cell to gain water?
hypotonic
Which of the following is a response mechanism for overhydration?
increased levels of ANP
The appropriate response to hyponatremia is __________.
increased reabsorption of sodium ions in the kidneys
Increased water volume causes the hydrostatic pressure in plasma to increase and the osmotic pressure to decrease; as a result, water will __________.
move from the ECF to the ICF
Where are the majority of calcium ions stored in the body?
osseous tissue
Determine the pH value that represents a basic, or alkaline, solution.
pH of 10
What is most abundant intracellular cation?
potassium ion
Hyperventilation causes __________, and hypoventilation causes __________.
respiratory alkalosis; respiratory acidosis
A drowning victim presents with combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis. The appropriate renal compensation would be __________.
secretion of hydrogen ions
What is the most abundant extracellular cation?
sodium ion
An electrolyte is a __________.
substance that dissociates into ions when placed in water
Which system is responsible for the most common route of water loss from the body?
urinary system
What is the main component of all body fluids?
water