Mastering Biology CH. 3&4 (Pearson)
Select the highest energy form of adenosine from the following images.
(image address) https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1089933/22/T-1028378a.jpg Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the high-energy form of adenosine because it contains the most phosphate groups (three). This molecule fuels many different endergonic (energy-requiring) enzymatic processes in biological organisms. ATP molecules diffuse or are transported to the place where the energy is needed and deliver chemical energy from the breaking of their phosphate bonds
Drag the labels onto the flowchart to indicate how food molecules reach the body's cells and fuel cellular respiration. Start with the ingestion of food on the left.
-Eating food provides fuel & building blocks for your body -After food is broken down in the digestive system, it is transport to cells via the circulatory system -Fuel molecules are broken down further in glycolysis & the citric acid cycle (aka krebs cycle) -ATP is produced with the help of the electron transport chain
Gas exchange involves the transport of two respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Review how each gas is transported between the atmosphere and the cells of your body by completing this exercise.
-Gas exchange provides the body's cells with oxygen, which is needed for cellular respiration. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to capillaries in the lungs. Almost all the oxygen in the blood is bound to hemoglobin. Oxygen is carried all over the body and diffuses from blood to body tissues. -Gas exchange provides the body's cells with oxygen, which is needed for cellular respiration. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to capillaries in the lungs. Almost all the oxygen in the blood is bound to hemoglobin. Oxygen is carried all over the body and diffuses from blood to body tissues.
The cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell plays a major role in organizing the structures and activities of the cell. The cytoskeleton consists of three main types of fibers: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. The three types of fiber differ in size, composition, and the functions they perform in the cell.
1. In eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are microtubules. 2. Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by intermediate filaments which are assembled from a diverse class of proteins. 3. Centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into microtubules. 4. The extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of microfilaments. 5. The only cytoskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are the intermediate filaments. 6. During muscle contractions, myosin motor proteins move across tracks of microfilaments.
Proteins that are secreted from a eukaryotic cell must first travel through the endomembrane system.
1. Protein synthesis 2. ER 3. cis Golgi cisternae 4. medial Golgi cisternae 5. trans Golgi cisternae 6. plasma membrane
How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?
2
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle.
2 Each glucose produces two pyruvates, each of which is converted into acetyl CoA.
In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.
2 It takes 2 ATP to produce 4 ATP.
Which of these is ATP?
3 Phosphate groups attached to a Ribose attached to Adenine
Finally, how can you use your assessment of the authority, motivation, and reliability of the information to evaluate this web site relative to other sources? Use the scales below to assign a numerical score to this source.
5 to 6
On a scale of 0 to 6, where 6 is the most trustworthy, how would you rate this site? (Note that all responses will be marked as "correct" at this point.)
5-6 (very trustworthy)
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle.
6 3 NADH + H+ are produced per each acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle.
Ultraviolet rays react with _____ in the skin to begin the process of forming vitamin D.
7-dehydrocholesterol
Which of these structures stores, modifies, and packages products?
A
Which of these can RAPIDLY pass directly through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane, without the help of a transport protein? The cell membrane. There are some particles outside the cell. A lipid soluble molecule is marked A. A water molecule is marked B. A molecule of glucose is marked C. A hydrogen ion is marked D.
A only Small, nonpolar, lipid-soluble molecules can pass rapidly through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane. Ions, such as hydrogen ions, and hydrophilic molecules, such as water and glucose, cannot rapidly pass directly through the phospholipids of the membrane. To move rapidly through the membrane, they must pass through membrane transport proteins.
In exocytosis, what happens?
A transport vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, attaches, and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid.
In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation?
ATP
Is produced along with water at the end of normal cellular resperation.
ATP
Structure A is _____. (image address) https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100524/5/0922q.jpg
ATP synthase
Which of the following statements describes a negative feedback response?
After a meal, blood sugar levels in the body rise; insulin is secreted to lower blood sugar levels.
Which of these is an example of negative feedback?
After you eat, insulin stimulates the lowering of blood sugar levels.
Which of the following actions is not a function of the epithelium?
Allows the internal environment to alter its conditions to match those of the external environment.
What property of dishwashing liquid (detergent) makes it useful to wash grease from pans?
Amphipathic nature Detergents form micelles around the grease, which are then washed away because the polar head groups facing outward on the micelle are water-soluble.
Having a low-grade fever of 100° to 102°F is a common side effect of a bacterial infection. Which of the following statements provides the most reasonable explanation for why this could be beneficial?
An increase in body temperature could denature enzymes in heat-sensitive bacteria without denaturing the enzymes of the person with the infection.
Which secretion is not a barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body?
Antigens.
Oxygen shows cooperative binding to hemoglobin. Cooperative binding has the following effects on the binding and release of oxygen: Oxygen binding to hemoglobin: When one molecule of oxygen binds to one of hemoglobin's four subunits, the other subunits change shape slightly, increasing their affinity for oxygen. Oxygen release from hemoglobin: When four oxygen molecules are bound to hemoglobin's subunits and one subunit releases its oxygen, the other three subunits change shape again. This causes them to release their oxygen more readily. These two graphs show how cooperative binding differs from a hypothetical situation where binding is not cooperative. The x-axis shows the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2). This is a measure of the amount of oxygen present in a tissue. The blue arrows on the x-axis show the partial pressure of oxygen in various tissues of the body. The y-axis shows the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (O2 saturation). This is the percentage of oxygen-binding sites on hemoglobin molecules that are actually bound to oxygen. The table below walks you through a comparison of cooperative binding and noncooperative binding. By completing the table, you will learn why cooperative binding is an important adaptation that makes gas exchange more efficient.
As you can see from the table, the cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is an important adaptation for gas exchange. Cooperativity allows hemoglobin to release much more oxygen to an animal's body tissues. Compare the numbers for cooperative binding (circled in red) to those for noncooperative binding (circled in gold). In a resting tissue, hemoglobin releases 50% of its oxygen. If there were no cooperativity, it would release only 30% of its oxygen. In an exercising tissue, hemoglobin releases 80% of its oxygen. If there were no cooperativity, it would release only 50% of its oxygen.
Which of the following is true for most people?
As you get older, your muscle mass decreases while the amount of collagen in your muscles increases.
Filtrate is formed as fluid is forced through the walls of the glomerulus and, initially, collects in the structure indicated by the letter
B
_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles.
Basal bodies
_____ is the connective tissue specialized for transport.
Blood Blood is specialized for the transport of substances such as nutrients, wastes, and gases.
Which statement describes a unique characteristic of blood?
Blood is a tissue consisting of a liquid matrix called plasma.
Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to this animation?
Both sodium and potassium ions are transported against their concentration gradients. Both ions are transported from where their concentration is low to where their concentration is high, and the cell expends energy in the form of ATP to do it.
Choose the letter that indicates the organelle that contains most of a cell's DNA.
C
The structure that regulates the passage of material into and out of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _____. (image address) https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1367657/5/2708q.jpg
C the plasma membrane
Choose the correct statement from the list below.
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase.
Into which molecule are all the carbon atoms in glucose ultimately incorporated during cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide All of the carbon atoms in glucose are incorporated into carbon dioxide: Two molecules are formed as pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA, and four molecules are formed during the Krebs cycle.
A metabolic process that completes the oxidation of glucose, yields two molecules of ATP, and releases carbon dioxide as a waste product.
Citric Acid Cycle
How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?
Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.
These form the inner membranes of the mitochondria and are the site for energy production in the electron transport chain.
Cristae
The DNA-containing region of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _____. (image address) https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1367657/5/2701q.jpg
D
Which of these provides the cell with structural support?
D
Why does an enzyme cease to function when it has become denatured?
Denaturation changes the three-dimensional shape of the active site of the enzyme, preventing it from binding to the substrate.
Inhalation and exhalation move air into and out of the lungs. What happens when you inhale and exhale?
During inhalation, the diaphragm and rib muscles contract, increasing the volume of the lungs. Air enters the nose or mouth and flows down the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, and into the alveoli. During exhalation, the diaphragm and rib muscles relax, decreasing the volume of the lungs. Air leaves the alveoli and flows up the bronchioles, bronchi, and trachea, and exits through the nose or mouth.
The urethra is identified by the letter _____.
E
Which of these is the double membrane that encloses the nucleus?
E
Which stage of glucose metabolism produces the most ATP?
Electron transport and chemiosmosis Electron transport and chemiosmosis (oxidative phosphorylation) can yield around 26 molecules of ATP.
A process by which the NADH and FADH pass their electrons through the inner membrane of the mitochondria, producing ATP and metabolic water.
Electron transport chain
__________ glands secrete hormones into the blood via tissue fluids.
Endocrine
Which process is not required for an animal to obtain energy from food?
Excretion.
The reporter is participating in a study within a room that is heated. Why is he also on a treadmill?
Exercising causes a faster increase in his core temperature.
Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?
FADH2 FADH2 is a product of the citric acid cycle.
Areolar connective tissue attaches bone to bone or bone to muscle.
False
Of the three types of muscle tissue in the body, only smooth muscle is considered involuntary muscle.
False
Which process is not part of the cellular respiration pathway that produces large amounts of ATP in a cell?
Fermentation Fermentation is an alternate pathway used when oxygen levels are low.
Cytoskeleton components that are composed of microtubules that move in a whip-like motion to propel the cell.
Flagella
Choose the correct statement from the list below.
Free fatty acid absorption occurs in the small intestine.
_____ aid in the coordination of the activities of adjacent animal cells.
Gap (communicating) junctions
Which molecule is metabolized in a cell to produce energy "currency" in the form of ATP?
Glucose Glucose is used to produce high-energy ATP in a cell.
The process of splitting glucose into two molecules of pyruvate without the use of oxygen.
Glycolysis
Which step of the cellular respiration pathway can take place in the absence of oxygen?
Glycolysis Glycolysis can take place in the absence of oxygen; its product, pyruvate, enters the cellular respiration pathway or undergoes fermentation depending on the availability of oxygen.
Which of the following is a membranous organelle that chemically modifies and ships proteins to other organelles or out of the cell?
Golgi complex
How do cells involved in the innate immune response detect the presence of pathogens?
How do cells involved in the innate immune response detect the presence of pathogens? Leukocytes recognize unique molecules on pathogens.
If a red blood cell is placed in a salt solution and bursts, what is the tonicity of the solution relative to the interior of the cell?
Hypotonic The salt concentration in the solution is lower than it is in the cell, so water enters the cell, causing it to burst.
What is the difference between a negative feedback system and a positive feedback system?
In a negative feedback system, the control center signals the effector to go "on and off" to maintain a steady state (or stable equilibrium); in a positive feedback system, the effector keeps increasing its output.
All proteins are synthesized by ribosomes in the cell. Some ribosomes float freely in the cytosol, while others are bound to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. Most proteins made by free ribosomes function in the cytosol. Proteins made by bound ribosomes either function within the endomembrane system or pass through it and are secreted from the cell. Which of the following proteins are synthesized by bound ribosomes?
Insulin, ER protein, Lysosomal enzyme
Which component of a homeostatic system compares sensory information to a target value?
Integrator.
Which of these describes loose connective tissue?
It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material.
Define the term micelle.
It is the structure formed when phospholipid tails join together in the center of a sphere with the hydrophilic heads facing outward.
Recent research indicates which of the following?
Less time for exercise is needed if you exercise at a vigorous intensity.
How can a lipid be distinguished from a sugar?
Lipids are mostly nonpolar. Lipids are nonpolar molecules, whereas sugars are polar.
Which of the following cells can engulf a pathogen?
Macrophages.
They serve as the working parts of cilia and flagella.
Microtubules
Which statement about the relationship between carbohydrates and the plasma membrane is true?
Most carbohydrates are attached to proteins in the membrane and thus form glycoproteins.
During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.
NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space The energy released as electrons, which have been donated by NADH and FADH2, is passed along the electron transport chain and used to pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space.
Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?
NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to the chain. The electrons lose energy as they move down the chain, and this energy is used to create a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP.
Which statement about the diffusion of substances is true?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water.
Which of the following particles could diffuse easily through a cell membrane?
Oxygen (O2) Small nonpolar molecules such as oxygen can diffuse across cell membranes.
Which statement about oxytocin is true?
Oxytocin is a potent hormone that stimulates uterine contractions.
Which of the following statements is most likely to be true in the case of the feedback-regulated enzymatic pathway shown?
P4 binds E1 and deactivates it.
_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.
Pili
A cell structure that acts as a boundary between a cell and its environment.
Plasma membrane
Which of the following events occurs first when a wound that breaks the skin has occurred?
Platelets release proteins that form clots and decrease bleeding.
Two fundamental types of cells are known to exist in nature: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells (like the one shown in the Tour of an Animal Cell animation). Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells carry out all of the processes necessary for life, but they differ in some important ways. In this activity, you will identify which cell structures are found only in prokaryotic cells, only in eukaryotic cells, or in both types of cells.
Prokaryotic only - nucleoid Eukaryotic only - Lysosome, Mitochondria, Nucleolus BOTH -: Ribosomes, Plasma membrane, Flagella Only bacteria and archaea have prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and, at the level of the individual cell, are generally less versatile than eukaryotic cells, which compartmentalize many of their metabolic pathways into organelles. Nevertheless, prokaryotes are indispensable in every known ecosystem, and certain species are capable of surviving in some of the harshest and most nutrient-limiting environments on Earth.
Choose the correct statement from the list below.
Proteins that are consumed in the diet are absorbed as individual amino acids following digestion.
Which term describes a steady state in which the internal conditions of an organism are kept within a narrow range without regard to the external conditions?
Regulatory homeostasis. Regulatory homeostasis involves adjusting the internal conditions of an organism to stay within a narrow range without regard to the external conditions.
_____ are the sites of protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
Which structure is not part of the alimentary canal?
Salivary glands.
_____ muscle is attached to bones.
Skeletal
The various parts of the endomembrane system serve different functions in the cell. In this activity, you will identify the roles of each part of the endomembrane system. A: Lipid Synthesis B: Calcium Ion Storage C: Poison Detoxication D: Protein Synthesis E: Protein Modification and Sorting F: Cisternal Maturation G: Macromolecule digestion H: Autophagy
Smooth ER: A, B, C Rough ER: D Golgi Apparatus: E, F Lysosomes: G, H
Solution A has a solute concentration of 10%, and solution B has a solute concentration of 15%. Therefore, which "tonicity" statement is correct?
Solution A is hypotonic to solution B. The salt concentration in solution A is lower than the salt concentration in solution B.
Just as heat can denature enzymes, so can a change in the pH. Enzymes that normally work in an acidic environment in the body can become denatured if the pH becomes too alkaline. And enzymes that normally work in alkaline environments in the body can become denatured if the pH becomes too acidic. Taking an antacid to reduce the acidity (and increase the pH) of the stomach and to relieve heartburn can make a person more comfortable. What would be the major drawback to taking too many antacids?
Taking too many antacids could denature the enzymes that break down food in the stomach.
Which of the following actions is an example of positive feedback?
The arrival of platelets at a wound site stimulates the recruitment of more and more platelets to form a clot to stop blood from further leakage.
How can you know if the person or organization providing the information has the credentials and knowledge to speak on this topic? One clue is the type of web site it is--the domain name ".org" tells you that this site is run by a nonprofit organization. Now scan the article to find the name and credentials of the person who wrote it. What is the affiliation of the writer?
The author is a medical doctor who serves leadership roles for cancer research and prevention organizations.
If a red blood cell is placed in a beaker containing a salt solution and the red blood cell bursts, what is the most probable relationship between the concentration of salt inside the cell and the concentration of salt in the beaker solution?
The concentration of salt inside the cell is higher than the concentration of salt outside the cell. This was a movement toward equilibrium. Salt was more concentrated inside the cell, which allowed water to move down its concentration gradient into the cell and caused the cell to burst.
Which of these is an example of negative feedback?
The end product of a reaction sequence shuts down the reaction sequence.
Saying that the plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic means ________.
The glycoproteins appear to be randomly placed (as in a mosaic) and have a degree of freedom to move about the bilayer. (Fluid means movement.)
Which statement is true about the phospholipid bilayer?
The hydrophobic tails face each other in the center of the bilayer.
Explain how the hypothalamus regulates body temperature when a person is exposed to warm conditions.
The hypothalamus is an important part of the body. The hypothalamus is known as a control center in our brain. By having the control center it helps regulate body temperature. Most humans body temperature is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. Althoug every living species differs a little bit, not every human body will have an average temperature of 98.6 F. So now that you understand what the hypothalamus does I now explain how it helps our bodies temperature. An example of hypothalamus would be if you were in a place that is much hotter than your actual body temperature. The thermometers will detect the heat from your skin and will then activate the nerve cells. The nerve cells will then send a message to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus will send a signal to the sweat glands to increase their secretion. Now, this function in the body can also be reversed when it is cold. When our body temperature drops below 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit the signals from the brain and sweat glands are disconnected. To further discuss this action the hypothalamus is known as the control center. Like mentioned above. This system has a negative feedback mechanism. I believe this because it produces a cooling effect of the skin and it relies on feedback from the control center. This then will shut off the corrective mechanism when the change has been produced.
Which of the following factors does not affect membrane permeability?
The polarity of membrane phospholipids Phospholipids contain both a polar head and a nonpolar hydrocarbon tail, both of which are necessary for their ability to form membrane bilayers.
How can you know if the information is based on scientifically collected data and if it's corroborated by other sources? Scroll to the end of the article, and skim the references provided. What do you find in the References list at the bottom of the page?
The references are all from primary sources.
What happens in the body's negative feedback temperature control system?
The sensory nerve endings monitor the heat output and send the information to the brain.
Why is the temperature control in your home an example of a negative feedback system?
The thermostat and the furnace (or air conditioner) work together to maintain a constant temperature by cycling on and off. In a negative feedback system, the control center (thermostat) and the effector (furnace or air conditioner) work together to maintain a steady state (stable equilibrium). In this case, they work together to keep the temperature constant.
You are a personal trainer, working to help your clients achieve optimum fitness in the least amount of time. Which of the following is most important for you to discuss with them to determine how intensely they should be working out?
Their maximum heart rate.
Assuming the U.S. is similar to the U.K., which of the following will occur?
There will be no real change in the exercise habits of adults in the coming years.
Which of the following statements best describes the role of mast cells in the inflammatory response?
They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels near the wound site, allowing blood components to enter the region from the bloodstream.
A muscle is also known as an effector in homeostasis.
True
True or false? Osmosis is a type of diffusion.
True Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
True or false? The water-soluble portion of a phospholipid is the polar head, which generally consists of a glycerol molecule linked to a phosphate group.
True The hydrophilic, or water-loving, portion of a phospholipid is the polar head, whereas the hydrophobic portion is the nonpolar tail.
True or false? The reactions that generate the largest amounts of ATP during cellular respiration take place in the mitochondria.
True Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm, whereas the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, which generate the largest amounts of ATP during cellular respiration, take place in the mitochondria.
True or false? The potential energy in an ATP molecule is derived mainly from its three phosphate groups.
True The three phosphate groups in an ATP molecule carry negative charges that strongly repel each other and give ATP a large amount of potential energy.
What is the difference between a negative feedback system and a positive feedback system?
What is the difference between a negative feedback system and a positive feedback system? In a negative feedback system, the control center signals the effector to go "on and off" to maintain a steady state (or stable equilibrium); in a positive feedback system, the effector keeps increasing its output. In a negative feedback system, the sensor, effector, and control center work to maintain a steady state (or stable equilibrium). In a positive feedback system, the sensor, effector, and control center work to achieve a steadily increasing or decreasing response.
Which of the following is generally true within the human body?
When a person is warm, blood flow near the skin and in the extremities increases.
Drag the terms on the left to complete the sentences on the right.
When molecules move down their concentration gradient, they move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated. Diffusion across a biological membrane is called passive transport.
Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration?
Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration? heat, carbon dioxide, and water
Now, search for information on the risks of UV exposure and skin cancer on at least two other web sites, including MedlinePlus (nlm.nih.gov) and the American Cancer Society (cancer.org). Is the information provided by these sites consistent with what you found on the Skin Cancer Foundation web site?
Yes, other sites corroborate the information on the Skin Cancer Foundation site.
Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy?
a space station orbiting Earth
To understand how cells function as the fundamental unit of life, you must first become familiar with the individual roles of the cellular structures and organelles.
a. smooth ER - synthesizes lipids b. nucleolus - assembles ribosomes c. defines cell shape d. rough ER - produces secretory proteins e. golgi apparatus - modifies and sorts proteins f. - digests proteins g. mitochondrion - generates ATP The eukaryotic cell has well-defined structures that serve discrete functional roles. An organism's ability to perform essential functions such as metabolism, reproduction, and maintaining homeostasis depends on the proper functioning of structures at the cellular level. Although these structures are present in all animal cells, their number or activity level may vary depending on the cell type. For example, cells in the pancreas that produce the hormone insulin have extensive rough endoplasmic reticula, while muscle cells contain numerous mitochondria.
Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?
acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle.
Which of these enters the citric acid cycle?
acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA is a reactant in the citric acid cycle.
Microfilaments are made of ________.
actin
If natural selection would select against organisms with a nucleus, which one of the following organisms would survive and evolve?
archaea
Cartilage is found _____.
at the ends of bones such as the femur
We would most likely find a matrix of proteins and a ground substance in __________.
blood
Which of these is NOT one of the four major categories of tissue?
blood
Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers.
branched
The active form of vitamin D, also known as a hormone, is called _____.
calcitriol
Which major biological molecules make up the plasma membrane?
carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
Which cells form disks that cushion the vertebrae?
cartilage
What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?
cell wall
In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP?
cellular respiration
The _____ is composed of DNA and protein.
chromatin
The outer part of the kidney is the _____.
cortex
A neuron consists of _____.
dendrites, a cell body, and axons
The inner layer of skin that contains blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, oil glands, and hair follicles is called the ________.
dermis
Which structure containing dense connective tissue is found in the skin?
dermis
The primary role of _____ is to bind animal cells together.
desmosomes
Which of the following steps in normal cellular respiration ends with formation of water?
electron transport
From which of these phases of cellular respiration does the cell get the most ATP?
electron transport chain
Glands that lack ducts and secrete hormones are called ________.
endocrine
Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are types of ________.
endocytosis
Which of these processes brings into the cell large macromolecules and particles by the formation of a vesicle in the outer membrane?
endocytosis
"Conservation of energy" refers to the fact that _____.
energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another
What is the correct label for "A"? (image address) https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100519/7/0825q.jpg
energy of activation The energy of activation must be overcome in order for a reaction to proceed.
Which layer lacks blood vessels?
epidermis
A gland is composed of __________ tissue.
epithelial
Which of the following tissues covers the body surfaces, lines the body cavities and organs, and forms glands?
epithelial
A form of diffusion in which the molecules pass through a protein instead of between the phospholipids is called ________.
facilitated diffusion
Once absorbed into the blood, the cholecalciferol travels to the kidney for the final step in activation.
false
True or False? The liver is a component of the alimentary canal.
false
True or false? One advantage of having a tube-like digestive tract is that digestion of all compounds can take place simultaneously down the tract.
false
True or false? The leukocytes of the innate immune system are B cells, macrophages, and neutrophils.
false
If substantial lactic acid were found in a person's bloodstream, which type of glucose breakdown is occurring?
fermentation
The first phase in normal cellular respiration and the only one occurring in the cytoplasm is called ________.
glycolysis
What process occurs in Box A? (image address) https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100521/9/0905q.jpg
glycolysis Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
Identify Structure A. The cell membrane. Each letter marks a definite structure of the membrane. Letter A marks the structure represented by a branched sequence on the integral protein. B marks a branched structure on the cell membrane. C marks a large elongated structure outside the cell. D marks part of the membrane, which consists of two rows of molecules. Each molecule has a head and a tail. E marks a molecule, which is one of the membrane components. Such molecules are randomly integrated in the membrane. F marks a structure that penetrates two layers of the membrane.
glycoprotein Structure A is composed of both a carbohydrate and a protein.
The ability of the human body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment is known as ________.
homeostasis
Cartilage that forms at the end of long bones and functions to allow bones to slide past each other during movement is called ________.
hyaline
What type of reaction breaks the bonds that join the phosphate groups in an ATP molecule?
hydrolysis Hydrolysis involves breaking bonds with the addition of water.
This cell is in a(n) _____ solution. (image address) https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100512/14/Picture1100512b.jpg
hypertonic There is a greater concentration of solute outside the cell.
You know that this cell is in a(n) _____ solution because it _____. (image address) https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100512/14/0711q.jpg
hypertonic solution ... lost water A cell will lose water when placed in a hypertonic solution.
You know that this cell is in a(n) _____ solution because the cell _____. (image address) https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100512/14/0709q.jpg
hypotonic ... swelled (A cell will gain water when placed in a hypotonic solution.)
You have a bacterial infection. Your immune system will be able to distinguish this foreign invader from other cells by ________.
identifying glycoproteins on the plasma membrane
The major difference between diffusion and endocytosis is that ________.
in endocytosis, larger particles are engulfed; in diffusion, smaller particles pass through the membrane
Where would you find smooth muscle tissue in your body?
in the walls of your stomach
From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____.
inferior vena cava
Endocytosis moves materials _____ a cell via _____.
into ... membranous vesicles The prefix "endo-" means "inward."
An enzyme _____.
is an organic catalyst Enzymes are proteins that behave as catalysts.
As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme _____.
is unchanged Enzymes are not changed as a result of their participation in a reaction.
If a liver cell were to be placed in a beaker with a solution containing the same solute concentration as that found inside the cell, we would say that the beaker contained a(n) ________ solution.
isotonic
Our epidermis provides a tough barrier against environmental hazards, in large part due to its high concentration of __________.
keratin
The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.
kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient Concentration gradients are a form of potential energy.
In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.
lactate and NAD+
Voice sounds are produced by the _____.
larynx
From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____.
left atrium
These skin cells fight infections: ________.
macrophages
The dark chemical that accumulates in the skin after exposure to the sun is called ________.
melanin
Specialized cells found at the base of the epidermis that produce pigments that help give skin its color are called ________.
melanocytes
Which of these are hollow rods that shape and support the cell?
microtubules
Heart muscle works hard and therefore consumes much ATP. Which organelles would you expect to be especially numerous in the heart muscle cells?
mitochondria
Most of the energy used by the cell is converted to ATP in ________.
mitochondria
Which of these organelles carries out cellular respiration?
mitochondrion
Which type of membrane lines passageways that open to the exterior of the body?
mucous
The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air.
nasal cavity
Which of these is the functional unit of a kidney?
nephron
The four basic tissue types in the body are __________.
neural, epithelial, muscle, connective
Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?
nucleoid region
Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the _____.
nucleolus
A group of organs in the body that have a common function make up a(n) ________.
organ system
The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration until equilibrium is reached can be described as ________.
osmosis
What name is given to the process by which water crosses a selectively permeable membrane?
osmosis Osmosis is the passive transport of water.
In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.
oxidative phosphorylation This process utilizes energy released by electron transport.
The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.
oxygen Oxygen is combined with electrons and hydrogen to form water.
What molecule is indicated by the letter D? (image address) https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100521/9/0907q.jpg
oxygen Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of cellular respiration.
Facilitated diffusion is a type of _______.
passive transport During facilitated diffusion, the cell is not expending energy to move the particles across the membrane; therefore, facilitated diffusion is a form of passive transport.
Which of these organelles produces H2O2 as a by-product?
peroxisome
Scientists can track the movement of proteins through the endomembrane system using an approach known as a pulse-chase experiment. This experiment involves the "pulse" phase: Cells are exposed to a high concentration of a radioactively labeled amino acid for a short period to tag proteins that are being synthesized. the "chase" phase: Any unincorporated radioactively labeled amino acids are washed away and large amounts of the same, but unlabeled, amino acid are added. Only those proteins synthesized during the brief pulse phase are radioactively tagged. These tagged proteins can be tracked through the chase period to determine their location in the cell. The data below were obtained from a pulse-chase experiment in which cells were examined at different times during the chase period. The numbers represent the radioactivity (measured in counts per minute) recorded at each of the indicated sites. The higher the number, the greater the radioactivity. Based on these data, what is the most likely function of the cells in this experiment?
phagocytosis
When bacteria appear in tissues, a type of large cell engulfs and destroys them. Which process are these cells using to engulf the bacteria?
phagocytosis
Engulfing bacteria could be described as an example of ________.
phagocytosis Phagocytosis is "cell eating," and engulfing a bacterium could be classified as cell eating.
A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of _____.
phagocytosis Phagocytosis occurs when a cell engulfs a large particle.
Which is the hydrophilic portion of the phospholipid molecule?
phosphate The phosphate group is the charged region, and thus it is the hydrophilic region.
Identify Structure D. The cell membrane. Each letter marks a definite structure of the membrane. Letter A marks the structure represented by a branched sequence on the integral protein. B marks a branched structure on the cell membrane. C marks a large elongated structure outside the cell. D marks part of the membrane, which consists of two rows of molecules. Each molecule has a head and a tail. E marks a molecule, which is one of the membrane components. Such molecules are randomly integrated in the membrane. F marks a structure that penetrates two layers of the membrane.
phospholipid bilayer of membrane Phospholipids can be recognized by the presence of a head and two tails.
Which of these is most abundant in the plasma membrane?
phospholipids
The _____ is a selective barrier, regulating the passage of material into and out of the cell.
plasma membrane
The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.
plasma membrane
Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy.
potential
What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?
protection
In general, enzymes are what kinds of molecules?
proteins
Blood returns to the heart via the _____.
pulmonary veins
In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized.
pyruvate ... NADH The pyruvate from glycolysis is reduced to either lactate or ethanol, and NADH is oxidized to NAD+.
Enzymes work by _____.
reducing EA Enzymes work by reducing the energy of activation.
The _____ are the major blood vessels transporting blood to the kidneys.
renal arteries
Urine formed by a kidney collects in the _____ before being drained from the kidney by the _____ and transported to the _____.
renal pelvis ... ureter ...urinary bladder
In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?
ribosomes
From the superior vena cava, blood flows to the _____.
right atrium
Which of these organelles manufactures proteins bound for secretion out of the cell?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which component of a homeostatic system perceives changes in some parameter of the environment?
sensor
Which of the following actions acts to warm a homeothermic body?
shivering
What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients?
simple columnar epithelium Simple columnar epithelium, such as that found lining the intestines, is specialized for absorption and secretion.
What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules?
simple cuboidal cells
Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion?
simple squamous epithelium
Which of the following is NOT one of the four main categories of tissue in your body?
skin
Where is calcium stored?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries?
smooth muscle Smooth muscle is responsible for the involuntary contractions of the digestive tract, arteries, and bladder.
Structure A is a _____. The cell membrane with an integral molecule that consists of two similar parts with a specific recess. There are many particles in the extracellular fluid. One of these particles is labeled A.
solute A solute is crossing the plasma membrane.
Sometimes swabs are taken of the inside of the mouth for DNA sampling. What type of cell is being collected?
squamous epithelium
What is the function of Structure E? The cell membrane. Each letter marks a definite structure of the membrane. Letter A marks the structure represented by a branched sequence on the integral protein. B marks a branched structure on the cell membrane. C marks a large elongated structure outside the cell. D marks part of the membrane, which consists of two rows of molecules. Each molecule has a head and a tail. E marks a molecule, which is one of the membrane components. Such molecules are randomly integrated in the membrane. F marks a structure that penetrates two layers of the membrane.
stabilization of the phospholipids Cholesterol helps to stabilize the structure of the plasma membrane.
What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces?
stratified epithelium
What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction?
substrate This is the name given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction.
In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation A phosphate group is transferred from GTP to ADP.
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation A phosphate group is transferred from glyceraldehyde phosphate to ADP.
Which of the following is an example of dense connective tissue?
tendon
You can recognize the process of pinocytosis when _____. (image address) https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100515/13/extracellular_fluid.jpg
the cell is engulfing extracellular fluid Pinocytosis is "cell drinking."
What process occurs within Box B? (image address) https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100521/9/0906q.jpg
the citric acid cycle The citric acid cycle transfers electrons to NADH and FADH2.
When particles are engulfed by endocytosis, what is the wall of the vesicle made of?
the plasma membrane The vesicle is formed from the plasma membrane. Therefore, it is a phospholipid bilayer.
The cells that make up organs that must contain fluids, such as the stomach or bladder, are held together by __________ junctions.
tight
Which of these cell junctions form a barrier to the passage of materials?
tight junctions
Why does the reporter have a tube up his nose?
to accurately measure core temperature
Nervous tissue functions _____.
to sense stimuli
Next, can you identify what the source is trying to accomplish by providing this information? As you read the article, think about what the writer's agenda might be with regard to indoor tanning. What seems to be the main purpose of the article?
to summarize the data demonstrating the carcinogenic effects of UV radiation from indoor tanning
Structure B is a _____. (image address) https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100513/12/0714q.jpg
transport protein The transport protein facilitates the movement of solute across the plasma membrane..
Structure A in the figure is a(n) _____. Molecules of a solute, shown in the figure, can pass through the plasma membrane due to structure A, which pierces the membrane. Structure A has two openings: one to the extracellular fluid and the other to the cytoplasm.
transport protein The protein is allowing solute molecules to enter the cell.
The site of inflammation may become swollen due to the increased numbers of cells and fluids at the site and painful due to signals from pain receptors.
true
True or false? Organisms must maintain homeostasis because optimal enzyme activity is achieved within a very narrow range of conditions.
true
True or False. Regarding the proteins and cholesterol in the animal plasma membrane, some proteins are embedded in the bilayer, other proteins are only on one side, and the cholesterol is scattered throughout the inner parts of the membrane.
true Some proteins are embedded in the bilayer, and some proteins are located only on one side. Cholesterol molecules are found scattered between the lipid tails.
A person using a very effective sunscreen would be less likely to make which vitamin within his or her body?
vitamin D
Your 60-year-old aunt was recently diagnosed with sarcopenia. Which of the following activities will likely help her the most?
yoga
Which part of the adenosine triphosphate molecule is released when it is hydrolyzed to provide energy for biological reactions?
γ-phosphate (the terminal phosphate) The γ-phosphate is the primary phosphate group on the ATP molecule that is hydrolyzed when energy is needed to drive anabolic reactions. Located the farthest from the ribose sugar, it has a higher energy than either the α- or β-phosphate.
