Mastering Biology Chapter 3

3. A fatty acid consists of a________________ and a long hydrocarbon chain.

carboxyl group

Which of these is a polysaccharide?

cellulose

_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

cellulose

DNA differs from RNA because DNA

contains thymine in place of uracil

What is another name for a condensation reaction?

dehydration

glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.

maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis

5. The hydrocarbon chains of____________________________- are not kinked, and thus pack closely together, making animal fats solid at room temperature.

saturated fatty acids

Carbohydrate polymers are made up of _________ monomers.

simple sugar

6._________________ are a major component of cell membranes. They form a bilayer with their hydrophobic tails mingling together and their hydrophilic heads facing the watery environment on both sides of the membrane.

Phospholipids

Which of these is NOT a lipid?

RNA

4. A gene provides the directions to build a molecule of ________________________; the genetic instructions it carries are then translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein.

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

7. _________________________ are lipids with a structure consisting of four fused rings. Many sex hormones are made from this type of lipid.

Steroids

Polymers that contain sugars ... (a) may store hereditary information. (b) may store energy. (c) may protect cells. Both (b) and (c). (a), (b), and (c).

a, b, and c

Which of the following statements about the functional groups of organic compounds is false?

all functional groups include a carbon atom

Protein polymers are made up of ______________monomers.

amino acids

Proteins are polymers of _____.

amino acids

Some athletes use anabolic steroids to build their body mass. Why is this considered a problematic practice, especially in adolescents?

anabolic steroids can prevent bone growth

Which of the following statements about dehydration reactions is false?

animal digestive systems utilize this process to break down food

A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____.

as a component of animal cell membranes

1. Nucleic acids are polymers of ---------

nucleotides

5. A polynucleotide has a repeating _________________ backbone.

sugar-phosphate

You have a cup of vegetable oil and a vial full of normal phospholipids. What would you predict would happen if you dropped the phospholipids into the cup of vegetable oil?

the phospholipids would form a circle with their heads in the middle

Dr. Haxton told one of his students, "To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids." What would a good student say?

yes non polar molecules are compatible with water

Glycogen is...

a polysaccharide found in animals

Which of the following functional groups is capable of regulating gene expression?

-CH3

A glucose molecule is to starch as __________.

A nucleotide is to a nucleic acid

Although the structures of the functional groups important to life (hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate) vary in chemical structure, they share one thing in common: They _____.

All are hydrophillic and increase the organic compounds water solubility

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture _____.

DNA

_____________________________ provides directions for its own replication. It also directs cell activities by providing instructions for building proteins.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

4. ______________________ have one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains and are usually found in vegetable oils.

Unsaturated fatty acids

In a hydrolysis reaction, __________. In this process, water is __________.

a polymer breaks up to form monomers.... consumed

6. The structure of DNA is a __________________, held together by the complementary base-pairing of cytosine with guanine, and adenine with thymine.

double helix

2. A fat molecule is composed of two types of smaller molecules: _____________________ and fatty acids.

glycerol

The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.

hydrogen bonds

What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?

hydrolysis

1. Lipids are diverse compounds that are grouped together because they are ____________________

hydrophobic.

Defensive proteins are manufactured by the _____ system.

immune

What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common?

low solubility in water

Which of these is a source of lactose?

milk

Shown here is a nutrition facts label for 1 cup of whole cow's milk. Which of the following is most abundant by weight in 1 cup of whole milk? (1,000 mg = 1 g)

monosaccharides

2. The monomers of nucleic acids consist of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a ______________

nitrogenous base

Nucleic acid polymers are made up of ___________ monomers.

nucleotide

Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?

olive oil

Which of these does NOT contain a structural protein?

ovalbumin

What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?

peptide

Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____.

peptide bonds

7. RNA usually consists of a single _______________________strand.

polynucleotide