Mastering Biology Chapter 4,

Chemical formula for amine

-NH2

Chemical formula for alcohol

-OH

Chemical formula for thiol

-SH

How many hydrogen atoms can be attached to carbon B?

1

How many hydrogen atoms can be attached to carbon B

1 because it already has three

How many hydrogen atoms can be attached to carbon A?

3

How many hydrogen atoms can be attached to carbonA

3 because it already has one

Which of the functional groups behaves as a base?

A

Ketone characteristic

A carbonyl group in the middle of a carbon skeleton characterizes ketones.

Which one of these is an amino group

A) NH2

Citric acid makes lemons taste sour. Which of the following is a functional group that would cause a molecule like citric acid to be acidic? (Concept 4.3) A) carboxyl B) hydrocarbon C) amino D) carbonyl E) hydroxyl

A.

The large diversity of shapes of biological molecules is possible because of the extensive presence of ____ in the molecules. (Concept 4.2) A) carbon B) sulfur C) hydrogen D) nitrogen E) oxygen

A.

The valence for nitrogen is 3 because _____. (Concept 4.2) A) that is the number of electrons needed to complete nitrogen's outermost electron shell B) the molecular mass of nitrogen is 3 C) that is the number of hydrogen bonds a nitrogen atom can form D) that is the number of electrons needed to complete nitrogen's innermost electron shell E) none of the above

A.

Which of these is a phosphate group

B

Which of these groups plays a major role in energy transfer?

B, ATP is a phosphate

The experiments of Wöhler, Kolbe, Miller, and other chemists invalidated the concept of vitalism by demonstrating that _____. Concept 4.1) A) carbon atoms were common in both living organisms and nonliving substances such as rocks and soil B) organic molecules could be produced apart from living organisms using inorganic materials C) tissues extracted from living organisms could still promote organic reactions D) one organic substance could be transformed into another organic substance E) complex organic substances are the result of a series of sequential synthetic reactions occurring in both living organisms and nonliving systems.

B.

Which of the following best describes geometric isomers? (Concept 4.2) A) They have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures. B) They differ in their spatial arrangement around inflexible double bonds. C) They are mirror images of each other. D) They are long chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms. E) They differ in the arrangement of covalent bonds and in covalent partners.

B.

Which of these is a carbonyl group

C

Which molecules show an appropriate number of bonds around each carbon atom?

C, D. E

Which statement helps most to explain why life is based on carbon compounds?

C-C bonds are as strong as C-O bonds.

Which of the following is a hydrocarbon? CCl2F2 C6H12O6 C3H8 CO2 H2CO3

C3H8

Chemical formula for aldehyde

C=O

Citric acid makes lemons taste sour. Which of the following is a functional group that would cause a molecule such as citric acid to be acidic?

Carboxyl

____ maintain the same covalent partnerships, but the atoms may be arranged differently. They differ in their spatial arrangement around inflexible double bonds.

Cis-trans isomers

Which of these functional groups is characteristic of alcohol?

D

Which of these is a hydroxyl group

D

Choose the pair of terms that completes this sentence: Sulfhydryl is to ____ as ____ is to amine. (Concept 4.3) A) carbon, nitrogen B) hydroxyl, alcohol C) ketone, amino D) thiol, amino E) aldehyde, ketone

D.

Most organic compounds contain carbon and _____. (Concept 4.1) A) oxygen B) sulfur C) phosphate D) hydrogen E) nitrogen

D.

Variations in the reactive properties of different organic molecules are most closely associated with _____. (Concept 4.3) A) the orientation of the carbon skeleton, as either ringed or linear B) the presence or absence of double bonds C) the number of carbon atoms comprising the molecule's skeleton D) the presence or absence of functional groups E) the number of asymmetric carbon atoms present

D.

Vitalism gave way to mechanism, the view that _____. (Concept 4.1) A) There was a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws. B) Carbon's ability to form four covalent bonds makes complex molecules possible. C) Bond angles are unpredictable. D) Physical and chemical laws govern living systems. E) Life on Earth began by way of abiotic synthesis of organic compounds.

D.

Which of the following is a hydrocarbon? (Concept 4.2) A) C6H12O6 B) H2CO3 C) CO2 D) CCl2F2 E) C3H8

E.

Which of these is a carboxyl group

F

Which of functional groups listed below behaves as an acid?

F, By donating hydrogen ions, carboxyl groups act as an acid.

What kind of effect does R-dopa have on Parkinson's disease?

None.

Chemical formula for carboxlyic acid

O=C-OH

How do these hydrocarbons differ

One of these hydrocarbons has a double bond.

How do these hydrocarbons differ?

One of these hydrocarbons has a double bond.

How do these hydrocarbons differ

One of these hydrocarbons has a ring structure.

How do these hydrocarbons differ?

One of these hydrocarbons has a ring structure.

How do these hydrocarbons differ

One of these hydrocarbons is branched

How do these hydrocarbons differ

One of these hydrocarbons is branched.

Chemical formula for organic phosphate

PO4

L-dopa is used to treat

Parkinson's

L-dopa is used to treat _____.

Parkinson's disease

Based on the electron configuration of the elements in the figure, which would exhibit a chemical behavior most like that of oxygen?

Sulfur. ( Oxygen (O) has two electrons in its first shell and six electrons in its valence shell. Sulfur (S) has two electrons in its first shell, eight electrons in its second shell, and six electrons in its valence shell. Atoms with the same number of electrons in their valence shells exhibit similar chemical behavior. For example, both oxygen and sulfur can form two single covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms to complete their valence shells).

structural isomers

The two molecules differ in the covalent bond relationships among their atoms.

Which of the following best describes cis-trans isomers?

They differ in their spatial arrangement around inflexible double bonds.

True or False: Enantiomers differ in biological activity.

True

Carboxyl groups act as (bases or acids?)

acids

Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base? hydroxyl phosphate amino carboxyl carbonyl

amino

NH2 is an

amino group

isomer

are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

enantiomers

are isomers that are mirror images of each other

Enantiomers are molecules that _____.

are mirror images

The replacement of the - OH of a carboxyl group with hydrogen could produce a ____ group

carbonyl

Geometric isomers are molecules that _____.

differ in the arrangement of their atoms about a double bond

Cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers) are molecules that _____.

differ in the arrangement of their atoms about a double bond.

Which of these groups is characteristic of thiols?

e, thiols are characterized by the presence of a sulfhydryl group

These molecules are _____.

enantiomers

Phosphate

energy transfer; ATP

These molecules are _____.

geometric isomers

structural isomer

have different covalent arrangements of their atoms

cis-trans isomer

have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements

Most organic compounds contain carbon and

hydrogen

Most organic compounds contain carbon and _____.

hydrogen

Alocohols are

hydroxyl

Molecules that have the same chemical formula (same numbers of each atom) but different three-dimensional shapes are called _____.

isomers

An atom of iron has the atomic number 26. This means that?

it has 26 protons and 26 electrons. (The atoms of a particular element have a unique number of protons in their nuclei, and this number is called the atomic number. Unless otherwise indicated, an atom is neutral in electrical charge, which means that its protons must be balanced by an equal number of electrons. Therefore, since the atomic number tells us the number of protons, it also tells us the number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom).

geometric isomers

molecules differ in how their atoms are arranged about a double bond.

This pair of molecules are _____.

not isomers

What functional group is commonly used in cells to transfer energy from one organic molecule to another?

phosphate

An atom has four electrons in its valence shell. What type(s) of covalent bonds is it capable of forming with oxygen?

single and double bonds

These molecules are _____.

structural isomers

thiols

sulfhydryl group

Depicted is?

the formation groups

Variations in the reactive properties of different organic molecules are most closely associated with _____.

the presence or absence of functional groups