Mastering Microbiology Chapter 14

Why may some bacteria use extracellular enzymes to form blood clots?

Blood clot can hide bacteria from the immune system.

Which of the following would be the first sign of an infection that resulted in the release of endotoxin?

Fever

What additional information would you request from those who survived the disease?

How tall are they and were the misters on when they shopped the produce aisle?

How does the protozoan Trypanosoma evade detection by the immune system?

It can change the surface antigens frequently, preventing the immune system from tracking it.

Why is a release of endotoxin into the bloodstream potentially deadly?

It can lower blood pressure and cause the patient to go into shock.

Endotoxins are also known as

Lipid A

Is Legionellosis contagious?

No. Legionellosis is not contagious.

How does a capsule help certain bacteria evade detection by the immune system?

The capsule is composed of polysaccharides that are similar to those found in the host; thus, the immune system does not recognize it as foreign.

Which is an example of vehicle disease transmission?

The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner

How are immune cells able to detect foreign pathogens?

They are able to detect structures on the surfaces of foreign cells that are not found in the host.

In the early years of microbiology, scientists often removed disease material from one patient and introduced it into other individuals in an effort to understand what caused the disease. According to Koch's postulates, what was the major flaw in their experimental process?

They did not isolate pure cultures of the suspected infectious agent

When would endotoxins be released from a bacterial cell?

When the cell dies

Some bacteria secrete chemicals that prevent the phagocytic digestion of a bacterium by interfering with the fusion of _____ to the phagosome.

a lysosome

In which of the following do the mucous membranes serve as a portal of entry for disease? a) A pathogen is introduced into the body when the person rubs the eye with contaminated fingers and the pathogen is washed into the nasal cavity by way of tears. b) Fungi digest the outer layer of the skin. c) A person is bitten by a mosquito that carries the malaria parasite. d) a pathogen crosses from the mother to the fetus by way of the placenta. e) A person receives an injection with a contaminated needle.

a) A pathogen is introduced into the body when the person rubs the eye with contaminated fingers and the pathogen is washed into the nasal cavity by way of tears.

Which of the following microorganisms actually grows inside the macrophage? a) Tuberculosis bacterium b) Shigella c) Streptococcus pneumonia d) Leishmania e) Legionella

a) Tuberculosis bacterium

The bacterium that causes tuberculosis can be expelled from the lungs by a cough and remain viable in the air for an hour or more. If a person inhales the bacteria from the air, what type of transmission has occurred?

airborne

What type of epidemiological study is exemplified in this case?

analytical

A pathogen is best described as

any microorganism that causes disease.

Which of the following would be considered a vector? a) Water containing bacteria from fecal matter b) A fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food c) Water droplets that come from a sneeze from an infected individual d) Saliva that is transmitted between individuals during kissing

b) A fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food

Which of the following would be considered a fomite? a) A fly b) An infected toy c) A tick d) Contaminated water

b) An infected toy

Which of the following is considered a major category of transmission of disease? a) Contact transmission b) Contact, vehicle, and vector transmission c) Vector transmission d) Vehicle transmission

b) Contact, vehicle, and vector transmission

Plague is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea. Which of the following best describes this mode of transmission? a) direct contact transmission b) vector transmission c) indirect contact transmission d) vehicle transmission

b) vector transmission

The fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci is found in the lungs of most people in low numbers, but in immunocompromised people it overgrows, resulting in severe respiratory problems. The fungus is best described as

both resident microbiota and opportunistic pathogen

Which of the following is a sign of disease? a) nausea b) dizziness c) fever d) headache e) cramps

c) fever

A dog develops a diarrheal disease after drinking water from a creek during a hike with his owner. Which of the following best describes this method of disease transmission? a)vector transmission b) contact transmission c) vehicle transmission d) There is not enough information to determine the mode of transmission.

c) vehicle transmission

Virulence factors allow microbes to be pathogens. This means that a bacterium with more virulence factors _____.

can more easily infect hosts and cause disease

When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter, it is considered

contact transmission

Which of the following situations is NOT a way in which a baby acquires normal microbiota? a) The baby acquires the residential microbiota in the colon after the first meal. b) Microorganisms grow in the respiratory tract after the baby's first breath. c) Microbes enter the nose and mouth when the baby is in the birth canal. d) Microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy. e) Staphylococcus epidermidis is transferred from the hospital staff to the newborn after delivery.

d) Microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of a disease process? a) convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline b) prodromal period, convalescence, incubation, illness, decline c) incubation, convalescence, prodromal period, illness, decline d) incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence e) illness, convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, decline

d) incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

Which type of toxin, when secreted, may lead to the disruption of the cells within the gastrointestinal tract?

enterotoxin

How would you classify this abrupt jump in cases of Legionellosis in Louisiana?

epidemic

The release of lipid A may lead to ____.

fever, blood clotting, inflammation, and shock

Diseases that are induced by modern medical procedures are referred to as ________ infections.

iatrogenic

A nosocomial disease is a disease acquired

in a health care facility

Fomites are

inanimate objects involved in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens.

What do we call the person determined to be the first case of a disease in an outbreak?

index case

A patient acquires an infection by touching a contaminated door handle. Which mode of transmission best describes this scenario?

indirect contact transmission

Chagas' disease is transmitted by a bug with mouthparts that penetrate blood vessels. Which type of exposure does this represent?

parenteral route

A major difference between exotoxins and endotoxins is that endotoxins are _____.

physically part of the bacterial structure

Bacterial capsules work by _____.

protecting the bacterium from engulfment

The condition called parasitism is characterized as a(n)

relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other

Symptoms are

subjective characteristics of a disease that only the patient can feel

A strain of Neisseria gonorrhea has a mutation which has caused it to lose the ability to produce fimbriae and become less virulent as a consequence. What function has this pathogen lost?

the ability to adhere to cells of the body

Hyaluronidase and collagenase both allow bacteria to _____.

invade a host's tissues. Hyaluronidase allows bacteria to pass between cells, and collagenase degrades connective tissue.