Masterminds Study Set.

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hell

If you have stygiophobia, derived from the River Styx, you have a fear of this place, so act right!

sun

If you suffer from heliophobia, a fear of this, you might be a vampire!

mass spectrometry

. In this technique, molecules sometimes lose a gamma‐hydrogen to their carbonyl group, thus undergoing beta cleavage. Top‐down and bottom‐up proteomics incorporate the tandem form of this technique. Gentle methods to prepare a sample for this procedure include (*) MALDI [MAHL-dee] and electrospray ionization. In this process, equal intensity peaks separated by two units can indicate the presence of bromine. For 10 points—name this form of spectrometry that gives the ratio of the namesake quantity to charge.

Julius Caesar

100-44 B.C. Roman general who became the republic's dictator in 45 B.C.

Wagner Act

1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining

economic growth

A 1992 paper showed that this process occurs faster in poorer countries, modified a model of it to consider human capital, and was written by Greg Mankiw ["MAN-cue"], David Romer, and David Weil. High debt levels inhibit this process, according to a 2010 paper by Carmen (*) Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff that had errors in its Excel data. Capital accumulation, population increase, and technological progress are factors in the exogenous Solow ["solo"] model of—for 10 points—what process in which an economyʹs GDP rises?

metamorphosis

A high level of JH blocks this process in insects, and unlike most chordates, sea squirts undergo this process to become sessile. Instars lead to imago in this process that includes nymph stages in the "incomplete" type. A (*) shift from bilateral to radial symmetry in starfish results from this process, which causes the disappearance of gills in tadpoles. For ten points, name this transformation process by which a juvenile caterpillar turns into an adult butterfly

Franz Ferdinand

A major cause of the first World War was the assassination of the Austrian Archduke named what?

President of the United States

A man with this position asks Seth Wright to work for him after entering a bathroom to vomit. Another man with this position murders Verna Thornton in a hospital. On one TV show, this position is held by (*) Mellie, the ex‐wife of a man who also held it and who had an affair with Olivia Pope. For 10 points—what position held by Fitz Grant on Scandal is held by former Cabinet member Tom Kirkman on Designated Survivor?

King Kong

A movie subtitled "Skull Island" featured this giant ape, who climbed the Empire State Building in a 1933 film.

recycling symbol

A number one or two inside of this symbol guarantees that a plastic item is recyclable in the United States. Glass bottles and aluminum cans are also marked with this symbol.

Spock

A planet goes boom from the Genesis device as the crew searches for this guy in the third "Star Trek" movie

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Uruk

A resident of this city rebuffs a marriage proposal by comparing a spurned lover to "a broken oven that fails in the cold" and to "a waterskin that is full of holes and leaks all over its bearer." A character leaves this city after observing a maggot falling out of a corpse's nose. According to a 2004 "version" compiled by Stephen Mitchell, this city's "ramparts gleam like copper in the sun." A translation by Andrew George opens by describing a ruler of this city as "wise in all matters" and as "he who (*) saw the deep." That ruler of this city exercises his right to primae noctis until he is challenged by a foreigner who had just spent seven nights sleeping with a temple prostitute. A ruler of this city awaits the arrival of a "wild man" after receiving a vision of an immovable meteorite. A pair of heroes travel from this city to Lebanon to defeat the guardian of the Cedar Forest. For 10 points, identify this city ruled by the two-thirds divine king Gilgamesh.

Orleans

A turning point in the Hundred Yearsʹ War came in 1429, when Joan of Arc helped to lift the siege of this French city. Joan became known as the "Maid" of this city.

16th President

Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)

Mississippi River

After Shiloh, the Union army progressed to Vicksburg, whose surrender on July 4, 1863, opened this vital river to Union control.

wolves

After being abandoned as infants, Romulus and Remus were rescued by one of these animals, who fed the twins her own milk.

New York

Albany

Dorothy Gale

Along with the daughter of King Pastoria, this character is kidnapped by Queen Coo-ee-oh. This friend of Princess Ozma travels with Nick Chopper, a woodcutter cursed to hack off his own limbs and replace them with tin parts. This character's (*) silver shoes are coveted by the Wicked Witch of the West, who tries to prevent this character from returning to Uncle Henry and Auntie Em with her dog, Toto. For ten points, name this young girl who is transported from Kansas to a magical land in L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

Shirley Jackson

An American short story author and novelist known for her works in the mystery and horror genres. Her most famous short story is "The Lottery," whose publication in The New Yorker was extremely controversial, garnering her hate mail. The story begins with village children gathering stones, foreshadowing the end result of the title event. Mr. Summers tells all of the village families to draw slips of paper from a black box, and Bill Hutchinson's has a black spot. The entire Hutchinson family then has to draw, and Tessie receives the black spot, meaning she has "won" the title event. The story ends with her yelling "It isn't fair" as the townspeople stone her to death.

O. Henry

An American short story author known for his twist endings. He included many of his stories in his collections Cabbages and Kings and The Four Million. In his story "The Gift of the Magi," the married couple Jim and Della exchange Christmas gifts. Della sells her hair to Madame Sofronie and buys a gold pocket-watch chain, while Jim sells his watch in order to buy a set of combs, rendering each other's gifts useless. O. Henry also wrote "The Ransom of Red Chief," in which Ebenezer Dorset's son, the title character, is kidnapped by Bill and Sam, who intend to hold him for ransom. However, "Red Chief" annoys his captors so much that they pay Mr. Dorset to give him his son back.

Harold

An old dog of this name lives with a fanged rabbit in James and Deborah Howeʹs novel Bunnicula ["bun-NICK"-yoo-luh]. In a picture book by Crockett Johnson, a boy with this name draws a moon with a (*) purple crayon. For 10 points—what is the name of Georgeʹs best friend in Dav ["dave"] Pilkeyʹs Captain Underpants series?

Maryland

Annapolis

Ulysses S. Grant

At the Battle of Monterrey, this man rode on the side of his horse to deliver orders while avoiding being shot. After this general ordered the assault on Fort Donelson, he demanded "unconditional and immediate (*) surrender," earning a nickname. This general was given the Army of the Potomac in March 1864. For ten points, name this Union general who, at Appomattox Court House, received Robert E. Lee's surrender and later became President.

Georgia

Atlanta

Maine

Augusta

Texas

Austin

Boron

44th President

Barack Obama (2009-2017)

North Dakota

Bismarck

Idaho

Boise

Massachusetts

Boston

Oscar Wilde

British Literature He wrote a few stories for children, including The Happy Prince. He wrote several plays, including one which involves a fraudulent scheme to build a canal in Argentina. Another play involves several rumored affairs, including one involving Lord Darlington. His most famous play begins in Algernon Moncrief's apartment. These three plays are An Ideal Husband, Lady Windermere's Fan, and The Importance of Being Earnest. Name this man whose only novel was The Picture of Dorian Gray.

Carbon

Lisbon

Candide visits this Portuguese city just after it has been struck by a devastating earthquake

Nevada

Carson City

Mary, Queen of Scots

Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.

West Virginia

Charleston

Wyoming

Cheyenne

trees

If you've got dendrophobia, a fear of these, we suggest not climbing any

Ceuta

In 1415, at Henry's urging, Portuguese troops captured this port city on the African shore of the Strait of Gibraltar; Henry was wounded in the battle. Two centuries later, when Portugal gained its independence from Spain, this city chose to remain a Spanish territory.

Utah

In 1851 Young became governor of this territory, where many Mormons had migrated.

Iraq

In 1958, this country's army was deployed to Jordan, but instead stopped in the capital and deposed this country's second king named Faisal. A "shock and awe" attack was used to begin a 2003 (*) invasion of this country that led to its dictator being pulled out of a "spider hole." This country and Syria are the two named home countries of ISIS. For ten points, name this country that was occupied by the United States after the fall of Baghdad

Martin Luther King Jr.

In 1963 he spoke of his "dream" that his children would one day "not be judged by the color of their skin"

Henderson‐Hasselbalch Equation

In Denmark, this equation is called the Bjerrum equation, since its logarithmic form was derived using Bjerrumʹs work on mass action. This equation can be used to find the isoelectric point of an amino acid or the concentration of bicarbonate in the blood. The concentration of the conjugate base is divided by that of the corresponding weak acid in what equation used to find the pH of a buffer solution?

jawbone

In Judges, Samson whomped on 1,000 Philistines with this part of an ass

the rock

In Numbers 20, after the Israelites complained, Moses smote this object twice & water came out

National Rifle Association (NRA)

In a March 2018 ad a spokeswoman for this organization holds an hourglass and states "time is running out." This organization created the childrenʹs mascot Eddie the Eagle. In 2018 Delta Air Lines announced it would no longer sell discounted tickets to members of this group traveling to its annual conference. Spokeswoman (*) Dana Loesch [lesh] and executive VP Wayne LaPierre [lah-pee-AIR] represent—for 10 points—what gun lobby organization?

Edward Snowden

In a documentary, this man is shown covering his computer with a blanket at a hotel in Hong Kong. To secretly email the journalists Glenn Greenwald and Laura Poitras [POY-truss], this man used the alias (*) "Citizenfour" ["citizen-four"]. For 10 points—name this former contractor who leaked documents from the NSA

Edward Snowden

Joshua

In an O.T. book named for Moses' successor, this man smites the Gibeonites, the Hebronites & the Eglonites

Sensirometer

In any case, object permanence is almost always established during this first of Piaget's stages of cognitive development.

Caravaggio

In one of his paintings, a man on the left has a patch worn through the right elbow of his green jacket. On the right of that painting by this artist, a bearded man wears a scallop on his lapel and a beardless Christ, dressed in red and white, sits in the center. A boy in yellow with a feather in his hat sits to the right of the title figure of a painting by this artist, which is located in the Contarelli Chapel. In that painting by this aritst, a ray of light falls on a figure pointing to himself, the title tax collector. This painter made heavy use of chiaroscuro in his style, which was known as tenebrism. For 10 points, name this Italian Baroque of The Supper at Emmaus and The Calling of Saint Matthew.

Edvard Grieg

In one of his piano pieces, the left hand continually plays two pedaled perfect fifth chords, reminiscent of a ringing bell. Another piano work by this composer begins with the quickly-repeating notes D and A, March of the Dwarfs. That piece is collected along with Wedding Day at Troldhaugen and 64 other piano works in this composer's Lyric Pieces. This man's most famous suite begins with a depiction of the rising sun in an Ibsen play, Morning Mood. For 10 points, name this composer who included "Anitra's Dance" and "In the Hall of the Mountain King" in his Peer Gynt Suite.

Audrey Hepburn

In one of this woman's roles, she played the daughter of the Larrabee family's chauffeur who goes to culinary school and falls in love with Linus. In one film starring this woman, who portrayed the title roles in Ondine and Gigi, she plays a bookshop clerk and amateur philosopher named Jo Stockton. That film is Funny Face. This actress performed the song "Moon River" as her character Holly Golightly, who started the trend of wearing a litte black dress. For 10 points, name this star of films such as Roman Holiday and Breakfast at Tiffany's.

cell wall

In plants and certain other organisms, the cell membrane is surrounded by this tougher layer that provides structural support

entropy

In quantum mechanical systems, this can be defined as the negative trace of the density matrix multiplied by the log of the density matrix. For a gas of photons, this quantity is directly proportional to the total number of photons. Pressure can be calculated as temperature times the partial derivative of this quantity with respect to volume. The Sackur-Tetrode equation gives the value of this for an ideal gas, while inverse temperature is equal to the derivative of this with respect to energy. It is generally defined as Boltzmann's constant times the logarithm of the number of microstates. FTP, identify this quantity that always increases according to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics.

American Dream

In response to the views of Merton, Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld published a book titled Crime and this idea, or the notion that people who work hard in the United States can achieve prosperity. The namesake theory suggests that this idea fosters anomie as crime is an easy way to make money fast.

swords

In the Book of Judges, Gideonʹs followers shout about one of these objects "of the Lord and of Gideon." The Book of Kells changes the word for these objects to the word for "joy" when Jesus says "I came not to bring peace, but" one of these items. During his arrest, Jesus healed a servant whose ear had been lopped off by Peter with what type of weapon that Isaiah declared shall be beaten into plowshares?

cheek

In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus says that if someone "smiteth" you here, "offer also the other"

valence

In the VSEPR [ves-per] theory of molecular geometry, the letter V stands for this term that refers to the outermost electron shell of an atom. Hydrogen can hold a maximum of two electrons in this shell while the other main group elements can hold eight.

the barber of seville

In the aria "La calunnia è un venticello," (lah cah-loo-NEE-ah ey oon ven-tee-CHEL-oh) one character in this opera suggests starting rumors about the protagonist. That employer is served by Ambrogio and Berta, and pays for a music teacher, Don Basilio. The most widely-performed piece from this opera is (*) "Largo al factotum," which is sung by the title character, who helps Count Almaviva win the hand of Rosina. For 10 points, identify this opera about Figaro by Gioachino Rossini.

The Luncheon of the Boating Party

In the center of its background, a man in a top hat with brown facial hair is turned away from the viewer, talking to a man in a cap and a brown jacket as a woman in a white top leans on a railing. The entire scene takes place under an orange-and-grey striped awning, and major figures include a woman playing with her black lapdog and a man in a white shirt and straw hat straddling a chair. For 10 points, name this painting by Auguste Renoir which also depicts copious fruit, wine, and tableware, evidence of the title meal.

William Faulkner

In this author's first Pulitzer Prize-winning work, the Generalissimo orders the execution of Corporal Zsettslani. His second Pulitzer-winning novel revolves around Lucius Priest, a resident of Yoknapatawpha County. This author wrote novels about Thomas Sutpen and about the death of Addie Bundren. For 10 points, name this American author of Absalom! Absalom!, As I Lay Dying, and The Sound and the Fury.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi)

In this book, a man tries to reduce seasickness via the "chain links strategy" of tying boats together. An editor added this bookʹs opening line explaining "the empire long divided must unite." This novel depicts the Battle of Red Cliffs. The "oath of the peach garden" commits Liu Bei to remain loyal to the Han dynasty in this novel. Wei, Shu, and Wu contend for dominance what classic Chinese novel?

preservative error

In this kind of error seen during the sensorimotor stage, a child will look for an object in the place where the child last found the object rather than the place the child last saw the object.

Wuthering Heights

In this novel, Mr Lockwood rents a manor house called Thrushcross Grange, which is rented to him by Heathcliff, the owner of the nearby title estate

Frakenstein

In this novel, a locket with a portrait of Caroline Beaufort is used as evidence to convict Justine Moritz of William's murder. A man in this novel is imprisoned in Ireland on suspicion of killing his friend Henry (*) Clerval, and mourns the death of his adopted sister, Elizabeth Lavenza, on her wedding night. The protagonist becomes a "Modern Prometheus" by animating non-living matter in, for ten points, what novel about a doctor who creates a humanoid monster, written by Mary Shelley?

October

In what month does Canada celebrate Thanksgiving?

Indiana

Indianapolis

Magnesium

It is the ninth most abundant element by mass in the universe and eighth most abundant in the Earth's crust, where it is present in minerals like olivine and dolomite. In organic chemistry, it is used to prepare the organometallic compounds important in the synthesis of alcohols known as Grignard reagents. In biology, the 2+ ["two plus"] ion of this element serves to activate ATP when bound to it, and as the coordinating ion in chlorophyll. For ten points, identify this group two element with atomic number twelve and chemical symbol Mg.

Ecuador

It's the South American country whose capital city lies the closest to 0 degrees latitude

Mississippi

Jackson

20th President

James A. Garfield (1881-1881)

object permanence

Jean Piaget claimed it could not happen before eight months old. Tom Bower showed it could happen as early as five months. Renee Baillargeon has evidence of it occurring as early as three and a half months. Name this milestone in developmental psychology in which infants learn that out of sight does not mean out of mind.

Missouri

Jefferson City

2nd President

John Adams (1797-1801)

35th President

John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)

6th President

John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)

10th President

John Tyler (1841-1845)

Alaska

Juneau

Michigan

Lansing

Lithium

Nebraska

Lincoln

South Carolina

Columbia

Ohio

Columbus

New Hampshire

Concord

Colorado

Denver

Iowa

Des Moines

Platform 9 3/4

Dobby seals off the secret entrance to the Hogwarts Express, which departs from this numbered platform.

45th President

Donald J. Trump (2017-present)

Chesepeake Bay

During World War I, the U‐Boat U‐151 laid mines in this bay off Virginia that receives the Potomac [puh-TOH-muk] River.

Shakespeare in the park

During a 1959 campaign to force these performances to charge paid admission, Robert Moses circulated an anonymous letter that accused their organizer of being a Communist. In 1987 Martin Sheen and Al Pacino [puh-CHEE-noh] appeared in one of these performances that take place at the (*) Delacorte Theater. Joseph Papp arranged the first of—for 10 points—what free outdoor performances of Elizabethan drama in Central Park?

34th President

Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)

Futurism

Dynamis of a Dog on a Leash is generally considered to belong to this art movement, whose manifesto was written by Marinetti, and whose most famous member may be Umberto Boccioni. This movement celebrated speed and technology.

enzymes

Each of the ten steps of glycolysis requires a different one of these protein catalysts to speed up the reaction. The third of these proteins, phospho-fructo-kinase, controls the overall rate of the pathway

Lord of the Flies

Early in this novel, a rule is established that only the person holding a conch ["conk"] shell may talk during group meetings. In this novel, glasses belonging to (*) Piggy are broken by the choirboy Jack. School‐aged children are stranded on an island in—for 10 points—what novel by William Golding?

Jean-Jacques David

Early works by this artist include an equestrian portrait of Polish count Stanislas Potocki. An orange-clad woman gestures toward pallbearers in his The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons, and in another work of his, Belisarius Begs for Alms. A more famous work by him shows three columns in the [*] back and crying women on the right as three Roman sons receive swords; two other works feature the limp arm of a bandaged man and an upward-pointing figure receiving hemlock. For 10 points, name this French neoclassical painter of The Oath of the Horatii, The Death of Socrates, and The Death of Marat.

Jimmy Neutron

Earth was spared thanks to this Nickelodeon "boy genius" who competed on "Intergalactic Showdown"

Beauty and the Beast

Emma Watson played a French girl who fends off the advances of Gaston ["gas"-TAHN] in this live‐action remake of a 1991 Disney film.

tapestry

Five artworks in this form depicting the senses and a sixth featuring the motto "À mon seul désir" (ah mon suhl day-ZEER) make up a series decorated in its millefleurs (MEEL-flurr) style. Seven drawings depicting scenes from the lives of St. Peter and St. Paul were created as preparatory studies for this art form by Raphael and are known as his "cartoons." By the 14th century, so many works in this art form were produced in (*) Arras (ah-ROSS), France, that the word "arras" ("heiress") came to refer to them. The Hunt of the Unicorn series and the Lady and the Unicorn series were created in this art form, which lends its name to an 11th-century work that might show Harold II taking an arrow to the eye. An embroidered work named for Bayeux is often referred to by the name of, for 10 points, what textile art form woven on a loom

Euler

For a partially ordered set, it is equal to the Mobius function of the smallest and largest elements in the set. It can be expressed as an alternate sum of Betti numbers, and Descartes theorem equates it to the number of circles in the total defect. For a two-dimensional Riemannian manifold, it is equal to the integral of the curvature divided by two pi, a result known as the Gauss-Bonnet theorem. For surfaces homeomorphic to a sphere, it is equal to 2, which is used to prove one of its namesakes' formulas. FTP, name this topological invariant often symbolized chi, that for a polyhedron is given by the number of vertices minus the number of edges plus the number of faces, a certain characteristic named for a Swiss mathematician

Kentucky

Frankfort

32nd President

Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945)

14th President

Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)

The Parthenon

Friezes removed from this building in 1812 are now housed in the British museum and are known as the Elgin Marbles. This building housed a statue that holds Nike in her right hand; that statue was created by Phidias and is a cult statue dedicated to Athena. For 10 points, name this temple with Doric columns on the Acropolis in Athens.

41st President

George H. W. Bush (1989-1993)

oxygen

Glycolysis is an anaerobic pathway because it does not require this gas to proceed. This gas is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the lungs during breathing.

Portugal

Gonc¸alo Velho [gohn-sahl vel-yo] commanded the Azores for this country, which rejected Christopher Columbus' proposal to cross the Atlantic Ocean. For ten points each, Name this European country that was ruled by the House of Aviz during its Age of Discovery

Hades

Greek god of the underworld

22nd President

Grover Cleveland (1885-1889)

24th President

Grover Cleveland (1893-1897)

Hydrogen

Triangle

Half of this shapeʹs perimeter is used to find its area in Heronʹs formula. This shapeʹs side lengths and angles are related in the law of (*) cosines [KOH-"signs"] and the law of sines ["signs"]. The interior angles of this shape add up to 180 degrees. For 10 points—name this three‐sided polygon.

Pennsylvania

Harrisburg

33rd President

Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)

Connecticut

Hartford

Helium

Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal

He was the founder of the modern Republic of Turkey and the country's first president. He rose to prominence as a commander of Ottoman forces at the Battle of Gallipoli during World War I. After the war, he dissolved the Ottoman Empire and the Islamic caliphate and created a secular nationalist state based in Ankara. Among the reforms he initiated were a Hat Law replacing the fez with Western-style hats, the adoption of family surnames, and use of the Latin alphabet for the written Turkish language.

Emily Bronte

Heights was written by this author, the sister of fellow authors Charlotte and Anne.

Montana

Helena

Arkansas

Little Rock

Wisconsin

Madison

8th President

Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)

Don Quixote

Miguel de Cervantes

chess

Mikhail Botvinnik, a world champion at this, was a teacher of Garry Kasparov

13th President

Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)

Alabama

Montgomery

Vermont

Montpelier

Nitrogen

Mowgli

Name some characters from Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book, for ten points each. This young human is adopted and raised by a wolf pack in The Jungle Book, although Shere Khan, a tiger, thinks that this human "cub" is dangerous.

Submarine

Name these ships that strike from underwater, and include the American George Washington class vessels

Rome

Name this city founded by the brother of Remus [REE-muss].

Thermodynamics

Name this field of physics. Its "second law" states that the total disorder in the universe never decreases.

Gillespie

Name this jazz trumpeter who experimented with Afro-Cuban music after idolizing Roy Eldridge, befriending Charlie Parker, and composing "Opus X" and "Groovin' High."

Candide

Name this novel that parodies the optimistic philosophy of Gottfried Leibniz ["GOT-freed" LYBE-nitz].

Tennessee

Nashville

Plastic

Nearly all of the debris that makes up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch consists of this substance. For ten points each, Name this class of synthetic polymers which are commonly used to manufacture shopping bags and soda bottles. Unlike wood or paper, this material is rarely biodegradable.

Oklahoma

Oklahoma City

Washington

Olympia

Hawaii

On August 21, 1959 it became our 50th state

Uruguay

On an alphabetical list of world nations, it comes directly before Uzbekistan

Sadie Smith

On beauty, White Teeth

Kelvin

On this third temperature scale, water freezes at 273.15 degrees. The minimum temperature on this scale is absolute zero.

Poland

One author from this country won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his book, The Captive Mind, which had been banned by the communist government of his homeland. That writer, Czełslaw Miłosz (CHES-waf ME-Wosh), also wrote a poem for a memorial to slain shipyard workers in (*) Gdansk. For 10 points, identify this country, the setting for many books by Isaac Bashevis Singer, including A Day of Pleasure: Stories of a Boy Growing Up in Warsaw.

fungi

One distinguishing feature of this kingdom of organisms is that they have cell walls comprised of chitin [KYE-tin]. These organisms contain masses called mycelia

sihkism

One leader of this religion was responsible for the building of the Harimandir, the holiest of this religion's gurdwaras. Another leader of this religion set up a community of initiates within the religion known as Khalsa. Members of that group in this religion must wear long hair, a comb, and dagger as part of the five K's. This religion's leaders have included (*) Nanak and Gobind Singh, who were two of the ten human gurus. For 10 points, name this Indian religion whose scripture is the Adi Granth and whose Golden Temple is found in Amritsar.

Kennedy

One man with this surname caused the death of Mary Jo Kopechne [koh-"PECK"-nee] in the Chappaquiddick [chap-uh-KWID-ick] incident. Another man with this surname was shot at the Ambassador Hotel. A third man with this surname was killed at (*) Dealey Plaza in Dallas. For 10 points—give this surname of Ted, Bobby, and John

Trayvon Martin

One of the events that inspired the movement was the 2013 acquittal of George Zimmerman, who shot and killed this unarmed teenager.

The Garden of Earthly Delights

One section of this work of art depicts a dark Creation in a globe populated only by plants. At the left of this work, God holds Eve by the wrist and a unicorn drinks from a pool in the middle of which sits a large pink flower-fountain. The center of this work depicts many people riding animals like deer, camels, horses and (*) griffins. On the right, a birdlike creature eats a man while excreting people from a toilet-throne. Its central section depicts a strawberry and cherry-fed orgy where naked people crawl into eggs, mollusks and even a bird. For 10 points, name this triptych by Hieronymus Bosch.

Jean-Jacques David

One work by this painter includes three figures in the left background making their way up stairs as one holds up his hand. Another painting by this man shows a man holding a paper in his left hand while drooping to the right with a (*) quill pen in his right hand. This painter depicted a man being given a goblet of hemlock and a death in a bathtub without Charlotte Corday shown. For 10 points, name this neoclassical French painter of The Death of Socrates and The Death of Marat, who painted through the French Revolution and for Napoleon.

Plato

One work written by this person includes a description of a chariot pulled by two horses, one that is noble and one that is not. Another work written by this person claims that people with true knowledge are treated as useless stargazers. This person wrote about a dinner party at which each person gives a speech about the nature of love, including a speech encouraging the guests to be lovers of wisdom. This author of Phaedrus also wrote Symposium and The Republic. Name this ancient Greek philosopher who taught Aristotle and whose dialogues often included his teacher, Socrates.

Virginia Woolf

Orlando, To the Lighthouse

Germany

Otto von Bismarck led efforts to unify various states into this country. Name this European empire formed in 1871 from Prussia and other nearby states.

Pencil and paper ready. Bob needs to find the length of each side of a square whose area is the same as a rectangle whose width is 9 and whose length is 100. By computing the area of the rectangle, then taking the square root, he computes (*) —for 10 points—what length of the squareʹs sides?

Serfs

People who once held this status had to pay a series of forty-nine "redemption payments" after it ended. A plan to end this status was announced in the Imperial Rescript and formulated by the Secret Committee. Former members of this group were given voting rights in the (*) zemstvos after they were emancipated in 1861 by Alexander II. For 10 points, name these people who were bound to the noble land on which they worked in Russia, as they were in feudal systems of medieval Western Europe.

Arizona

Phoenix

South Dakota

Pierre

Edward Thorndike

Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in intstrumental learning such as the law of effect. Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes.

Osiris

Plutarch noted that one of this god's rituals included kneading soil and water into crescent figures. Often represented by a Ram, this god's Ba was referred to as Banebdjed. Pharaohs derived symbolic authority from using this god's crook and flail. On one occasion he was carried in a Neshmet bark tomb. This god's body was put into a(*) tree trunk in Phoenicia by his brother Set, but he was revived by his sister-wife, Isis. For 10 points, name this Egyptian god of the underworld, traditionally depicted with green skin and a long beard.

Manganese

Poisoning from this element is often misdiagnosed as Parkinson's Disease, and its behavioral similarity to another metal led to its use in "wartime nickels." Alkenes can be converted into diols by a compound containing a +7 state of this element, which also includes potassium and is known for being a strong oxidizer. Four atoms of this element are found in the oxygen evolving complex in chloroplast thylakoids, and and its primary ore is pyrolusite. For ten points, identify this Group 7 transition metal often used in steel alloys, with atomic number 25 and symbol Mn.

Jane Austen

Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park

Attila the Hun

Priscus of Panium described how this ruler ate on a wooden plate at an otherwise lavish feast. This ruler launched an invasion of Gaul after Honoria sent him a ring, but it was put down on the Catalaunian Plains by Flavius Aetius. A year after this man lost the Battle of (*) Chalons [sha-lone], Pope Leo I convinced this man to spare his city. According to legend, this man died of a nosebleed. Rome was nearly sacked by, for ten points, what 5th century ruler of the Huns?

Georgia O'Keefe

Probably best known for painting close-ups of flowers and sometimes animal skulls, this wife of Alfred Stieglitz was an important figure in Southwestern Art.

Augustus Caesar

Quintus Dellius defected to this man's side prior to a 31 BCE battle in the Ionian Sea. The reign of this husband of Livia saw the beginning of the Pax Romana, which began shortly after this member of the (*) Second Triumvirate defeated the fleet of Marc Antony and Cleopatra at Actium and changed his name from Octavian. For 10 points, name this first Emperor of Rome, the namesake of the eighth month of the modern calendar.

Pluto

Roman god of the underworld

40th President

Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)

19th President

Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)

California

Sacramento

Oregon

Salem

Utah

Salt Lake City

New Mexico

Santa Fe

American Revolution

Saratoga & Yorktown are famous battles in this revolution

spear

Shaka also invented a new form of this weapon called an iklwa, that was shorter and stabbier than the traditional thrown assegai.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Shortly before his death, this man organized the Poor Peopleʹs Campaign with the SCLC ["S-C-L-C"]. He declaimed "thank God almighty, we are free at last" while speaking at the (*) Lincoln Memorial during the 1963 March on Washington. For 10 points—what civil rights leader gave the "I Have a Dream" speech? answer: Martin Luther King Jr. (or Michael King Jr.; accept MLK) <4

Oedipus Rex

Sophocles

Illinois

Springfield

What is the oldest city in the United States?

St. Augustine, Florida

Minnesota

St. Paul

Florida

Tallahassee

Canada

The Burgess Shale is found in this countryʹs province of British Columbia.

Weimar

The German Empire was succeeded by this government, which held power from 1919 to 1933. It was named for a German city.

convenction

The Stanton or Margoulis number studies one variety of this process, and the Colburn j factor equation calculates its natural variety for vertical surfaces or horizontal cylinders. The Nusselt equation calculates it for the heating or cooling of fluids outside rows of tubes perpendicular to fluid flow. For 10 points, exchange between a surface and a fluid flowing over the surface is the process of what nonradiant heat transfer method in which actual physical movement of a substance takes place, an example of which is warm air filling a room?

Fitzgerald

The unfinished The Last Tycoon was among the works of this American novelist, author of such works as This Side of Paradise, Tender is the Night, and some book narrated by Nick Carraway.

26th President

Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)

temperature

Thermodynamics defines this quantity as a materialʹs average kinetic energy. This quantity can be measured in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit ["FAIR-un-height"].

Vassar College

This liberal arts college that went co-ed in 1969 is located in Poughkeepsie

Black

This somber color is part of a nickname given to Edward of Woodstock, the English prince who won the Battle of Poitiers.

New Jersey

Trenton

Othello

William Shakespeare

The Tempest

William Shakespeare

Baloo

With the help of the panther Bagheera, this wise, sleepy, old bear teaches Mowgli and his wolf siblings the Law of the Jungle.

Arthur Weasley

With the platform gone, Harry travels to Hogwarts in a flying car owned by this member of the Weasley family.

28th President

Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)

12th President

Zachary Taylor (1849-1850)

James Meredith

became the first African-American person admitted to the University of Mississippi in 1962. Two people died in the riots sparked by his enrollment. In 1966, he began the March Against Fear, planning to walk from Memphis to Jackson. On the second day, he was wounded by a sniper; thereafter, thousands of other civil rights activists completed the march in his name.

Mordred

he is King Arthur's illegitimate son by his half-sister Morgause (they were unaware of their shared parentage), possibly making him the rightful heir to Camelot. He is best known as a traitorous figure who crowns himself King of the Britons while King Arthur is in Gaul fighting the mythical Emperor Lucius of Rome. He is also frequently linked with Queen Guinevere: some accounts say that he reported the queen's affair with Lancelot to Arthur, some say that He took Guinevere as a concubine during his usurpation of Arthur's throne, and some say that his wife was Guinevere's sister Gwenhwyfach. Arthur killed Mordred at the Battle of Camlann.

Sir Percival

he is a Knight of the Round Table who accompanies Sir Galahad and Sir Bors on the successful quest for the Holy Grail. He is one of the sons of King Pellinore. He was raised in the woods by his (unnamed) mother until he turned 15. Although he fails to identify the Holy Grail during an early encounter with the wounded Fisher King that involved a bleeding lance, he later heals the Fisher King's wound at the end of the quest. In some stories, he loves a woman named Blanchefleur, and he is named as the father of Lohengrin in many Germanic sources.

Apollo

his deity was forced to serve Admetus after killing the Cyclops that killed his son. This deity killed the sons of a certain women who boasted to this god's mother about having 14 children; that woman is Niobe. He pursued Daphne until she was turned into a laurel tree and played a lyre created for him by Hermes. For 10 points, name this Greek god of music and poetry, the twin brother of Artemis.

Existentialism

is a loosely defined movement of 19th- and 20th-century thinkers who focused on the importance of leading an "authentic" life. Many thinkers that are now thought of as "existentialists" would either not have recognized the term, as it emerged after their time, or would not have accepted it as a description of their outlook. The movement is often identified with the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, who asserted that "existentialism is a humanism." Others associated with the movement include the 19th-century Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (who wrote Either/Or), the 20th-century German philosopher Martin Heidegger (who wrote Being and Time), and Sartre's contemporary Albert Camus (who wrote The Myth of Sisyphus).

Stoicism

is an ancient Greek school that idealized freedom from emotions. It was founded by Zeno of Citium, who taught at the "painted porch" in Athens. (The name of the movement derives from the Greek word which means "porch.") An important idea was that of the "pneuma," or the "breath of life," which is the life force that structures matter and the soul. Important thinkers include Epictetus, a slave whose views were recorded by his student Arrian in the Discourses, and the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius.

Alfred Stieglitz

pioneered the artistic style of photography and founded the journal Camera Work. After a fight over the importance of pictorialism with the National Arts Club, he founded the Photo-Secession movement. The husband of painter Georgia O'Keefe, Stieglitz also founded the Little Galleries of the Photo Secession at 291 Fifth Avenue, New York City, which became known as simply "291."

The Lady of the Lake

s a character who goes by many other names, among them Nimue and Vivien. In many stories, the she is responsible for bestowing Excalibur upon King Arthur. She also gave Merlin his powers of sorcery and raised Sir Lancelot after his father's death. She is frequently associated with the isle of Avalon and is sometimes conflated with Morgan le Fay.

Leo X

the pope who excommunicated Martin Luther and who in 1521 bestowed on Henry VIII the title of Defender of the Faith (1475-1521)

Bloody Mary (Mary I Tudor)

the queen of England who preceded Elizabeth I, so named for her persecution of Protestants

Shirley Chisholm

was a Democratic politician from New York who achieved a number of firsts. In 1968, she was the first black woman elected to Congress. In 1972, she became both the first black major-party presidential candidate and the first woman to run for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination. (Margaret Chase Smith had run for the Republican nomination in 1964.) In 1970, she gave an acclaimed speech in support of the Equal Rights Amendment.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

was the president of Egypt from 1954 to 1970. As a young military commander, he helped form the Free Officers, who led a 1952 coup that overthrew Egypt's king, Farouk I. He precipitated the Suez Crisis by nationalizing the Suez Canal in 1956. He championed a pan-Arabist sentiment that eventually led to Egypt's brief union with Syria as the United Arab Republic in 1958. He oversaw Egypt's disastrous defeat by Israel in the Six-Day War (1967).

Prince

"Royal" name of the singer & guitarist who was first popular in the 1980s & performed at the 2007 Super Bowl

King Arthur

"The Once and Future King," was the son of Uther Pendragon and Lady Igraine. Uther disguised himself as Igraine's husband Gorlois to sleep with her. He wields the legendary sword Excalibur and rules the Britons from the castle of Camelot beside his wife, Queen Guinevere. The stories of him and his Knights of the Round Table are recounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regnum Britanniae, works by Chrétien de Troyes, and Thomas Mallory's Le Morte d'Arthur, among others. The different sources disagree on various details; for instance, some sources state that he received Excalibur from the Lady of the Lake, while in others he pulls the sword from a stone. After the Battle of Camlann, he gives Excalibur to his marshal, Sir Bedivere, and is taken to the isle of Avalon to die.

preamble

"We the People of the United States" declare the principles of the Constitution in the preface called this

E.E. Cummings

"somewhere i have never travelled, gladly beyond," a poem written almost entirely in lowercase

Augustus

(63 BCE - 14 CE) First emperor of Rome (27 BCE - 14 CE) He restored order and prosperity to the Empire after nearly a century of turmoil. Grandnephew to Julius Caesar.

Salt Lake City

. Like Vancouver, this city's public library was designed by Moshe Safdie. This city's "The Avenues" neighborhood gets its drinking water from City Creek, which flooded in 1983 and washed out part of U.S. Highway 89. Parks in this city include the Gilgal Sculpture Garden, the Red Butte Garden, and Temple Square, and its only major professional sports team plays in EnergySolutions Arena. The valley in which this city resides is separated from the Tooele Valley by the Oquirrh Mountains, and some of its suburbs include Woods Cross City, Bountiful, and Taylorsville-Bennion City. This home of the Pacific Coast League Bees lies at the foot of the Wasatch Range, and to its west is the Bonneville Salt Flats. For 10 points, name this capital of Utah.

Post stamps

. One of these items depicting an upside‐down airplane is called the Inverted Jenny. The study of these objects is known as (*) philately ["fill-AT-uh-lee"]. When these items retain their value despite rate increases, they are described by the word "forever." For 10 points—name these objects attached to mail.

The United States Supreme Court consists of how many judges?

31st President

Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)

Moby Dick

Herman Melville

Albert Einstein

Hermann Minkowski taught him math in the 1890s & couldn't believe it when he became a great scientist

Achilles

Hermes takes the guise of Polyctorʹs [pah-"LICK"-tor'z] son to guide one of these two men, who tells the other to "remember your own father." In Book 24 of the Iliad, these two members of the opposing sides arrange a twelve‐day truce after the return of a (*) body that one of them had dragged behind a chariot. For 10 points—name these two Homeric characters, a Greek hero and the Trojan king whose son he killed.

rain

If you have pluviophobia, the fear of this weather condition, we probably won't find you "singin' in" it

Odin

In "Gautrek's Saga", a king prays to this god for favorable wind. Name this chief Norse god, the father of Thor.

William the Conqueror

In 1075 this king defeated the Revolt of the Earls. A decade later, he ordered the compilation of the Domesday ["doomsday"] Book. The Bayeux [bye-yoo] Tapestry celebrates his greatest victory, the defeat of Harold II at (*) Hastings in 1066. For 10 points—name this leader of the Norman Conquest of England.

Mayor of San Francisco

In 1931 James Rolph resigned from this office to assume a state governorship. The first African‐American to hold this office, Willie Brown, was succeeded by his mentee, Gavin Newsom. Mark Farrell currently holds this office. George Moscone had this job in 1978 when he was shot by Dan White, who also killed Harvey Milk. Dianne Feinstein once held what elected position in a northern California city?

vice president

Along with the Chief Justice, the holder of this post is an ex oficio Regent of the Smithsonian. Following presidential elections, this officeholder is officially responsible for presiding over the counting of votes in front of Congress, though the President Pro Tempore [TEM-poh-ree] sometimes carries out that function. The holder of this post breaks ties in the Senate, as he is the acting President of that chamber. Until the 12th Amendment was passed, this position went to the runner-up in an election. Name this post, whose holder is "a heartbeat away from" becoming commander-in-chief.

The Awakening

Also by Kate Chopin is this novel centering on the unsatisfying marriage of Edna Pontellier.

J.D. Salinger

An American author best known for the novel The Catcher in the Rye. Many of Salinger's short stories featured the Glass family, including "A Perfect Day for Bananafish," in which Seymour and Muriel Glass are on vacation at a Florida resort. Seymour meets a young girl named Sybil Carpenter and talks with her about the title creatures, before returning to his hotel room and shooting himself. In "For Esmé—with Love and Squalor," the narrator Sergeant X replies to a wedding invitation with two distinct memories; in the first, he meets Esmé, an English orphan, during a church choir practice, and in the second, set during his time as a soldier in Bavaria, he receives a letter containing a wristwatch from Esmé. Both of those stories are included in Salinger's collection Nine Stories.

Ernest Hemmingway

An American author many of whose stories feature the semi-autobiographical character Nick Adams. Adams appears in "Big Two-Hearted River," in which he goes on a fishing trip to the town of Seney, Michigan. In "Hills Like White Elephants," a woman named Jig talks with a man at a train station, considering an unnamed "procedure," which is implied to be an abortion. "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" begins with the description of a frozen leopard carcass; its protagonist, Harry, is a writer who dies of gangrene while on an African safari with his wife Helen. Hemingway also apocryphally wrote a six-word story consisting of the words "For sale: baby shoes, never worn."

Beryllium

30th President

Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)

JK Rowling

Death on the Nile, Murder on the Orient Express

The Great Gatsby

F. Scott Fitzgerald

43rd President

George W. Bush (2001-2009)

1st President

George Washington (1789-1797)

Isis once forced this god to reveal his name in return for healing a snakebite. This god was the ancestor of all members of the Ennead, which included his children Shu and Tefnut and his grandchildren Geb and Nut. This god's base of worship was (*) Heliopolis, and with the help of Set, this god fends off the attack of the snake Apep as he travels across the sky in his solar barge. For 10 points, name this Egyptian sun god.

Athens

Isocrates didn't teach Iplato but did teach Timotheus, a great general for this city-state

The Russian Revolution

It ended in 1917 with Nicholas II out on his czary...

Seneca Falls Convention

It only began once a Yale professor sneaked in through one of the building's windows as no one had a key to the building itself. It grew out of discussion regarding a recently passed New York Property Rights Act. James Gordon Bennett ridiculed it in the New York Herald after its second hearing, which took place in Rochester. The only measure not to be overwhelmingly approved addressed the right to vote, though it barely passed after Frederick Douglass addressed the crowd. The organizers themselves had previously met at the World's Antislavery Convention where they had been denied seats. FTP, name this 1848 New York convention organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the first major push for women's rights.

Prohibition

It's the period, 1920 to 1933, when alcoholic beverages were illegal

15th President

James Buchanan (1857-1861)

11th President

James K. Polk (1845-1849)

4th President

James Madison (1809-1817)

5th President

James Monroe (1817-1825)

twins

James Shields and Horatio Newman's research on these people was criticized in a book by psychologist Jay Joseph on the "The Trouble with" those studies. Elyse Schein wrote a memoir about the ethics of Viola Bernard's study of these people in 1970's New York. The "three laws" of a certain field were devised by Eric Turkheimer, who is best known for his studies of these people. Probandwise ("PRO-band-wise") concordance is a measure often used when studying these people, who are described statistically using the ACE model. The University of (*) Minnesota is home to Thomas Bouchard ("boo-SHAR"), who conducted the largest longitudinal study of these people subject to the equal-environment assumption. The Mismeasure of Man discusses the studies of Cyril Burt, who was accused of falsifying data on these people to determine the heritability of IQ. For 10 points, identify these people differentiated in behavior genetic studies as monozygotic ("mono-zye-GO-tic") and dizygotic

David

Scipione Borghese commissioned a contorted and muscular depiction of this figure, which was created by Lorenzo Bernini. A sculpture of this figure which exemplifies contrapposto shows his toes within the hair of his slain enemy; that bronze sculpture was created by Donatello. (*) For 10 points, identify this figure who is sometimes shown with a slingshot, after he has killed Goliath.

Kansas and Nebraska

Stephen Douglas proposed the act that repealed the Missouri Compromise & created these 2 territories

kryptonite

Superman has problems with remnants of his destroyed planet, like the green & red varieties of this substance

vice president

The 25th amendment states under what conditions the person in this office becomes the new leader

Middle English

The Canterbury Tales are written in this form of English, which succeeded Old English during the medieval era.

Battle of Shiloh

The Confederate leader of this battle sought to defeat Grant's forces before the Army of the Ohio arrived. For ten points each, Name this two-day Civil War battle in which P.G.T. Beauregard took over as general after the death of Albert Johnston. Nearly 4,000 men died in this battle, after which the Union Army was able to advance to Vicksburg.

shale

The formation is named for this type of sedimentary rock, which is formed from clay and mud. The metamorphic [met-uh-MOR-fik] rock slate is formed from this rock.

shale

The formation is named for this type of sedimentary rock, which is formed from clay and mud. The metamorphic [met-uh-MOR-fik] rock slate is formed from this rock.

Stravinksy

The premiere of this composer's Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra featured himself at the piano, while a tone poem from the perspective of a Chinese fisherman is the subject of this man's Song of the Nightingale. The title figure makes the protagonist dance in the realm of Kaschei the Immortal, the "Infernal Dance," in one ballet by this man. In another of his ballets, a puppet comes to life. The composer of The Firebird, Petrushka, and a ballet beginning with a bassoon solo, for 10 points name this Russian composer of The Rite of Spring.

U-boats

These German submarines were used during World War I, most notably in the sinking of the Lusitania

honey bees

These animals can be harmed by the spread of Varroa mites, and their best known species is mellifera. A combination of the Nosema ceranae fungus and IIV6 virus may be responsible for their recent population decreases, called colony collapse disorder. Belonging to the genus Apis, colonies of them have female workers, male drones, and queens. For 10 points, name these insects related to wasps that pollinate flowers and live in hives.

Voltaire

This French author wrote Candide during the Enlightenment era

3rd President

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

Albany

Though it's 150 miles from the Atlantic, this capital of New York has an active port

29th President

Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)

Detroit Lions

What NFL team has hosted a Thanksgiving Day game since 1945?

swan

When Derforgaill is in this form, Cú Chulainn once hits her with a sling, though he saves her by sucking the stone out. Louhi promises to give his daughter to Lemminkäinen only if he can shoot this creature in Tuonela, the [*] underworld, in the Finnish epic Kalevala. Saraswati is often depicted sitting on a lotus or this animal. The wife of Tyndareus and mother of Helen and Clytemnestra laid eggs from which the Dioscuri came out, after she was raped by Zeus in this form. For 10 points, Leda is associated with what white, beautiful bird?

Woodrow Wilson

Who was the U.S. President when the country entered World War I after two years attempted neutrality?

Cain

Whoever kills this character is cursed by God to suffer "sevenfold vengeance." He becomes upset after God disapproves of his offerings from the soil. This man asks "am I my (*) brotherʹs keeper?" For 10 points—name this character from the Book of Genesis [JEN-uh-siss] who murders his brother Abel.

9th President

William H. Harrison (1841-1841)

Chicago

William Hale Thompson was mayor of this city where the death of Mathias J. Degan led to the execution of August Spies. In addition to that event near the McCormick factory, an event in this city saw Pigasus the Pig nominated for President by people like Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman. This city was the site of the Haymarket Square Riot and the 1968 Democratic National Convention. (*) For 10 points, name this Illinois city governed by two mayors named Daley and currently by Rahm Emanuel.

27th President

William Howard Taft (1909-1913)

25th President

William McKinley (1897-1901)

Hamlet

William Shakespeare

King Lear

William Shakespeare

Macbeth

William Shakespeare

The Russian Five

a group of young composers (Borodin, Cui, Balakirev, Rimsky-Korsakov, and Musorgsky) centered in St. Petersburg, whose aim was to write purely Russian music free of European influence

Ansel Adams

like Muybridge, gained significant fame for his photographs of Yosemite National Park, including Moon and Half Dome. With Willard Van Dyke and Edward Weston, he founded Group f/64, named after the smallest common aperture setting of cameras at the time. He also developed a method to determine the optimum exposure for a negative, known as the Zone System, enabling him to create tremendous detail within small gradation of shade in black-and-white photography.

Titration

A "checkerboard" form of this procedure is used before ELISA. An anode containing a base, an alcohol, iodine, and sulfur dioxide is employed in a form of this procedure developed by Karl Fischer, and the distinctive colors displayed when EDTA chelates metal ions contrast with those of organic dyes in the (*) complexometric form. Plots corresponding to this procedure display at least one inflection point. Requirements for mundane forms of this procedure include a buret, an indicator, and an acid or base of known concentration. For 10 points, name this procedure by which an unknown concentration is determined.

The Matrix

A character in this film notes that "ignorance is bliss" after describing the taste of a steak. While being interrogated, this filmʹs protagonist suddenly finds that his mouth is missing. Hugo Weaving appears as this filmʹs suit‐wearing, generically‐named antagonist. A (*) slow‐motion effect called "bullet time" was popularized in—for 10 points—what 1999 film by the Wachowskis [wuh-"CHOW"-skeez] that starred Keanu [kee-AH-noo] Reeves as the hacker Neo?

Triangle Inequality

A version of this inequality for numbers states that the absolute value of x plus y is less than or equal to the absolute value of x, plus the absolute value of y, no matter what x and y are. Name this inequality. Another version is that any two sides of a certain shape must have a total length longer than the other side.

Lake Victoria

Africa's largest and the world's second-largest freshwater lake by area, This Lake lies along the Equator and is shared among Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania. Located on a plateau between two rift valleys, its lone outlet is the Victoria Nile, a precursor of the White Nile. Named by the British explorer John Hanning Speke after Queen Victoria, the introduction of the predatory Nile perch in the 1950s has caused environmental degradation, sending many native cichlid species into extinction.

The Old Man and the Sea

After a long dry spell in this short Hemingway novel, Santiago catches an enormous marlin, only for it to be eaten by sharks before he can return it to shore.

dragons

After drinking the blood of one of these creatures, Sigurd gains the ability to understand the language of birds in the Volsung Saga. One of these animals was named Ladon and protected the golden apples of the Hesperides. This creature was called "lung" in China, and a Babylonian one killed by (*) Marduk was named Tiamat. Fafnir turned himself into one of these animals before being killed for his hoarded gold. For 10 points, name this mythological animal that was often represented as a flying, fire breathing lizard.

Gershwin

After one event, these people were blasted by Alcuin in a letter addressed to Bishop Hygbald. These people hid Edmund the Martyr's head in a hedge under the command of Ivar the Boneless. They comprised the personal bodyguard of Basil II as the Varangian Guard, and regularly collected preventative tributes called the Danegeld. These people formed the Great Heathen Army after razing Lindisfarne. They explored Newfoundland under Leif Ericson using their characteristic longships. For 10 points, name these Scandinavian people who carried out devastating namesake "raids" and are erroneously depicted wearing horned helmets.

vikings

Cain

After striking down his brother in Genesis, this man said, "My punishment is greater than I can bear"

Chief Joseph

Among his subordinates were Too-hul-hul-sote and this man's brother Olikut. After his capture by the U.S. Army, he was relocated to Kansas and then to the Colville Indian Reservation in Washington, where he died in 1904. His most famous accomplishment, recorded by C.E.S. Wood, came after the battle of Bear Paw Mountain. Despite his nickname of the "Red Napoleon", historians have claimed that Ollikut and Looking Glass were the true strategists of his campaign, which led the non-reservation band of his tribe from their native Wallowa Valley in Oregon to northern Montana. There he met Colonel Nelson Miles, to whom he surrendered just 40 miles away from the Canadian Border. FTP, name this Nez Perce chief who famously declared at his surrender, "I will fight no more forever."

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)

An advocate of educational equality for women, particularly in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792).

Gabon

An archaeological expedition to this country's Abanda Caves uncovered an unusual population of dwarf crocodiles whose skin turned orange due to bat guano. This country is currently battling large-scale illegal logging of its sacred kevazingo trees by Chinese companies. With its eastern neighbor, this country shares a sizable manganese deposit in the Bateke ("bah-TEH-keh") Plateau. National Geographic popularized the "surfing hippos" of this country's coastal Loango National Park, which is one of thirteen parks established by its (*) president in 2002. This country, which rejoined OPEC ("O-peck") in 2016 after withdrawing in 1995, bases its lucrative oil industry in Port-Gentil. This country's Oklo region is home to a deposit of uranium that unusually sustains its own nuclear fusion. This country borders two fellow OPEC members: Equatorial Guinea and the Republic of the Congo. For 10 points, name this central African country once led for over four decades by Omar Bongo from Libreville.

George Orwell

Animal Farm and 1984

7th President

Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)

17th President

Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)

senators

Article 1 gave state legislatures the power to elect these officials; the 17th amendment overrode that

pointilism

Artists Georges Lemmen and Henry-Edmund Cross frequently used this technique, which was also used in the painting Portrait of Félix Fénéon, which is by Paul Signac. Closely associated with Neo-impressionism, this technique was also used to create a work depicting several people holding umbrellas, including a woman with a pet monkey. That work is by Georges Seurat and is titled (*) A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte. For 10 points, name this painting technique in which small dots are grouped together to form a larger picture.

As the Vietnam War raged & men were drafted who couldn't vote, the 26th amendment made the voting age this

Discourse on Method

At one point in this work, the author likens distinguishing true and false rules of logic to creating a Diana or Minerva out of a block of marble. Earlier, the author proclaims that cities built by single architects are better and nicer than cities built by a series of different architects. In its fifth section, the author reveals his deep interest in medicine by proposing that blood vaporizes in the heart and keeps the body running. Originally published along with three essays on Optics, Meteorology, and Geometry, in its second section, the author resolves not to accept anything without confirming its truth beyond doubt, which is the first of his four rules for "rightly conducting the reason." For ten points, in what 1637 work does Rene Descartes claim "I think, therefore I am"?

Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley

Author of Frankenstein

Luisiana

Baton Rouge

The Arnolfini Wedding

Below the central chandelier in this painting are the artist's signature and a declaration in Latin that the artist was there to witness the titular event, as shown by the images of himself and a priest reflected in a convex mirror below. A small terrier stands between the two main figures, a man in a black garment and a large hat and a woman in a white veil and green dress, who looks as if she may be pregnant. For 10 points, name this Jan van Eyck painting showing the nuptials of an Italian couple.

23th President

Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)

books

Bibliophobia, a fear of these, might hurt you if you want to continue your studies

42nd President

Bill Clinton (1993-2001)

Wilhmen II

Bismarck was dismissed by this last German emperor, who abdicated in 1918

The Last Supper

Carved ceiling figures extend nearly halfway to the floor as a man takes a bowl from a woman at a bucket of water in one version of this event. Another painting, originally intended to depict this scene, was retitled to a setting at the house of Levi. In addition to those works by Tintoretto and Veronese, another of these paintings contains a mysterious knife and separates the figures into three groups, with the central one wearing blue and red and one side of the table unoccupied. For 10 points, name this Biblical scene, also painted by Leonardo.

Moby Dick

Characters in this novel include the Zoroastrian Fedallah, a Native American called Tashtego, and a South Sea islander named Queequeg. This novel's narrator begins by telling the reader to "call me Ishmael" and ends up clinging to a coffin when the captain of the Pequod and all but one of his crew are drowned. For 10 points, Herman Melville wrote what novel about Ahab's quest for the white whale?

Jane Eyre

Charlotte Bronte

21st President

Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)

Ronald Reagan

Congress overrode this presidentʹs veto of a bill punishing South Africa for apartheid ["apart-hide"]. The situation of U.S. medical students at St. Georgeʹs University led this man to order Operation Urgent Fury, the invasion of Grenada [greh-NAY-duh]. Oliver North testified that this manʹs administration funded (*) Nicaraguan rebels via illegal arms sales to Iran. For 10 points—what president told Mikhail Gorbachev [GOR-buh-choff] to "tear down this wall"?

Vanadium

Contrary to popular belief, the element with symbol V is not vibranium. For ten points each, V is actually the symbol for this element, number 23, that is used as a catalyst in the production of sulfuric acid

Grand Slam

Dave Niehaus associated one of these events with rye bread and mustard while broadcasting for the Mariners. A 2006 Mets-Cubs game saw two of these events occur in the sixth inning due to outfielders Cliff Floyd and Carlos Beltran, and that year also saw Travis Hafner tie Don Mattingly's single-season record with six, whereas Lou Gehrig retains the career record with twenty-three. A play which earns four points for the hitter's team, For 10 points, name this baseball play in which a player hits a home run with the bases loaded.

Deleware

Dover

Battle of the Bulge

During this battle, the "twin villages" of Krinkelt and Rocherath ere defended by the 2nd Infantry Division on the approaches to Elsenborn Ridge. At the crisis of this battle, Anthony McAuliffe gave the commander of the 47th Panzer Corps the short message "nuts!" and refused to surrender BAstogne. Name this abttle that started on December 16th, 1944, in which the Germans tried to split Allied lines.

War of 1812

During this conflict, one side's forces were repulsed in the Battle of Queenston Heights, though the other side suffered the loss of their general Isaac Brock. Brock earlier refused to give ground in confronting Isaac Hull, leading to Hull's surrender of Detroit and the subsequent Battle of Fort Dearborn. The only permanent territorial gain for the United States was the port of Mobile, Alabama. All other gains and losses in this war were nullified by the Treaty of Ghent. For 10 points, name this war with the battles of Lundy's Lane and New Orleans, which was named for the year in which it began.

Hundred Years War

During this war, John II of France was ransomed after being captured at the 1356 Battle of Poitiers. Name this war between France and England that actually lasted for more than a century.

Lord of the Flies

rhinoceros

Elasmotherium [uh-LAZ-moh-theer-ee-um] was a genus [JEE-nus] of these animals that grazed the steppe ["step"] of Ice Age Siberia. Kaziranga [kaz-ee-RAHN-guh] National Park in Assam [ah-SAM] is a sanctuary for the "Great Indian" species of these odd‐toed ungulates [UN-gyoo-letz]. (*) For 10 points—poachers often target what animals known for their keratinaceous ["CARE"-uh-tin-ay-shus] horns?

Profit

Frank Knightʹs magnum opus argues that this quantity cannot be eliminated by competition due to the persistence of risk and uncertainty. This quantity is maximized at the point where "MR equals MC." Opportunity cost is factored into the (*) "economic" type of this quantity, but not the "normal" type. Neoclassical economics usually assumes that firms maximize—for 10 points—what value equal to "revenue minus cost"?

38th President

Gerald R. Ford (1974-1977)

bebop

Gillespie and Parker are leaders of this movement in jazz based on harmonic improvisation, fast tempos, irregular phrases, and small groups.

Martin Luther King Jr

He was a Baptist minister and the most prominent leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and '60s. He delivered the "I Have a Dream" speech at the 1963 March on Washington. As leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), he joined with members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to organize the Selma-to-Montgomery marches. His leadership of the Poor People's Campaign was cut short in 1968 when James Earl Ray assassinated him at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis.

sophocles

He was famous for a ball-juggling act that he performed in the play Nausicaa but his relatively weak voice caused him to leave acting and concentrate on writing. Among his characters are Deianira, the wife of Heracles in The Women of Trachis and the loyal slave Tecmessa in Ajax. _FOR 10 POINTS—_name this Greek playwright who capped off a trilogy with Antigone.

Langston Hughes

He wrote the libretto for an opera about Jean-Jacques Dessalines, The Troubled Island. A young man named Roger attempts to snatch the purse of a middle-aged widow and is rewarded with nothing but kindness in this man's short story "Thank You, Ma'am", while his other short fiction includes a series of works about a man named Simple and "Laughing to Keep from Crying." Poems such as "The Panther and the Lash" appear in his collection The Weary Blues. For 10 points, name this Harlem Renaissance poet of "Montage of a Dream Deferred" and "The Negro Speaks of Rivers."

Gericault

His late work consisted of a series of portraits including The Woman with a Gambling Mania and The Kleptomaniac, which he painted for a psychiatrist friend. A visit to the titular location and his fascination with Michelangelo inspired The Race of the Barberi Horses, and he showed an officer in a black cap holding a sword as his horse rears up on its hind legs in his first work. His most famous work was painted after studying several bodies in a morgue, and consists of several figures writhing on the title object as two of them wave red and white cloths. FTP, name this Romantic painter of The Charging Chasseur and a depiction of the survivors of a maritime disaster near Senegal, The Raft of the Medusa.

Michelangelo Buonarroti

His teacher Ghirlandaio frescoed the Sistine Chapel's north wall; he frescoed the ceiling

The Iliad

Homer

Pearl River

Hong Kong and Macau lie on the delta of this third-longest river in China, which was formerly known as the Canton River and empties into the South China Sea.

Hawaii

Honolulu

Battle of Kadesh

Hugo Winckler discovered tablets in Boghazkoy that described peace negotiations after this battle. The Poem and the Bulletin describe this battle in great detail, and after this battle was finished, its winner sacked Dapur and Tunip. Two Shasu spies were captured during this battle, which saw mercenaries from the Amurru and (*) Ptah divisions force one side to retreat across the Orontes River. After this battle, Muwatalli II and its victor signed the first-ever recorded peace treaty. For 10 points, name this largest chariot battle which saw Ramesses the Great defeat the Hittites.

Baltic Sea

In 2012 an unknown disk-shaped object was found on the floor of this sea. Arms of this sea include the Gulf of Riga and Gulf of Bothnia. The Kiel (KEEL) Canal bypasses Kattegat (KAH-teh-gaht) Bay and Skagerrak (SKAH-geh-rahk) Strait to connect this sea to the North Sea. Germany and Poland are on its southern shore. For 10 points, name this sea bordered by Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, its namesake "States," as well as Finland and Sweden.

Dubai

In 2013, this city opened the world's largest natural flower garden, the Miracle Garden. The Al Shindagha Tunnel under this city's namesake creek links it with the Al Ras community. The Business Bay is a district in this city which is home to Port Rashid. The Palm Islands are two artificial islands off the coast of this city, which contains an artificial (*) archipelago in the shape of a world map. This city is home to the world's largest shopping mall as well as a supposed "seven star" hotel built in the shape of a sail. For 10 points, name this city on the Persian Gulf in the United Arab Emirates that is home to the world's tallest building, the Burj Khalifa.

Montana

In 2017 a special election in this U.S. state was lost by the writer of the country song "America . . . Pass It On," which was first‐time Democratic candidate Rob Quist. A controversial contract to repair Puerto Ricoʹs [PWAIR-toh REE-koh'z] power grid was awarded to a company from this state called (*) Whitefish Energy, which is based in the hometown of Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke [ZING-kee]. For 10 points—name this Western state governed from Helena [HEL-uh-nuh].

sex determination

In C. elegans ["C" EL-uh-gahnz], this process is regulated by the XOL‐1 [X-O-L-"one"] Switch protein. In Drosophila [droh-SAH-fuh-luh], it is regulated by alternative splicing of the Transformer mRNA. A feedforward loop of Sox9 [socks-nine] is required by one form of this process. In reptiles, (*) temperature‐dependent changes in the activity of aromatase [uh-ROH-muh-tace] govern this process. This process occurs when the SRY [S-R-Y] gene produces TDF [T-D-F], causing Wolffian [WOLF-ee-in] ducts to form the vas deferens. For 10 points—name this process by which a zygote becomes male or female.

snails

In Frida Kahlo's painting "Henry Ford Hospital", a torso, a fetus and one of these animals float above Kahlo's bedridden body. Many species of these animals stab one another with a "love dart" during mating. Ryan Reynolds voiced one of these animals whose DNA gets mixed with nitrous oxide in 2013 film "Turbo". Name these slow, shelled gastropods served in restaurants as escargot.

Moby Dick

In this novel by Herman Melville, Captain Ahab goes on a mad quest to get revenge on the title white whale.

Peter

In an often‐omitted scene from Romeo and Juliet, a Capulet ["CAP"-yoo-let] servant of this name argues with musicians. This is the first name of the man who helms the production of Pyramus and Thisbe [PEER-uh-muss "and" THIZ-bee] in A Midsummer Nightʹs Dream. A mother swears she "saw a face at the (*) window" at the beginning of a 1904 play about a boy with this first name. For 10 points—what is the first name of the flying boy who guides Wendy Darling to Never Land?

Paradise Lost

In book one of this work, the word Pandemonium is first used to describe Satan's palace. Satan eventually tricks Uriel into letting him escape, and he makes his way to earth to tempt mankind. The archangel Michael leads mankind out of the garden in, for 10 points, what John Milton epic poem that chronicles the fall of Adam and Eve?

Hannibal Hamlin

In his best known role, this man's greatest act was to select Gideon Welles as Secretary of the Navy. As a member of the U.S. Senate, this man strongly argued against the practice of flogging in the navy. He died in 1882, shortly after returning from Spain as U.S. Minister, his last political post. After failing to win renomination, he briefly served as the Collector of the Port of Boston. He had previously served for one month in 1856 as the first Republican governor of Maine. After a successful stint in his most famous post, he was dropped by his new party in favor of southern Democrat Andrew Johnson. FTP, name this first vice-president of Abraham Lincoln from 1861 to 1865.

Tennessee Williams

In one play by this author, Jim breaks a unicorn figurine belonging to Laura Wingfield. In another of his plays, the line "I have always depended upon the kindness of strangers" is spoken by (*) Blanche DuBois [doo-BWAH]. For 10 points—name this author of The Glass Menagerie [muh-NAZH-uh-ree] and A Streetcar Named Desire

pragmatism

In one work associated with the "neo" variety of this philosophical movement, the author criticizes a reliance on the correspondence theory of truth in Analytic philosophy. That work is Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature by Richard Rorty. The founder of this branch of philosophy described four methods to overcome the titular "Fixation of Belief" in one essay; that man is Charles Peirce. In one work advocating this philosophy, it is described as "A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking." For 10 points, name this philosophy that advocated practical knowledge, championed by men such as John Dewey and William James.

Brahms

Switzerland

In this country, a "lion monument" lies in the cliffs surrounding Lake Lucerne [loo-SERN], which borders three cantons ["CAN"-tunz]. This countryʹs southern border with Italy extends through the (*) Matterhorn mountain. Bern is the capital of—for 10 points—what Alpine ["AL-pine"] country whose most populous city is Zürich

Carmina Burana

In this cycle's twelfth song, "Olim lacus colueram," the tenor and the bassoon perform at an abnormally high register to recreate the wailing of the unfortunate roasted swan. The beginning and ending pieces are identical, with the choruses singing at a slightly different rhythm from the orchestra in imitation of a turning wheel. For 10 points—name this work based on thirteenth-century poems including "O Fortuna," written by Carl Orff.

Ender's Game

In this novel, Major Imbu discusses the murder of Stilson while Bonzo's body is being transported back to Spain. Two siblings in this novel adopt the screen names Demosthenes and Locke to gain political influence, and one of them becomes the (*) Hegemon of Earth. At the end of this novel, the title character meets Mazer Rackham and wins the Bug War. For ten points, name this novel about a young title military genius, written by Orson Scott Card.

The Arnolfini Wedding

In this painting, a figure of St. Margaret emerging from the belly of a dragon is carved into a wooden chair. A cherry tree is visible outside the window. A rosary and brush are seen in the background, and above hangs a brass chandelier with a single lit candle. A pair of wooden clogs and a brown dog are near the bottom of this painting, which also features a convex mirror showing the artist and a priest. The man wears a fur-trimmed coat while the woman wears a green dress. For 10 points, name this portrait of an Italian merchant and his wife, by Jan van Eyck.

2001

In this year, the U.S. simulated a biological attack in Operation Dark Winter and Balbir Singh Sodhi [BAHL-beer "sing" SOD-hee] was killed in a hate crime. The FBI concluded that a crime in this year was masterminded by Bruce Ivins. Ari Fleischer [FLY-shur] claimed the word (*) "in" was not in a memo sent in this year to a president during a month‐long vacation to Texas. The Battle of Tora Bora was fought in this year, during which two senators received mail containing anthrax. For 10 points—in what year did 9/11 ["nine eleven"] occur?

Retina

In vertebrates, this structureʹs nerve fibers are inverted compared to cephalopods [SE-fuh-luh-"pods"]. This structureʹs outermost cells are classified as "on‐center" or "off‐center" based on the properties of their receptive fields and receive input from (*) amacrine ["AM"-uh-krin] and bipolar cells. The lateral geniculate [jen-TIK-yoo-let] nucleus is linked to the ganglion cells of this structure, in which the protein rhodopsin [roh-DOP-sin] is activated by photoisomerization ["photo-eye"-SAHM-ur-ih-ZAY-shun] of vitamin A. Rods and cones are found in—for 10 points—what rearmost part of the eye?

kamikaze

Instruments for its use include the Kaiten, the Peggy, and the Sally, and the missiles developed for it were known as baka, or "fool." Deriving its name from a fortuitous event which dispersed a Mongol invasion fleet in 1281, it was most prevalent at the Battle of Leyte Gulf. For 10 points—name this practice which killed five thousand shipmen at Okinawa, a Japanese suicide tactic of World War II.

39th President

Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)

Invisible Man

Kaleidoscopic novel written by Ralph Ellison that forcefully accentuated the problem of alienation by using a black narrator who is struggling to find and liberate himself in the midst of an oppressive white society.

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

36th President

Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)

Beethoven

Mozart & Haydn each taught this composer, briefly; maybe he just wouldn't listen

Mugabe

Name this former dictator of Zimbabwe who was deposed in a 2017 coup dʹétat [koo day-TAH]

Dobby

Name this house elf who prevents Harry from boarding the train back to school.

Brigham Young

Name this religious leader who succeeded Joseph Smith as the head of an American church.

Bringham Young

Name this religious leader who succeeded Joseph Smith as the head of an American church.

cell membrane

Name this structure that surrounds all cells.

The Luncheon of the Boating Party

On the right of this painting, a man in a yellow hat with orange rim looks towards a woman in blue who is holding both her brown-gloved hands on her cheeks. In the upper center, a man in a black top hat and suit faces away from the viewer, while in front of him a woman in a flowered yellow hat is holding a drink to her lips. In the lower left of this painting the woman who is seated at a table playing with a small dog is the artist's future wife. At the left of this painting, a bearded man in a white sleeveless shirt leans against the railing of the balcony. The location depicted is the Maison Fournaise, while the man in the lower right is artist Gustave Caillebotte. FTP, name this work showing a restaurant overlooking the Seine, an Impressionistic painting by Renoir.

Poland

One author from this country wrote a novel in four parts titled after seasons about the Boryna family and Jagna entitled The Peasants. A work of nonfiction by a poet from this country begins with a discussion of the Murti-Bing pills in a novel entitled Insatiability by an author from this country. That nonfiction work is The Captive Mind. Another author from this country wrote a trilogy of historical novels including With Fire and Sword, as well as one that sees the victory of King Jagiello over the title group at Grunwald. That author of The Knights of the Cross is better known outside this country for a novel about Nero's Rome, Quo Vadis. For 10 points, name this home to Czes?aw Mi?osz and Henryk Sienkiewicz.

Epic of Gilgamesh

One character in this work tells his wife to bake a loaf of bread every day to prove that the title character fell asleep. The protagonist of this work gets a plant from the bottom of the ocean but has it stolen by a serpent. One character in this work is sentenced to death after he and the protagonist kill Humbaba and the Bull of Heaven. The protagonist of this work is two-thirds divine and grieves for his friend Enkidu while seeking immortality. For 10 points, name this Mesopotamian epic found on twelve tablets.

Apocalypse

One figure involved in this event is drunk with the blood of saints. During it, seven vials are poured by seven angels in order to wreak havoc. It is set to take place on the Hill of Megiddo. Death, Famine, War, and Pestilence are the "Four Horsemen" of this event. For 10 points, identify this Biblical event where the forces of good and evil will do battle one last time.

potential energy

One form of this concept is equal to the product of charge and voltage. For a spring, this quantity is given by one-half times the spring constant times the square of the distance from equilibrium. The gravitational form of this quantity is equal to an object's weight times its height. For 10 points, give this "stored" energy that is converted into kinetic energy.

Carbon

One form of this element was isolated by Andre Geim [ghyme] and Konstantin Novoselov [nah-VOH-suh-lawf], winning them a 2010 Nobel Prize. This element makes up (*) buckyballs, which are fullerenes [FUL-er-eenz]. It also comprises namesake "nanotubes" [NAN-oh-"tubes"] and graphene ["GRAPH"-een]. For 10 points—name this element found in all organic compounds

Kennedy

Stevenson

One novel by this author features the murder of the doctor Danvers Carew. The central event of another of this author's novels is perpetrated by the captain of the Covenant, Hoseason, at the behest of the unscrupulous uncle Ebenezer. This author wrote the sequel Catriona to follow that work about David Balfour, which was entitled Kidnapped. In another of this man's novels, Israel Hands attempts to kill Jim Hawkins, who outsmarts Long John Silver's pirates. For 10 points, name this creator of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and writer of Treasure Island.

Sweeden

One novel written by a native of this country focuses on a retired public school teacher living in Vastmanland and is entitled Death of a Beekeeper. An author from this country wrote about the twenty- six inch tall strangler of Jehosaphat in The Dwarf, and penned a novel set after the crucifixion of Jesus, Barabbas. This country is home to the playwright of The Ghost Sonata and Miss Julie, as well as Lars Gustaffson, Selma Lagerlof, and Par Lagerkvist. For 10 points, name this home country of August Strindberg, where the Nobel Prize in Literature is awarded in Stockholm

Songs of Innocence

One poem in this collection describes the laughter of "Old John, with white hair," who watches children play at the title location, and another celebrates "Mercy, Pity, Peace, and Love," which it calls "the human form divine." In addition to "The Echoing Green" and "The Divine Image," this collection contains a poem that urges readers to "cherish pity, lest you drive an angel from your door," "Holy Thursday," and an introduction in which a boy urges the speaker, "Piper, sit thee down and write / In a book, that all may read." In another poem from this collection, the speaker wonders at the title figure's "clothing of delight," asking the title creature, "Dost thou know who made thee?" FTP, identify this collection containing "The Lamb," paired by its author William Blake with Songs of Experience.

Mars

Remus and his brother Romulus [RAHM-yoo-luss] were the sons of Rhea Silvia [RAY-uh SIL-vee-uh] and this Roman deity.

Rhode Island

Providence

Oklahoma

Pruitt previously served as attorney general for this state. A senator from this state, Jim Inhofe [IN-hawf], infamously used a snowball as evidence that global warming was a hoax.

North Carolina

Raleigh

The Night Watch

Rembrandt van Rijn. The centerpiece of the collection of the Netherlands' Rijksmuseum, this painting depicts a schutterij, a type of civic guard common in Dutch Golden Age cities. The militia company is led by Frans Banning Cocq, who is depicted in black with a red sash, and his lieutenant Willem van Ruytenburch, dressed in yellow. Other standout figures in the painting include a small woman in a yellow dress who carries a dead chicken, a symbol of the militia company. The painting is enormous, measuring nearly 12 feet high and 14 feet wide; it was even wider before it was cut down in the 18th century to fit in the Amsterdam Town Hall.

Florence

Residents escaping the Black Death in this city tell 100 stores in the Decameron. This city on the Arno River is the site of Uffizi Gallery and was dominated by the Medici family. Name this Italian city often considered the birthplace of the Renaissance.

37th President

Richard M. Nixon (1969-1974)

Virginia

Richmond

John Quincy Adams

Seen here, he was the earliest president ever to be photographed, & the first to have a middle name

fishing

Some Sri Lankans perform this activity while sitting on single‐poled stilts. People illegally use squirt bottles of sodium cyanide for this activity in the Philippines. Traditionally, Irrawaddy dolphins were trained to aid in this activity. Tokyoʹs Tsukiji \ market sells products of this activity. Aquaculture in hatcheries may someday bring an end to what economic activity carried out with nets and hooks?

Cats

Terry Pratchett created one of these animals named "The Amazing Maurice." One of these animals often accompanied the James Bond villain Ernst Stavro Blofeld. What kind of animal was the Hanna‐Barbera cartoon character Tom, who often pursued Jerry, a mouse?

Jane Eyre

Thanks to Mr. Lloyd's suggestion, the title character is sent to Lowood prior to being hired by Mrs. Fairfax to work with Adele Varens. Reverend St. John Rivers takes in the title character after she wakes up and sees her wedding veil torn to shreads, and it is revealed that the third-floor resident, Bertha Mason, was currently married to her fiancée. The title governess eventually returns to Thornfield Hall and marries Mr. Rochester at the end of, For 10 points, which novel by Charlotte Bronte?

Voting

The "Silent Sentinels" were imprisoned in 1917 for trying to do this. Earlier, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony campaigned for the right of women to do it. For 10 points—name this act which, in 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to do.

Baltimore, Maryland

The Black Lives Matter activist DeRay Mckesson [deh-RAY mik-KESS-un] unsuccessfully ran for mayor of this city, where protests broke out after the death of local resident Freddie Gray.

ligament

The Brostrom procedure is used to repair a certain type of these structures. Name these structures that connect bones to each other, contrasted with tendons.

Brazil

The Jurua, the Japura & the Tapajos Rivers all flow into another much larger river in this country

Mary Shelly

The Last Man and Frankenstein

egyptian pyramids

The Lepsius list catalogues 67 of these structures, including an unfinished one at Meidum and a "Headless" one rediscovered in 2008. Six of these structures are in a complex where the Dream Stela was displayed. Their evolution from mastabas is demonstrated by one at Saqqara, and one of them dedicated to Menkaure has had its limestone covering stolen off of it. The "Bent" and "Step" ones are smaller than those ordered by Khufu and Khafre. For 10 points each: name these buildings which inspired I.M. Pei's addition to the Louvre, burial structures whose "Great" example in Giza is the last remaining Wonder of the Ancient World.

Niagara Falls

The Maid of the Mist is a fixture at this natural wonder located about 20 miles north of Buffalo

Venice

The Murano Glass Museum is located in this city, which is served by buses called vaporettos. One structure in this city was so named because it provided criminals their last sight of the city before their death, while another structure consists of two inclined ramps leading to a portico. This city home to the Bridge of Sighs and the (*) Rialto has a primary traffic throughway with a reverse S-shape. Its most famous public square actually has the shape of a trapezoid. That square connects St. Mark's Basilica to the Doge's Palace. It is located on a lagoon where the Po River empties into the Adriatic. For ten points, identify this Italian city famous for its gondolas and canals.

Wagner Act

The Taft-Hartley removed some of the powers of labor unions granted by this major 1935 New Deal era labor law.

glycolosis

The Warburg effect is a tenfold increase in this process in malignant cancer cells compared to normal cells. For ten points each, Name this pathway, the first stage of cellular respiration, that converts glucose sugar to pyruvate in the cytoplasm. This process is usually followed by the Krebs cycle.

Hadyn

The andante second movement of a piece by this composer opens with the theme "C‐C‐E‐E‐G‐G‐E." Two muted violins are left playing after the other performers extinguish candles at the end of a symphony by this man, signaling his departure from the familyʹs palace. A loud G‐major chord meant to "make the ladies jump" is included in a work by—for 10 points—what composer of symphonies nicknamed Farewell and Surprise?

pendelums

The approximation for the period of these objects must include an infinite expansion when dealing the large amplitude variety of this object. Chaotic systems can be displayed by setting a large one of these into motion. The period of the (*) simple type of this object equals two pi times the square root of its length over gravity. One type of this object is used to show the rotation of the earth and is named for Foucault (foo-KOH). For 10 points, name this physical object often demonstrated using a swinging mass suspended by a string.

the bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments, called this, establish every citizen's basic civil liberties

Batman

The first spinoff of The Lego Movie ["LEG-oh movie"] was named after this characer voiced by Will Arnett [ar-NET].

Knights

The first story in The Canterbury Tales is told by a man identified by the name of this occupation. Other people with this occupation sat at a Round Table in Camelot

cones

The gene for BCP, a protein expressed in these cells, is found on chromosome 7, while two other related molecules, GCP and RCP, have high sequence homology and have genes in the X chromosome. Edwin Land wrote ratiometric equations for them, and they connect one on one to midget cells of the inner plexiform layer via bipolar cells. They lie mostly in a pitted region free of cell bodies and blood vessels, dependent on the choroid and pigment epithelium for metabolism. For ten points, name these cells with high acuity but low sensitivity found in the fovea of the retina, which as hypothesized by Thomas Young come in red, green, and blue varieties, as opposed to rods.

volume

The letter V also appears in the ideal gas equation, P V equals N R T, representing this quantity that can be measured in liters. This quantity is directly related to temperature by Charles' law.

Ferguson, Missouri

The movement gained further traction after the killing of Michael Brown, prompting demonstrations in this Missouri city where Brown died.

Sing Sing

The museum for a N.Y. prison known by this double-talk name includes a replica electric chair made by prisoners

Lolita

The narrator of this novel refers to his favorite drink, gin and pineapple juice, as his "pin," and at one point he mishears the name of Hourglass Lake, where Jean Farlow sees the limousine driver Leslie skinny-dipping. Mona Dahl plays a poet opposite the title character's Diana in a play put on in Beardsley, and after leaving Beardsley the narrator constantly sees a man who resembles his cousin Gustave Trapp. The title character is delighted to discover that the play she appears in shares its name with a hotel she once stayed at, The Enchanted Hunters, and she ends up marrying Dick Schiller, but it is the playwright Clare Quilty whom the narrator goes to murder. FTP, identify this novel featuring Dolores Haze and Humbert Humbert, written by Vladimir Nabokov.

Fibonnaci Sequence

The nth of these numbers is the quantity 1 plus root 5 to the n, minus the quantity 1 minus root 5 to the n, all over 2 to the n times root 5. In the book Liber abbaci [LEE-bair ah-BAH-chee], these numbers are used to model rabbit populations. The (*) ratio of the n‐plus‐first term of these numbers to the nth approaches the golden ratio. For 10 points—name this sequence in which each value after the first two [pause] is the sum of the prior two values

Red Badge of Courage

The protagonist of this novel suffers a head wound when asking for news from a retreating column. His friend Wilson cares for that head wound after his return to camp, a kindness the protagonist had not shown for the "Tattered Man" and Jim Conklin after they earned the titular mark. For 10 points, identify this novel that follows Henry Fleming as he participates in the Civil War, a work by Stephen Crane.

fossils

The rocks of the formation contain many of these preserved remains of prehistoric plants and animals.

temperature

The smaller the color index of a star, the greater will be this quantity, which can also be determined from peak emission wavelength using Wien's law. Either spectral class or this quantity is plotted on the horizontal axis of the (*) H-R diagram. Sunspots appear dark because of a lower value for this than the surrounding surface. Axial tilt gives planets a seasonal change in this quantity, which averages just 2.7 kelvins in interstellar space. For ten points, identify this quantity that must reach 15 million degrees Celsius to begin fusion at a star's core.

The Rolling Stones

The song "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" by this band was a No. 1 hit way back in 1965

Illinois

The southern third of this state, which is known as "Little Egypt," contains the Shawnee National Forest. This state is bounded by the Mississippi and Wabash [WAH-"bash"] Rivers. Its most populous city is on (*) Lake Michigan. For 10 points—name this Midwestern state whose cities include Chicago.

Stephen Hawkings

The temperature named for this person is similar to the Unruh [un-ruh] Temperature, though it is based on gravitational field strength rather than acceleration. He worked closely with Roger Penrose, applying Penrose's work on singularities to the state of the universe before the Big Bang. This person's later work led to predictions that Black Holes would eventually use up their energy and vanish because they emit his namesake radiation. Name this scientist who suffers from ALS and wrote A Brief History of Time.

Euclid

The triangle inequality appears in this ancient Greek mathematicianʹs textbook Elements

vectors

The triangle inequality can also be explained in terms of these mathematical quantities that have both a size, or magnitude, and a direction.

Goldberg Variations

The twenty-fifth section of this composition was called the "black pearl" of the piece by Wanda Landowska, and the penultimate section is a quodlibet hypothesized to be a family in-joke. With the exception of the fifteenth, twenty-first, and twenty-fifth sections, this entire work is in the key of G major. With the exception of the last portion of this composition, every third "movement" is a (*) canon. This collection, which opens with an "aria" theme, was famously recorded and performed by Canadian pianist Glenn Gould. For 10 points, name this set of works apocryphally used to lull Count Kaiserling to sleep, a work of Johann Sebastian Bach named after a fellow composer.

filter feeding

The unusual molar teeth of leopard seals enable this behavior, which, in sponges, relies on cells called Chaonocytes. A siphon allows bivalves such as clams and oysters to perform this behavior. Lamellae in the flamingo beak allow the birds to perform this behavior to consume brine shrimp. Baleen whales feed on krill via what behavior in which animal captures food floating in water

R.L. Stine

The young adult horror novels Night of the Living Dummy and Say Cheese and Die!

Red Blood Cells

These cells are the final result of the complete differentiation of normoblasts, and they have a low count in patients with Diamond-Blackfan syndrome. Spectrin and Ankyrin are important parts of their cytoskeleton, and like the collecting duct of the kidney, they express Band 3 protein. Their membranes are damaged by protein aggregates in beta-thalassemia, and the presence of glycophorin C on their membranes make them susceptible to the plasmodium parasite. Also containing the enzyme carbonic anhydrase and appearing in the hematocrit of a centrifuged sample, their count is decreased in most forms of anemia. FTP, name these biconcave, anucleated that contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen to the tissues, and are also known for giving blood their color.

Radios

These devices may use a "superheterodyne" ["super-hetero-dine"] component devised by Edwin Armstrong. This device is told "Iʹd sit alone and watch your light" in a song by the band Queen that notes "youʹve yet to have your finest hour." 24 performers manipulate 12 of these devices in a performance of John Cageʹs Imaginary Landscape No. 4. (*) Frequency modulation is used by—for 10 points—what devices invented by Guglielmo Marconi [goog-lee-EL-moh "mar"-KOH-nee]?

arrows

These objects have a rear slot called a nock. Zenoʹs [ZEE-noh'z] "fletcherʹs paradox" argues that one of these objects can never be in motion. In ancient Greece, people were said to fall in love due to (*) golden objects of this type wielded by Cupid. For 10 points—name these projectiles shot from bows.

Billy Joel

This "Piano Man" has had hits with "Uptown Girl", "My Life" & "It's Still Rock And Roll To Me"

Colombia

This South American country was named for a man born in 1451 in Genoa

blue

This adjective describes "stragglers" that are found outside of a star cluster's Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, and giants of these type include Rigel and Bellatrix, which typically lie above the main sequence. This color names a type corundum containing trace amounts of iron. Prior to reduction, the (*) copper[II] ions in Benedict's solution are of this color. Objects moving towards a source exhibit this kind of shift according to the Doppler effect, and this color appears in the spectrum between green and violet. For ten points, identify this color of the ocean and daytime sky.

Van Gogh

This artist created Lying Cows and Bulb Fields, as well as a painting of a room with a yellow vaulted ceiling and with open red doors. In addition to Entrance of the Hospital, he painted a series of portraits of the Roulin family; and two of his most famous works incorporate clocks that read 7:00 and 12:15. Notable for a depiction of four ugly peasants sitting around a table, a room highlighted by a billiards table in the middle, and a cypress tree overlooking Saint-Rémy, this artist only painted for a decade. Name this red-headed Dutchman who painted The Potato Eaters, The Night Café, and Starry Night.

Macklemore

This artist wonders "when I leave here on this earth, did I take more than I gave?" in his 2017 collaboration with Skylar Grey, "Glorious." He described a third‐grade experience with stereotypes in 2012ʹs (*) "Same Love." Ryan Lewis and—for 10 points—what rapper recorded the song "Thrift Shop"?

Chaucer

This author retold a folktale about the rooster Chanticleer [CHAN-tih-"clear"] in "The Nunʹs Priestʹs Tale." Pilgrims compete to tell the best story in what authorʹs book The Canterbury Tales?

Kate Chopin

This author wrote "Désirée's Baby," as well as the short stories "Madame Celestin's Divorce" and "The Story of an Hour."

James Fenimore Cooper

This author wrote a novel in which a character who enjoys "fish with dynamite" is the right hand man of a man who almost died by a falling tree and cherishes the view atop "Mount Vision", Judge Marmaduke Temple. In another of his works, Tamenund, the "Sache" of the Delaware, frees his prisoners after witnessing a turtle tattoo. In that work by this author of (*) The Pioneers, Magua kills the son of Chingachgook, Uncas, despite the attempts of Hawkeye to save him. For ten points, name this American author who wrote about Natty Bumppo in The Last of the Mohicans, the second of his Leatherstocking Tales.

Jack London

This author wrote about Humphrey van Weyden's encounter with the vicious captain Wolf Larsen in The Sea-Wolf.

Hathi

This wise bull elephant teaches Mowgli the story of the creation god Tha, and explains why Shere Khan hunts humans for sport.

Poor Richard

This character was introduced as a slow-witted astronomer. He opines that hungry men have trouble behaving morally, noting "it is hard for an empty sack to stand upright." A book whose title saw this figure "improved" was later reissued as The Way to Wealth, and his namesake publication came out each year from 1732 to 1757. His other sayings include "God helps those who help themselves" and "Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise." For 10 points, name this alias of Benjamin Franklin, the narrator of a certain "Almanac."

Titrations

This chemistry lab technique calculates the concentration of a solution by adding in small volumes of a reactant of known concentration until a chemical change.

Chromatography

This chemistry lab technique separates a complex mixture into its individual components. It is commonly illustrated by the separation of pen ink into many colors.

Seoul

This city built the World Peace Gate for the 1988 Summer Olympics, which was the second time they'd been hosted in Asia. This city's Banpo Bridge is home to the Moonlight Rainbow fountain, which fires colorful water into the Han River. The Joseon Dynasty constructed Five Great Palaces in this city, including the massive (*) Gyeongbokgung. The extremely affluent Gangnam district is located in, for ten points, what headquarters of Samsung, the capital city of South Korea?

Carthage

This city was ruled by the Council of 104, which sent Hamilcar [HAM-il-"car"] to conquer Sicily in 310 BC. It lost influence after the defeat at Zama [ZAH-mah], though its earlier victory at (*) Cannae ["CAN-nay"] almost led to the capture of Rome by Hannibal [HAN-ih-bul]. For 10 points—name this North African city that lost the Punic ["PEW"-nik] Wars.

Carthage

A Wrinkle in Time

This classic is the first book in Madeleine L'Engle's Time Quartet

Aaron Copland

This composer included a "Saturday Night Waltz" in a ballet that initially starred Agnes de Mille ["duh MILL"], and that ends with a "Hoe‐Down." He wrote a piece for Martha Graham that features variations on the (*) Shaker tune "Simple Gifts." For 10 points—name this composer of Rodeo [roh-DAY-oh] and Appalachian Spring

Mozart

This composer played his 26th piano concerto at the coronation of Leopold II, even though he had not written out much of the left hand part. This composer's 13th serenade for string quartet, listed as number 525 in the (*) Ko ̈chel catalogue, is nicknamed "Eine Kleine Nachtmusik"or "A Little Night Music." For ten points, name this Austrian composer, a child prodigy who wrote Don Giovanni.

Mendelssohn

This composer wrote a chamber piece whose Presto fourth movement begins with the second cello entering on the second beat, playing a fast fugal subject in eighth notes. The G minor scherzo of that piece bears the Italian-language instruction "this scherzo must always be played pianissimo and staccato" and the tempo marking "Allegro leggierissimo ("ledger-issimo")." During an 1829 performance of his Symphony No. 1, this composer replaced the minuet movement with a movement from his Op. 20 that was said to be inspired by the (*) Walpurgis-Night's Dream section of Goethe's Faust. This composer quoted the "Hallelujah" chorus from Handel's Messiah in the finale of his String Octet in E-flat major, which he wrote as a teenager eight years before his Italian Symphony. For 10 points, name this composer whose incidental music to A Midsummer Night's Dream includes a recessional wedding march.

Carbon Dioxide

This compound is absorbed in the chilled ammonia process, and efforts are now starting to store this in porous sandstone that has been drained of its oil. Commonly used in its supercritical fluid state to decaffeinate coffee, its more common gaseous state is a good atmosphere for welding. When it is important not to leave a chemical residue, this compound is used in fire extinguishers. This compound is combined with water to create glucose and oxygen dur- ing photosynthesis, and it is used to make the fizz in soft drinks. Name this triatomic molecule whose increased con- centration in the atmosphere is believed to be a major cause of global warming.

Orion

This constellation contains the Horsehead Nebula and the brightest red supergiant ["super-giant"] in the night sky. An asterism [AST-uh-RIZM] in this constellation is made up of Alnitak [AL-nih-tak], Alnilam [al-NIH-lam], and Mintaka [min-TAH-kah]. (*) Rigel [RYE-jel] and Betelgeuse ["beetle-juice"] are in—for 10 points—what constellation in the shape of a hunter wearing a "belt?"

Venezuela

This country has disputed its eastern border on the Essequibo [ay-say-KEE-boh] River since the 1800s. A waterfall atop a "tepui" ["tape"-WEE], or table‐top mountain, in this country is named for an American aviator [AY-vee-"ate"-ur]. In what is now this country, indigenous people constructed stilt houses that reminded Amerigo Vespucci [ah-meh-REE-goh veh-SPOO-chee] of (*) Venice, thus giving this country its name. Angel Falls is in—for 10 points—what South American country whose capital is Caracas [kah-RAH-kahss]?

Australia

This country is home to a work based on Alexander "Pieman" Pearce's cannibalistic escapades, For the Term of His Natural Life, as well an author who described the cruelty of Plaszow's Amon Goth. Another author from this country described Belle Radclyffe's unveiling of a statue of the title explorer, who leaves Laura Trevalyan to cross the continent. Including Schindler's Ark and Voss, for 10 points, name this country home to Thomas Kenneally and Patrick White, with its works often set in the "Outback."

Cuba

This country nationalized a nickel deposit at Moa Bay after demanding that Western gas companies process cheap Soviet crude oil. In 1970 this country's planned "ten million harvest" failed. This country hosted Eldridge Cleaver, Assata Shakur, and other Black Panthers during the 1970s, when it was a haven for American fugitives and hijackers. Name this country where Soviet missiles were placed in 1962.

Chile

This country's almost 4,000-mile coastline is the longest of any in South America on the Pacific Ocean

North Korea

This country's city of Rason is a directly governed city on the border of Primorsky Krai. Two of this country's main ports are Nampho and Wonsan, while Hamhung is an important center for its chemical industry and is its second most populous city. This country's maritime holdings are delimited by the Northern Limit Line. The provinces of Jilin and Liaoning are connected to this country by bridges that were rebuilt after all but one was (*) destroyed when the area was known as "MiG Alley"; those bridges cross the Yalu River. In November 2010, this country caused an international incident when it shelled the island of Yeonpyeong. For 10 points, name this country north of the demilitarized zone along the 38th parallel.

Steve Jobs

Jason

This figure met his demise when he was struck by a piece of wood from his own vessel. While in Colchis ("COAL-chiss") visiting King Aeetes ("ay-EE-tees"), he accomplished such tasks as yoking fire- breathing oxen and dispatching a group of warriors that sprang forth after dragon teeth were sown into the ground, all to get the Golden Fleece. He was aided in these tasks by his future wife Medea. For 10 points, name this leader of the Argonauts.

Jason

This figure met his demise when he was struck by a piece of wood from his own vessel. While in Colchis visiting King Aeetes, he accomplished such tasks as yoking fire- breathing oxen and dispatching a group of warriors that sprang forth after dragon teeth were sown into the ground, all to get the Golden Fleece. He was aided in these tasks by his future wife Medea. For 10 points, name this leader of the Argonauts.

Zeus

This figure was called Polieos [poh-lee-AY-ohs] for his role in protecting city-states. He fathered Hebe [hee-bee], the cupbearer of the gods, he immortalized his lover Ganymede among the stars, and he swallowed Metis whole. This son of (*) Rhea won the Titanomachy ["titan"-ah-mah-kee] by forcing Cronus to vomit this god's siblings, including Demeter and Hades, allowing the age of Olympians to begin. Hera was the sister-wife of, for 10 points, what lightning- wielding chief Greek god?

Vishnu

This god gained his mount by promising it immortality. He once summoned that mount, the golden-feathered sun bird Garuda, to help one of his worshipers, but that worshiper helped himself before this god arrived. This god gives the advice "Stand up and win glory; conquer your enemies and enjoy an opulent kingdom" after his innumerable mouths destroy warriors in front of Arjuna in the Bhagavad Gita. This god is usually considered the second of the Trimurti, in charge of preservation, and he is very closely associated with Matsya the fish, Kalki, and Krishna. Name this god whose incarnations are known as avatars.

Rhea

This goddess and her husband deposed the snake-like Ophion and Eurynome. Hesiod claims that this goddess fled to the Cretan city of Lyttos to give birth. This goddess and her mother Gaea are often equated with the Phrygian mother goddess Cybele. This Titaness hid one of her sons in a cave on Mount Ida after tricking her husband into swallowing a stone. Name this wife of Cronos and mother of Zeus.

Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937

This initiative was motivated by the three separate setbacks its proponent learned about on a lesserknown Black Monday. This initiative prompted the vice president to hold his nose and give a thumbs down on the Senate floor. New officials called "proctors" were proposed in this initiative, which was secretly prepared by Attorney General Homer Cummings. Owen Roberts is credited with (*) defeating this initiative by choosing not to side with the so-called "Four Horsemen." Three weeks after this initiative was discussed in the ninth fireside chat, a minimum wage law in Washington was upheld in West Coast Hotel v. Parrish thanks to "the switch in time that saved nine." For 10 points each, identify this failed plan by Franklin D. Roosevelt to add six new Supreme Court justices.

clarinet

This instrument imitates birds in Messaien's Quartet for the End of Time, where it is featured with the violin, cello, and piano. Mozart's last instrumental work was a concerto for this instrument in A major, and Aaron Copland wrote a concerto for this instrument that was commissioned by a man who performed Sing, Sing, Sing and was known as the "King of Swing." The chalumeau is a low register in this instrument, which is often played in B flat. Woody Herman and Artie Shaw were both jazz players of this instrument which plays a glissando at the opening of Rhapsody in Blue. For 10 points, name this instrument played by Benny Goodman, a single-reed woodwind.

This is the first letter of the name of a style sheet language paired with HTML ["H-T-M-L"] to make websites. The current geologic eraʹs name begins with this letter, which also denotes a quantity approximated at (*) 300 million meters per second. For 10 points—what letter signifies the speed of light?

Zulu Empire

This kingdom was ruled by Cetshwayo [ket-sh'wi-oh], who built a new capital at Ulundi. For ten points each, Name this kingdom of 19th century southern Africa that was attacked by the British in 1879, winning an early victory at Isandlwana but ultimately losing in five months.

Louis XV

This kingʹs chief minister started a failed colony in Kourou [KOO-roo] and was forced to retire for overreacting to the Falklands Crisis. Pasquale Paoli [pah-SKWAH-lay POW-lee] fled into exile after this kingʹs forces took Corsica. His forces won the Battle of (*) Fontenoy and took the Austrian Netherlands, which he returned in the Treaty of Aix‐la‐Chapelle [eks lah shuh-PEL]. Prussia ended its alliance with this king in the "Diplomatic Revolution." For 10 points—name this French king who lost the Seven Yearsʹ War, the lover of Madame de Pompadour.

Hamid Karzai

This leader's half-brother is believed to be a drug trafficker, but serves as the chief of a provincial council. This leader was originally put in power by a loya jirga. In October 2010, this man admitted to receiving bags of cash from Iran. In 2010, he stormed out of a meeting with David Petraeus and was accused of holding a rigged election against Abdullah Abdullah. For 10 points, name this leader of Afghanistan.

Yangtze River

This longest river in Asia is dammed by the Three Gorges Dam, rises in the Kunlun Mountains, and passes through Nanking

Whistler

This man created a work designed to show off Frederick Leyland's china collection that involved covering walls in gold leaf, entitled The Peacock Room, and this man painted a model favored by Gustave Courbet, Joanna Hiffernan, as exemplified by his depiction of her in The White Girl. This artist sued John Ruskin over a libelous statement made about a painting set in Cremorne Garden depicting a [*] fireworks show. The creator of a painting showing a seated woman in a black dress and white bonnet looking towards a blue-black curtain on the left, for 10 points, name this American artist of Nocturne in Black and Gold who painted his mother in Arrangement in Gray and Black.

Johannes Kepler

This man hypothesized that the six known planets at the time moved around the sun in orbits that were distinct Platonic solids in his first major work, Mysterium Cosmographicum, and he created a catalogue of stars and planets called the Rudolphine Tables. This man derived a law stating that the square of the orbital period of a [*] planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis. This man came to the conclusion that the sun was at the focus of Earth's elliptical orbit by using his mentor Tycho Brahe's notes. For 10 points, which German astronomer formulated three namesake laws of planetary motion?

William Pitt the Elder

This man lost popular support after being named the Earl of Chatham and losing his nickname of the "Great Commoner." Along with the Duke of Newcastle, he formed a coalition that led Britain during the Seven Yearsʹ War. The renaming of Fort Duquesne honored this man, whose son of the same name also served as British prime minister. For 10 points—what British politician inspired the name of a city in western Pennsylvania?

Charles Darwin

This man used the metaphor of the "tangled bank" in his most famous theory, and later wrote about The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms. His ideas were later debated between (*) Bishop Wilberforce and T.H. Huxley, who was known as this man's "bulldog." This author of The Descent of Man noticed variation in the beaks of Galápagos Finches while traveling on the HMS Beagle. For 10 points, name this British naturalist who described his theory of natural selection in On the Origin of Species

George Washington

This man was targeted in the Conway Cabal, which was partially due to his losses at Germantown and Brandywine. He declared political parties to be a "frightful despotism" and warned against engaging in "entangling alliances" in his Farewell Address, after which his former Vice President John Adams became President. For 10 points, name this leader of the Continental Army who became the first President of the United States.

Neville Chamberlain

This man's brother won the Nobel Peace Prize for leading the Locarno Conference negotiations and his predecessor, Stanley Baldwin, was implicated in the May Report. Anthony Eden resigned as this man's Foreign Secretary. Edvard Benes was notably not present at the conference that this man and Édouard (*) Daladier are most well-known for attending. This politician spoke the phrase "peace for our time" after concluding the Munich Agreement, which had permitted the annexation of Sudetenland by Germany. For 10 points, name this English prime minister remembered for his "appeasement" policy during World War II.

Sigmund Freud

This man's obsession with cocaine as a medical substance led to the surgery that he ordered performed on Emma Eckstein's nose, which ended in failure. He made the argument that since inanimate objects predated living ones, a person is driven towards death, or thanatos, in his text Beyond the Pleasure Principle, which would form the backbone of his theory of the (*) conflict between life and death drives. He also furthered the division of the human mind into components called the id, the ego, and the super-ego. For 10 points, name this Austrian psychologist, the author of The Interpretation of Dreams.

Euler

This mathematician's name is given to a line that passes through the orthocenter, circumcenter, and centroid of a triangle. His phi function yields the amount of numbers between 1 and n that are relatively prime to n. He solved the Seven Bridges of Konigsberg problem, and his polyhedral formula states that vertices plus faces minus edges equals 2. The author of the identity involving e to the i theta is, for 10 points, what Swiss mathematician who is the namesake of the base of the natural logarithm?

Ivan the Terrible

This monarch entertained the Englishman Richard Chancellor, who founded the Muscovy Company for trade on the White Sea. This man ordered the brutal sack of Novgorod in 1570. What first prince to be named Russian tsar killed his own son in a fit of rage?

Dali

This non-Italian artist included a bare-chested torso in the background of his The Sacrament of the Last Supper. He included many cubes in the "disintegration" of his best-known painting, and also created a Lobster Telephone. His best-known painting includes several ants on a (*) timepiece, as well as clocks which have the appearance of melting. For 10 points, name this Spanish surrealist who painted The Persistence of Memory.

the Bronx

This northernmost New York City borough boasts the Rose Hill campus of Fordham University

Anna Karenina

This novel opens by describing the marital trouble of Dolly and Stephan, the latter of whom has slept with his French governess. One character in this novel complains about being compared to his famous half-brother Koznyshev. That character, Konstantin Levin, marries Kitty and the title character suspects Count Vronsky of having affairs with other women. For ten points, name this Tolstoy novel whose title character throws herself under a train.

2 pi

This number times i is the denominator of the Cauchy [koh-shee] integral formula. This is the smallest positive x for which e to the i x equals 1. 1 over the square root of this number is used to standardize the standard (*) normal distribution. The "tau [rhymes with "how"] manifesto" supports using this number, rather than half of it, in teaching math. For 10 points—what number is the period of the sine ["sign"] and cosine ["co-sign"] functions?

Whigs Party

This party, led by Henry Clay, proposed the American System of "internal improvements" such as roads and canals. Four presidents were members of this party, which died out by 1854.

Mary I of Scotland

This person was loved by Marshal Danville, who unwittingly took the poet Chatelard to see her, but Chatelard was found hiding in her bedroom. When this person was seven months pregnant, her husband became convinced that her secretary had impregnated her, so his friends murdered that secretary, David Rizzio. This queen was believed to have written sonnets and eight letters to the Earl of Bothwell, which supposedly implicated this person in the death of Lord Darnley, her husband. This daughter-in-law of Catherine de Medici was executed for her role in the Babington Plot. Her son becoming James the Sixth, and he later became James the First of England. Name this queen executed for attempting to overthrow her cousin Elizabeth the First.

Immanuel Kant

This philosopher discussed the role of "communal sense" in reflective judgments, and coined the term Weltanschauung ("VELT-ahn-show-ung"). This philosopher claimed to be most awed by "the starry sky above me and the moral law within me." He noted that we cannot think without notions of quantity, quality, relation, and modality. This philosopher argued that the way we perceive the world is what creates the constructs (*) "space" and "time." His most famous work attempts to prove that synthetic a priori propositions are possible. His moral philosophy centers on the "categorical imperative." For 10 points, name this German Idealist philosopher who wrote Critique of Pure Reason.

Daddy

This poemʹs speaker declares "the voices just canʹt worm through" because "the black telephoneʹs off at the root." The last stanza of this poem states that "the villagers never liked" the title figure, who wore a "neat mustache" and is called a (*) "panzer‐man." The line "you do not do, you do not do" opens this poem, which claims "every woman adores a fascist." For 10 points—name this Sylvia Plath poem about a male family member.

Robert Frost

This poet delivered "The Gift Outright" at President John F. Kennedy's inauguration. One of his poems observes that "good fences make good neighbors" and is called "Mending Wall." His poem "Nothing Gold Can Stay" notes that "Nature's first green is gold." For 10 points, name this poet who stated in his most famous poem that he took "the road less traveled by, and that has made all the difference."

Grover Cleveland

This politician argued that "the theory of our institutions guarantees to every citizen the full enjoyment of all the fruits of his industry and enterprise," but the Mills bill, which would have lowered tariffs, failed to pass. He accepted the findings in the Morgan Report concerning John Stevens's activities after being elected thanks, in part, due to publication of the "Mulligan Letters." The second term as president for this Bourbon Democrat saw the passage of the Wilson-Gorman Tariff, and he sent Nelson Miles in to break up the Pullman strike, while he had earlier passed the Interstate Commerce Act and the Dawes Act. FTP, name this president whose two terms came before and after that of Benjamin Harrison.

Winston Churchill

This politician proposed forcibly sterilizing 120,000 of his country's mentally disabled as Home Secretary. He resigned as First Lord of the Admiralty after the disastrous Gallipoli campaign in Turkey, and his terms were interrupted by Clement Attlee of the Labor Party. He took office two years after his predecessor declared "Peace for our time," and met at Yalta with FDR and Stalin. For 10 points, name this Prime Minister who opposed the invasion of Britain by Hitler.

Urban II

This pope ordered the First Crusade. Ambassadors from Byzantine emperor Alexius Komnenos came to the 1095 Council of Piacenza requesting help in reclaiming the Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks. This Pope responded by calling the Council of Clermont, where he urged a crusade with the phrase "Deus Vult," or "God wills it." The subsequent First Crusade lasted from 1096 to 1099.

Innocent III

This pope ordered the disastrous Fourth Crusade and excommunicated Venetian crusaders who changed course from Jerusalem to sack Constantinople. He also initiated the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars of southern France. This pope convened the Fourth Lateran Council, which defined the dogma of transubstantiation and required Muslims and Jews to wear identifying clothing. In 1209, he excommunicated King John for refusing to recognize the appointment of Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury.

Leo X

This pope was a son of Lorenzo de Medici whose papacy included the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. He revived the unpopular sale of indulgences to fund the construction of St. Peter's Basilica. Martin Luther responded by publishing his 95 Theses, which this pope denounced in the papal bull Exsurge Domine. At his coronation, he was given a white elephant named Hanno by Manuel I of Portugal; the animal was buried beneath the Vatican after its death.

Gregory I

This pope was one of the "Latin Fathers" of the church and is considered the founder of the medieval papacy. After remarking that some English boys at a slave market were "not Angles, but angels," he sent Augustine of Canterbury on a mission to Christianize southern Britain. His writings include a Commentary on Job and Pastoral Care, and he is known as the Dialogist in Eastern traditions. He is credited with introducing Gregorian chant, named in his honor, into the Catholic rite.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

This president advocated for the Interstate Highway System, which was later named after him. The law authorizing the system passed in 1956, during his administration.

FDR

This president appointed Robert Byrnes, who served less than a year and a half on the Supreme Court, leading this president to replace Byrnes with Wiley Rutledge. This president appointed the last justice to not have a law degree, Robert Jackson. The (*) "switch in time that saved nine" was when Owen Roberts supported this president against the "Four Horsemen." For 10 points—what president tried to "pack" the Supreme Court?

James Garfield

This presidentʹs assassination by Charles Guiteau [gih-TOH] led to the elimination of the "spoils system" by which government jobs were awarded.

Henry the Navigator

This prince, the son of King John I, spurred Portuguese interest in exploration by promoting the use of faster caravels and sponsoring explorers like Velho.

color

This property is strongly associated with coordination compounds of transition metals. Rhodium and chlorine are named for examples of this property, and helium was first recognized by a new (*) spectroscopic line with this property. The endpoint of a titration is usually marked by a change in this property that is used to distinguish elements in a flame test. Iron pyrite is often mistaken for gold because of, for ten points, what property that may appear as orange or purple?

sihkism

This religion's founder caused controversy by lying with his feet pointed at a mihrab and rescued the minstrel Mardana, who was turned into a sheep in a land ruled by women. The appointment of masands was introduced by Ram Das to supervise sangats, and this religion's holiest site is the Golden Temple. The Khalsa order is identified with observance of the "Five K's", and after the death of Gobind Singh, this religion's scripture, the Adi Granth, assumed the position of Guru. For 10 points, name this Indian religion concentrated in Punjab and founded by Nanak.

Amazon River

This river has branches called the Solimões [soh-lee-MOYSS] and the Rio Negro [REE-oh NAY-groh], which meet at the city of Manaus [mah-NAH-oos]. The explorer Vicente Pinzón [vee-SAYN-tay peen-"ZONE"] gave this river its name after he was attacked by (*) female warriors. For 10 points—what major world river shares its name with a South American rainforest?

Galileo Galilei

This scientist created a fictional character named Salviati who explained that somebody inside a closed ship cabin cannot detect whether the ship is moving at constant speed or not moving at all in his book Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. That principle led to a pre-relativistic method of adding velocities, this physicist's namesake reference frame transformations. Another finding of his led to a clock designed by Christiaan Huygens, and stated that the length but not the mass affected the period of a pendulum. This person also made telescopes which allowed him to discover his eponymous moons, the four largest ones of Jupiter. Name this Italian scientist who, according to one of his students, dropped cannonballs from the Leaning Tower of Pisa.

Yellow River

This second-longest Asian river is nicknamed "China's Sorrow" because of its frequent flooding. Its name is inspired by the color of the loess [less] it carries downstream.

Madonna

This singer used religious imagery in her 1989 "Like A Prayer" music video & in her 2006 "Confessions" world tour

Tennessee

This state was the site of the Battle of Shiloh and the lesser-known Battle of Nashville.

Fauvism

This term was first used at the Salon d'Automne by an anonymous art while making a comparison between a Donatellolike sculpture to the paintings that surrounded him Though the phrase was meant to be derogatory, the central figures of this movement, such as André Durain, adopted it to name their style of art which utilized raw color and bold outlines. For 10 points, what is this art movement of the very early 20th century which was mainly associated with Henri Matisse?

Styrofoam

This type of plastic, marked with a number six, is almost never recycled in the US, leading some environmentalists to call for a ban on it. It is still often used to manufacture packing peanuts and coffee cups.

Shake Zulu

To fight the British, Cetshwayo re-introduced military reforms that had been implemented by this earlier Zulu leader, who invented a highly effective bullhorn formation.

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

To pave the way for a new hyperspace bypass, Vogons blow up the Earth in this 2005 film

beach

To prevent these places from being reshaped, tetrapods can be deployed. Ammophila grass has historically been used to stabilize certain fluvial structures in these places. This habitat is characterized by vertical zonation, and is where most limpets are found. Mandelbrot introduced the study of fractals in a paper about the length of one of these places. The movement of sediment at an angle relative to these places is called littoral drift, causes swash, and gives rise to spits and barrier islands, which serve as natural breakwaters. Beneath the high-water mark, these places may contain tide pools. For 10 points, name these sometimes-sandy locations where land meets sea.

Kansas

Topeka

Byzantine Empire

Two generals from this empire, Narses [NAR-seez] and Belisarius [bel-uh-SAIR-ee-us], conquered Italy. This empireʹs ruler Heraclius [heh-"RACK"-lee-uss] defeated the Sassanids [suh-SAH-nidz] at the 627 Battle of Nineveh [NIN-eh-vuh]. (*) Justinian [juss-TIN-ee-un] was another leader of this successor state to the Roman Empire. For 10 points—name this empire ruled from Constantinople ["con-stan-tin-OH-pull"].

Byzantine Empire

18th President

Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877)

Stalin

Under this dictator's rule, Lavrenti Beria ("lahv-REN-tee BARE-ee-uh") led the NKVD secret police during the Great Purges. He ordered the creation of Five-Year Plans and the killing of his rival, Leon Trotsky. For 10 points, control of the Soviet Union passed from Vladimir Lenin to what Georgian whose name means "man of steel"?

carrying capacity

The Nile

Usually cited as the longest river in the world, it flows about 4,132 miles in a generally south-to-north direction from its headwaters in Burundi to Egypt's Mediterranean Sea coast, where it forms a prototypical delta.

Planes. Trains and Automobiles

What 1987 film features Steve Martin and John Candy trying to get home for Thanksgiving?

Gravity

When air resistance exactly counteracts this force, an object has reached terminal velocity. The escape velocity is the minimum speed needed to overcome the effects of this force. On Earth, this force acts to accelerate a body at nine point eight meters per second squared. For 10 points, name this force responsible for keeping objects on the ground.

Mr Lockwood

While snowed in at a strange house, this character has a nightmare about the ghost of a girl named Catherine. For ten points each, Name this character, who listens to Nelly Dean's story about Catherine and her adoptive brother, Heathcliff.

Charlottesville

While traveling to this city, two state troopers were killed in a helicopter crash. A Donald Trump speech referred to "violence on (*) many sides" in this city. Heather Heyer ["HIGH"-ur] was killed by a car plowing into a crowd during a white supremacist rally in—for 10 points—what Virginia city?

Mustard Gas

World War I saw an increase in the use of what chemical weapon?

Mormonism

Young succeeded Smith as the leader of this religious movement.

dendrites

a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

axons

a part of a neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body

Oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

The Invisible Man

an 1897 novel by H. G. Wells about a man who has turned himself invisible but is slowly being driven insane.

The Music Lesson

by Jan Vermeer. The painting is alternatively titled Lady at the Virginals with a Gentleman, an exact description of its subject matter. On the floor near the keyboard instrument lies a viol, a large bowed string instrument also common during the Baroque era. In the documentary Tim's Vermeer, Tim Jenison attempted to test the theory that Vermeer painted with the help of optical devices such as a camera obscura to achieve accurate perspective, a theory also advanced by contemporary British artist David Hockney and physicist Charles Falco.

The Milkmaid

by Jan Vermeer. The title is misleading, as it actually shows a house or kitchen maid, rather than a milkmaid working with cows. The painting's striking features include the tiny stream of milk being poured into a bowl and the intricate folds of the maid's blue dress. The table, which is covered with a blue cloth, is a Dutch gateleg, which has an octagonal shape when unfolded, explaining its odd angles. A foot warmer sits behind the central female figure; in Vermeer's time, the object would indicate that the woman is single.

The Art of Painting

by Jan Vermeer. This painting, alternatively known as The Allegory of Painting, may be either a self-portrait or a depiction of the artist's craft; the face of the artist dressed in black, who faces away from the viewer, cannot be seen. The blue-clad model in the painting stands near a window and may be portraying Clio, the Muse of History; she holds a trumpet and cradles a large yellow book presumed to be Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War. Behind the large candelabra in the painting, a map of the Low Countries hangs on the studio's back wall.

The Milkmaid

by Jan Vermeer; The painting is alternatively titled Lady at the Virginals with a Gentleman, an exact description of its subject matter. On the floor near the keyboard instrument lies a viol, a large bowed string instrument also common during the Baroque era. In the documentary Tim's Vermeer, Tim Jenison attempted to test the theory that Vermeer painted with the help of optical devices such as a camera obscura to achieve accurate perspective, a theory also advanced by contemporary British artist David Hockney and physicist Charles Falco.

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

by Pieter Bruegel the Elder. The fall of Icarus is not the central image in this painting; the mythological youth's legs stick out of the water, barely noticed, near a large ship and a fisherman at the bottom right. Most of the painting depicts everyday scenes in the Netherlandish countryside, such as a farmer driving a horse while plowing his field and a shepherd staring up at the sky while attending to his sheep. In the distance can be seen a city with a harbor, which the ships in the painting appear to be sailing towards. The painting is famously depicted in W. H. Auden's poem "Musée des Beaux Arts," whose title derives from the Brussels museum where the painting is held.

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

by Pieter Bruegel the Elder; The fall of Icarus is not the central image in this painting; the mythological youth's legs stick out of the water, barely noticed, near a large ship and a fisherman at the bottom right. Most of the painting depicts everyday scenes in the Netherlandish countryside, such as a farmer driving a horse while plowing his field and a shepherd staring up at the sky while attending to his sheep. In the distance can be seen a city with a harbor, which the ships in the painting appear to be sailing towards. The painting is famously depicted in W. H. Auden's poem "Musée des Beaux Arts," whose title derives from the Brussels museum where the painting is held

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp

by Rembrandt van Rijn. Commonly known as just The Anatomy Lesson. The painting depicts the yearly public dissection held by the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons, several of whose members paid commissions in order to be included in the portrait. Tulp's successor as the city anatomist, Jan Deijman, was also depicted by Rembrandt giving an anatomy lesson. The man being dissected is a criminal, Aris Kindt, who was hanged for armed robbery. A famous anatomy treatise by Andreas Vesalius can be seen opened at the painting's bottom right corner.

The Night Watch

by Rembrandt van Rijn. The centerpiece of the collection of the Netherlands' Rijksmuseum, this painting depicts a schutterij, a type of civic guard common in Dutch Golden Age cities. The militia company is led by Frans Banning Cocq, who is depicted in black with a red sash, and his lieutenant Willem van Ruytenburch, dressed in yellow. Other standout figures in the painting include a small woman in a yellow dress who carries a dead chicken, a symbol of the militia company. The painting is enormous, measuring nearly 12 feet high and 14 feet wide; it was even wider before it was cut down in the 18th century to fit in the Amsterdam Town Hall.

Belshazzar's Feast

by Rembrandt van Rijn. The painting shows a scene from the Book of Daniel in which the king of Babylon, Belshazzar, uses the loot his father Nebuchadnezzar stole from the Temple in Jerusalem in order to throw a feast. During the feast, God's hand appears and writes a prophecy on the wall predicting Belshazzar's downfall—a vision that frightens the onlookers in the painting as well, one of whom is spilling a goblet in horror. The Hebrew letters in the painting are based on a font created by the Dutch rabbi Menasseh ben Israel, but are written top to bottom instead of right to left.

Robert Mapplethorpe

came to prominence thanks to his portraits of his longtime friend, the musician Patti Smith. He produced many celebrity portraits and still-life images of flowers, but is likely most famous for his homoerotic work depicting the BDSM subculture of 1970s New York. Shortly after his 1989 death from AIDS complications, his exhibition "The Perfect Moment" culminated in a 1990 obscenity trial in Cincinnati.

Leo I

convinced Attila the Hun to turn back a planned invasion of Italy.

Flame Tests

detect the presence of elements by dipping a wooden splint or nichrome wire in a sample of the element or its salt, then placing the sample over a Bunsen burner. The unique emission spectrum of the element present then causes the flame to briefly change color.

Skepticism

encourages the rejection of truths unless they are supported by sufficient evidence. Academic___________, which states that no truths can be certain, was led by such men as Arcesilaus and Carneades. Another form of ____________is known as "Pyrrhonian," after Pyrrho of Elis, who is considered the founder of ____________. The thinker Sextus Empiricus, who lived in the second century AD, provided one of the most complete accounts of _______________in his Outlines of Pyrrhonism.

Sir Galahad

he is a Knight of the Round Table renowned for his purity and honor. he is the illegitimate son of Sir Lancelot and King Pelles's daughter Lady Elaine of Corbenic. He is the only member of Arthur's corps who can sit in the Siege Perilous, a seat at the Round Table set aside by Merlin for the knight who would complete the quest for the Holy Grail. His quest for the Holy Grail, which he completed alongside Sir Percival and Sir Bors, ended when he encountered the Fisher King, who asked him to take the chalice to Sarras. He is supposedly descended from the brother-in-law of Joseph of Arimathea, who later visits him and allows him to ascend to Heaven.

Sir Garwain

is a Knight of the Round Table and the son of Morgause and King Lot of Orkney, making him the nephew of King Arthur. He is the hero of the Pearl Poet's 14th-century romantic epic him and the Green Knight, in which his loyalty and resolve are tested by the title Green Knight (secretly Lord Bertilak), who survives his beheading at the hands of him and returns a year later to return the favor. His brothers Gareth and Gaheris are killed during Lancelot's rescue of Queen Guinevere, sending Gawain into a frenzy.

Jesse Jackson

is a civil rights activist and politician who began as a protégé of Martin Luther King, Jr. He helped organize Operation Breadbasket, a department of the SCLC focused on economic issues. he also worked on the Poor People's Campaign after King's assassination, but he clashed with King's appointed successor, Ralph Abernathy. He founded the civil rights organizations Operation PUSH (People United to Save Humanity) and the National Rainbow Coalition, which later merged to form the Rainbow/PUSH Coalition. He also ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988. His son was a congressman from Chicago before serving prison time for financial corruption.

Merlin

is a powerful wizard who serves as Arthur's chief advisor. When he was a child, King Vortigern was told that the boy's blood was necessary to keep his tower from constantly collapsing; however, he identified a pool beneath the tower in which two dragons fought as the source of the instability. Some sources credit him with constructing the Round Table as well as Stonehenge. His primary apprentice is the sorceress Morgan le Fay, Arthur's half-sister on his mother's side. Some sources have him wind up trapped in an enchanted tomb (possibly in a cave, possibly in a tree) by a figure identified as Vivien or Nimue (the Lady of the Lake). In other tales, Merlin dies and is buried in the legendary forest Brocéliande.

Athens

is on the peninsula of Attica, across the Saronic Gulf from Corinth. It is often called the birthplace of democracy. Its political institutions included the ecclesia, an assembly open to all male citizens, which elected officials and enacted legislation; and the boule, a group of male citizens chosen by lot who served for a year at a time. The boule oversaw day-to-day operations of the government, and set the agenda for the ecclesia. The size of the boule and the functions of both assemblies changed due to constitutional reforms enacted by Solon, Cleisthenes, Ephialtes, and Pericles. The ecclesia could banish a citizen for ten years, a practice known as ostracism. The rise to power of it during the Persian Wars sparked the Peloponnesian War, which it lost.

Queen Guinevere

is the daughter of Leodegrance and the wife of King Arthur. In one story, she is abducted by Meleagant (or Melwas), a king of Somerset, and rescued by Lancelot, beginning an illicit affair between the two. After the affair is revealed to Arthur (in some sources by Mordred, in others by Agravain), Arthur orders her to be burned at the stake; she is rescued from that fate by Lancelot in a battle that results in the deaths of Sir Gareth and Sir Gaheris and the permanent exile of Lancelot. Some sources say that she spent her final days hiding in the Tower of London or in a nearby convent.

Sir Lancelot

is the foremost among the Knights of the Round Table, an expert swordsman and jouster who is the primary figure of the Vulgate Cycle. The son of King Ban of Benwick, he was raised by the Lady of the Lake, which earned him the epithet "du Lac" or "of the Lake." Another of his epithets is "Knight of the Cart," which he earned for riding in a dwarf's cart while searching for Guinevere after she was kidnapped. Aside from his adulterous affair with Queen Guinevere, he is known for fathering Sir Galahad with Elaine of Corbenic, who had tricked him into sleeping with her by disguising herself as Guinevere. After his betrayal of Arthur was revealed, Lancelot fled to France and was therefore not present during the Battle of Camlann.

titrations

they calculate the concentration of a solution by adding in small volumes of a reactant of known concentration until a chemical change, like a pH indicator changing color, occurs. Acid-base of these are usually performed in a thin glass tube called a buret and use pH indicators like phenolphthalein and bromothymol blue. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used to calculate the pH at any point during one of these. The equivalence point is the point at which equal amounts of acid and base have been mixed and there is a sharp inflection point in the pH curve. Redox versions of these use an oxidation-reduction reaction instead of an acid-base reaction. In complexometric form of this, the analyte forms a coordination complex with the on of these. Karl Fischer's version of this uses electrolysis to determine the amount of water in a substance.

Peter

this pope was, in Catholic belief, the first Bishop of Rome and thus the first pope. He was the leader of the twelve apostles; Jesus changed his name from Simon to this name and declared him the "rock [on which] I will build my church." Jesus also bestowed upon him the keys to the kingdom of Heaven and the power to "bind" and "loose" in Heaven and on Earth. He was crucified upside-down by Emperor Nero and is the namesake of the Basilica in Vatican City.

Stokely Carmichael

was a leader of the Pan-African movement and the Black Power movement, who popularized the use of the term "Black Power." He replaced John Lewis as chair of SNCC; under his leadership, SNCC shifted from a policy of nonviolence to a more militant approach. He served as "honorary Prime Minister" of the Black Panther Party, but later distanced himself from that movement because he didn't believe that white activists should be allowed to participate. He ended up changing his name to Kwame Ture (in honor of Ghanaian President Kwame Nkrumah and Guinean President Ahmed Sekou Touré) and moving to Guinea.

Kurt Vonnegut

was an American novelist best known for the 1969 novel Slaughterhouse-Five. The novel centers on Billy Pilgrim, who experiences his life out of order after becoming "unstuck in time." Like this author, Billy survives the firebombing of Dresden during World War II. Billy is also kidnapped by aliens called Tralfamadorians, and displayed in a zoo along with the actress Montana Wildhack. The Tralfamadorians have a fatalistic attitude towards mortality, which is mirrored in the novel's repetition of the phrase "so it goes" after any mention of death. This author's earlier novel Cat's Cradle describes a fictional religion called Bokononism, which was founded on the Caribbean island of San Lorenzo. The plot of Cat's Cradle partly focuses on ice-nine, a substance invented by Felix Hoenikker that has the power to destroy all life on Earth.

Medgar Evers

was the NAACP's field secretary for Mississippi, in which capacity he planned boycotts and grassroots civil rights organizations. He advocated ending segregation at the University of Mississippi; after Brown v. Board of Education ruled that segregated public schools were unconstitutional, he applied to law school there, but was rejected because he was black. In 1963, he was assassinated by Byron De La Beckwith, a member of the white supremacist network White Citizens' Councils.

Muammar Gaddagi

was the leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011, during which time he was variously styled as "Colonel," "Revolutionary Chairman," and "Brotherly Leader." Gaddafi espoused what he called "Islamic socialism" in his Green Book. He coined the word jamahiriya, which can be roughly translated as "state of the masses." Gaddafi funded various Islamist militant operations around the world, most notably the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, in 1988. Gaddafi was deposed and killed in 2011 during the Arab Spring.

Saddam Hussein

was the president of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. He came to power as a member of the pan-Arabist Ba'ath Party. During the 1980s, Heled Iraq in the decade-long Iran-Iraq War. In the midst of that conflict, he launched the genocidal Al-Anfal Campaign against Kurdish civilians in northern Iraq. In 1990, Saddam ordered the invasion of neighboring Kuwait, which led to the First Gulf War, also known as Operation Desert Storm. He was deposed following 2003 the American invasion of Iraq; he was tried and executed by the new Iraqi government in 2006.

Tristan and Iseult

were a pair of lovers who predate the stories of King Arthur but nonetheless appear in the Vulgate and Post-Vulgate Cycles. One of them was a knight who brings the other the Fair back to Cornwall to marry his uncle King Mark after killing Morholt, an Irish knight extorting the king. During the return journey, the pair ingest a powerful potion and fall deeply in love with each other, but one of them nevertheless marries Tristan's uncle. The love potion, however, forces the pair to continuously seek one another out, and King Mark eventually discovers their affair. One of them escapes his execution and later marries a different woman known as Iseult of the White Hands. Their story inspired Richard Wagner's opera _______ und Isolde.

Rationalism

which is often contrasted with empiricism, asserts that we gain knowledge through intuition or our rational nature rather than through experience. A version of this doctrine was espoused by the Greek philosopher Plato in his Theory of Forms, which states that abstract ideas ("forms") are more real than the material world of the senses. Later practicers include René Descartes (who wrote Meditations on First Philosophy) and Baruch Spinoza (who wrote Ethics).

Andreas Gursky

whose work tends to feature high vantage points and scenes that produce horizontal bands of color, has taken some of the most expensive photographs ever sold. Among those are his 99 Cent II Diptychon, a shot of the shelves of a 99-cent store, and Rhein II, a photograph of the Rhine River with humans and buildings digitally edited out.

Masterminds Study Set.

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