Materials and Textiles

acid etched, vinyl applique

_ _ - frost etched; forever. _ _- peel off; signage.

bronze

Nonferrous Metal: -alloy of copper and aluminum or silicon -can be extruded -will oxidize in the air to a color often referred to as verdigris (green) -oxidization can be cleaned

brass

Nonferrous Metal: -alloy of copper and usually zinc -cannot be extruded -some types of _ Alloy are called Bronze

german silver

Nonferrous Metal: -alloy of copper, nickel, and zinc -corrosion resistant -hard but not brittle -also known as Nickel-Silver

titanium

Nonferrous Metal: -corrosion resistant -lightweight -strong -frequently used in alloys for added corrosion resistance

zinc

Nonferrous Metal: -more corrosion resistant than steel -can corrode in water -attracts minerals out of water and forms surface scale protecting the _ underneath from corrosion

copper

Nonferrous Metal: -resistant to corrosion -will oxidize -resists impact, fatigue -good tensile strength -EXPENSIVE$$$ -used in plumbing, accessories, lighting, roof sheathing, downspouts, gutters

alumium

Nonferrous Metal: -soft -highly corrosion resistant -difficult to weld

pewter

Nonferrous Metal: -tin-based alloy -soft and malleable

chromium

Nonferrous Metal: -used as an alloy to alter the characteristics of other metals -used for plating b/c it can achieve a high shine, and resist corrosion -also known as Chrome

thick laminate

Slabs consisting of laminate faces on 2 sides and penolic core or Engraving stock layered colors for laser-cut relief patterns with multiple colors distributed throughout for custom signage

float glass

-molten glass is floated over molten metal -newer method is less expensive to manufacture -this is the COMMON METHOD NOW

engineered stone

Acrylic or Polyester + Natural Minerals + Pigments or Acrylic/Polyester Blend

energy efficiency

Glass: when specifying coatings for the faces in an insulated unit, describe them according to the numerical order that industry uses.

trim

Tile parts and accessories: -_ tiles all have their own typical uses (many different kinds for different places) -you must draw your tile installation to scale

leather

-these tiles are a luxury product for light-traffic situations. -floors are waxed at installations -other than waxing, there is no recommended way of cleaning these floors - they are similar to antique wood flooring in this respect

rotovinyl sheet vinyl

(heterogeneous): combines photography and printing. -the printed layer is protected by a TOPPING OF VINYL RESIN (PVC) either alone or in combination with urethane. -these are made with an inner core of foamed or expanded vinyl = inherently "cushioned" -anything that can be photographed can be made into a _ (imitation wood and stone are common)

inlaid sheet vinyl

(homogenous): made of THOUSANDS OF TINY VINYL GRANULES built up layer by layer, then fused with heat and pressure. -resilient, hefty flooring with a noticeable depth of color. -some have extra layers of foam cushioning to provide comfort & muffle noise...but most have just a fibrous backing that adds stability, flexibility, and prevents tearing and creasing. (_ _ with an integrated foam cushion do not wear as well as those without). -color chips are distributed throughout the depth of the wear surface

vinyl

-solid _ imitating a terrazzo -woven _ product for floors has good slip resistance Sheet _ comes in widths of 6', 6'6", 9', and 12'. -if the material is HOMOGENOUS: -it is solid and contains at least 50% _ held in a binder/matrix -WEAR LAYER IS THE ENTIRE THICKNESS -if the material is HETEROGENEOUS: -it is a laminated product with a cushioned bottom layer and a printed top layer -topped with a clear-coat WEAR LAYER -2 methods of manufacturing: (1) Inlaid & (2) Rotovinyl

fabrication

-Cast glass can be tempered and used architecturally. -Custom installation of architectural cast glass engineered to meet aesthetic and code requirements. -Patterned glass is available for specification on your jobs (antique, baroque, krinkle, reeded, seedy, water) -Glass block units with various surface patterning that obscures views through to varying degrees. Durable -Surfaces may be sandblasted, back-painted, mirrored, or carved. (back-painted glass is an art form that creates a beautiful and highly serviceable kitchen backsplash). -Glass edges can be ground into shaped profiles (Interior right angles are hard to grind so take expertise and cost a little more than grinding a profile onto a straight edge).

cork

-is a natural product and strict control of visual characteristics is not possible, however variations within a range can be selected -_ flooring shown unfinished for finishing on site and prefinished with a urethane top coat. A softer sheen of wax is also available -is long-lasting (ex: used in Frank Llyod Wright's Falling Water bathroom on walls -planks consists of: wear surface, cork bark veneer, cork core, MDF (and the stabilizing core), cork underlay **WEAR LAYERS can be wax, varnish, urethane, or acrylic -cork can be installed using a floating floor technology as layers are formed into planks -natural cellular structure: good insulation, resilient, impermeability due to natural waxy substance, hypoallergenic because it does not absorb dust, durable, and naturally fire retardant -cork wear layers can be wax, varnish, urethane, or acrylic

solid/luxury vinyl tile

-low percentage of fillers and HIGH PERCENTAGE OF VINYL. -COMES IN TILES: 12 in, 18 in, and 24 in square. -images can be printed to mimic many different materials. -these are higher quality than VCT tiles (better aesthetics and durability).

solid surfacing

-material formulations vary - most are polyester and/or acrylic with mineral fibers -characteristics -color-through -stains & burns can be removed by removing damaged material with sanding -cleaned with typical household cleansers -surfaces can be sanded to matte finish or buffed to gloss -gloss not recommended for dark colors - look hazy from fine surface scratches -1/2" and 3/4" thick material -float material on web support rather than adhering to substrate -expands in heat - allow 1/8" clearance -some colors change in bright sunlight

transition strips

-transitions between the usually thinner resilient product and adjoining surfaces must be detailed carefully. -generally a minimal transition is preferred. If not possible, you may have to specify a transition strip. -in commercial installations it is quite common to specify a vinyl or rubber base

tempered glass

= most common safety glass (windshields, shower doors, entry doors) -4 times stronger than regular glass -must be cut to size FIRST -tempering is putting into oven at extreme temperatures -breaks into lots of small pieces as opposed to of large sharp shards -this type is required where it is most likely to be in contact with humans (hazardous locations) -any location on a door, within 24" of either side and below 60". or any panels below 36" on the wall are required to use tempered or safety glass -glass is on outside, next is PA interlayer, in middle is decorative materials

granite

A variety of markings within the species. Is a very durable stone but is often considered to be too "modern" for some installations. When tradition is required, a _ with more movement seems less modern in appearance.

thin

Advantages of _ brick veneer: • Can be applied by the moderately skilled • Very durable and longer lasting • Prefabrication is easy and economical • Better sound- and fireresistant properties • More durable than imitation brick units • Walls are lighter in weight • May be used where structural support for conventional brick veneer is not available Disadvantages of _ brick veneer: • Durability and overall quality may not be equivalent to that of brick • Cannot be used structurally • Sound- and fireresistance are less than conventional brick • Does not provide thermal mass of brick • Sound blocking is not as effective as for actual masonry

terrazzo

Aggregate chips are graded by size and the sizes you specify are designated by number. (recycled glass is commonly used for this). Several different systems suit different site conditions and program goals. The most commonly specified types are indicated by letter in specifications.

soft mud

Brick Fabrication: _ _ brick is more irregular than brick made with stiffer, cleaner clay

faces

Brick Installation: Names for the brick _: Sailor Soldier Rowlock Header Rowlock Strether Strether

bonds

Brick Installation: Orienting the various brick faces in the courses created patterns called _. Variation Dutch English English Cross Stack Herringbone Basket Weave Running and Stacked Half Basket Running - best, most common 1/3 running or raking stretcher 1/4 running or raking stretcher common variation common flemish monk dutch

mortar

Brick Installation: _ joints: • Concave joints and V-shaped joints • Weathered joint • Struck joint • Flush joint • Raked joint • Extruded joint

reclaimed

Brick Sustainability: Antique brick duplicated in a new product is often less costly than _ brick but does not have the sustainability advantage

wrought iron

Ferrous Metal: -soft easy to work -corrosion and fatigue resistant -often used in furniture, railings and fencing

stainless steel

Ferrous Metal - Non corrosive: -actually composed of iron, carbon and another metal (often nickel) and CHROMIUM to provide a corrosion-resistant coating naturally on the surface of this steel. -if the coating is damaged, the corrosion resistance decreases -not magnetic - if a magnet sticks, it is faux

galvanized steel

Ferrous Metal - Non corrosive: -zinc coating is applied to steel or iron to prevent rust

steel

Ferrous Metal: -iron + carbon = _ -iron is the dominant ingredient

cast iron

Ferrous Metal: -molten metal poured into a mold -brittle, but high compression strength -stair treads and gratings -bathtubs and sinks

flat, stamped

Forming Metal - Sheets: _ sheets: metal sheets are often used to cover surfaces nonstructural, not self supporting. _ sheets: shaped against a dye using heavy pressure. Metal can also be formed by laser cut, punched, cast forms, bent tubing

weaving

Forming Metal: Woven Metal or Expanded Mesh. -metal wire can be woven on looms like fabric looms, producing a variety of _ patterns

tubing, pipe

Forming Metal: _ and _ can be cut and welded. -metal fabricators such as TMCO weld these into complex constructions for furniture and architectural details. This can be done on any metal that is extruded.

extruded

Forming Metal: _ metal from Allied Metal Products fabricated _ metal for industry (doorframes, transition strips, etc.)

spun

Forming Metal: _ metal such as these forms from Franjo are used as standalone objects such as accessories or as components of furniture

welding and soldering

Forming Metal: various descriptors established by National Ornamental and Miscellaneous Metals Association (NOMMA) as reference standards for weld quality range form the most cleaned up example to the coarsest for utility and hidden parts

precast, surfaces

Forms: _ - a custom fireplace can be cast and finished off-site, then delivered and adhered. _ - concrete is such a plastic medium that it will retain the texture of the form that holds it as it hardens. the heat emitted by concrete as it cures is so low that it will not damage special aggregates. Concrete overlays can be installed over a number of surfaces There are different options for pigment in concrete. Sealants are required for concrete. You will need a mason for concrete cast installations and get qualified contractors for this

applied base, coved

In commercial installations it is quite common to specify a vinyl or rubber (more environmental friendly) base. there are 2 options for finishing the perimeter where floor meets walls

sheet vinyl

Installation: Perimeter-Bond - stretched over the floor and secured only at the edges. (requires adhesive only at edges - product has tiny suction cup like backing which prevents material from slipping and bunching). Full-Adhered System - set in a full bed of mastic then rolled onto sublfoor with a weighted roller to eliminate air pockets and form a good bond (can be installed over an existing floor).

concrete

Many varieties of stone are available as tile. Stone tile is cut thinner than stone slab. -_ tile may be tinted to imitate other material. This tile imitates terra-cotta tile.

polished, etched

Metal Finishes: Refer to surface textures. -surface quality is achieved by a number of processes. -_ metal is ground to a smooth reflective surface in a hand-done method here at Tesko Enterprises -_ metal has a matte or frosted surface from treating the face with acids or alkaline solutions. -3 of most common textures for metal surfaces: brushed, polished, satin -powedercoat

linoleum

One of few products made form primarily NATURAL RAW MATERIALS. (linseed oil, resins, and wood flour set into a natural jute backing). -the manufacture of linoleum REQUIRES LESS ENERGY than the manufacture of most popular floor coverings. -has natural ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES to halt the spread of microorganisms. -naturally static resistance. -no harmful VOC emissions -natural antistatic properties to repel dust and dirt. -BIODEGRADABLE. -generally solid (or speckled) colors..some patterning is possible..different colors cut and fit into a design Performance: -extremely durable, resistant to acid, grease, oil, solvents, and burns. -only sensitive to ALKALINE SOLUTIONS which dissolve the linseed oil and dries out the material. -HIGHLY RESISTANT to heavy rolling loads and foot traffic -performance is ENHANCED BY TIME (as it gets more exposure to air it hardens and increases durability). -100% SOLVENT free adhesive is used to install linoleum. -seams for linoleum sheets, vinyl sheet flooring are sealed with a WELD ROD.

number, browner

Protection and Maintenance: -the metal industry has determined _ designations for various metal surfaces. -satin brass versus satin bronze exaggerates their differences; bronze is slightly _ than brass. -brushed nickel versus brushed chrome versus brushed steel side-by-side to highlight their different appearances. Recycling is a huge part of this industry.

first, standard, commercial, second

Quality to Specify, Stone: _ choice: structurally sound, visual consistency, subjective appearance is considered especially attractive. _ grade: structurally sound, visual inconsistencies render material visually variable. subjective appearance considered average. _ or _ quality: reparable defects, visual inconsistencies "blotchy"' material may need to be culled, generally reserved for large-scale commercial jobs where costs are central to decision making.

rubber

Recycled _ flooring, ecostone, interlocking modular tiles. -_ tile with integral cushioning for sports locations and other areas where slip resistance and a softer surface are required. -the custom capabilities of this is appealing for large area with a meaning pattern -this flooring is naturally slip resistant and many _ flooring products have a textured face to increase slip resistance -made of 100% synthetic rubber. -rolls are generally 4 FEET WIDE, and TILES come in many dimensions. -thickness varies from 3/32" to 3/16". -popular for stair treads. -ADA considers is an ideal product for public areas because it offer excellent traction. -can be installed below grade -FINISHES: smooth or multilevel finishes johnsonite's safe-T-first: system integrates color with perma-light self illuminating technology in rubber flooring to assist with egress in case of emergency

stonres

Rubber/Urethane Combination: -includes healthcare, education, public spaces, entertainment, retail -_ RTZ: resilient, ergonomic, noise-reducing floor with free form design options. -_ RTX: resilient, ergonoic, noise-reducing floor with multi-layered color flocks and free form design options. -_ NVL: noise-reducing, resilient, stain resistant floor that competes against vinyl sheet goods and carpet. -_ STR: noise-reducing, resilient, stain resistant floor in a solid. highly recommended for operating rooms, schools and public spaces. color selections that same as _ NVL in a solid finish. Usually used in an OR because it's expensive!

random

Standards for describing variation in the tile designed for _ effects are required for specification purposes. V1- uniform appearance. V2- slight variation. V3- moderate variation. V4- substantial variation

running, book

Stone - exposed edges: Profiles : built-up edges give the appearance of a thicker slab; designers plan details to conceal the seam. Match: _ or _

texture

Stone - options to specify: the appearance (and slip resistance) of stone surfacing is partly dependent on the surface _. ex: Flamed and polished forms look very different. General descriptions for Stone surface textures are: o Polished o Honed o Flamed o Sandblasted o Shot-blasted o Bush-hammered o Brush-face o Tumbling o Sawn face o Leather finish

painters

Stone - planning: _ tape is used on slabs to mark the cuts so the fabricator knows where to cut the pieces required for the job. No markers.

sealant

Stone should have a penetrating sealer applied. Many stones have the _ applied before the stone arrives in the warehouse. You can see how it has penetrated (and dripped) at the edge of the slab.

relief patterning

Surface textures & patterns: Both glazed and unglazed tiles can have surface texture from _ _. • Hundreds of glaze formulations are available and many are proprietary secrets • Crackle glaze is purposely distressed to imitate aged tile

tile

The most common _ body is clay of all kinds, from soft terracotta (Right) to durable porcelain Glass, stone, concrete, metal, brick, and composite are other materials made into _

divider strip

The various _ _ profiles serve different functions. Decorative At Saw-cot Control Joints At Construction Joint At Expansion Joint -Traditionally employed to control cracking. Contribute to the decorative quality of the terrazzo whether they are functional or purely decorative. Metal inserts are traditional in terrazzo installations. -Not always strips. Custom-cut plate becomes an important part of the design, not just for separating the colors but as a unique element in the design. It will be laser-cut plate.

grouted

Tile Inspection: When tile has been set, but before it is _, confirm the following: • Intent of pattern has been satisfied • Layout is according to plan with joints • Tile joints spaced evenly • No defects, damages or irregularities of material • All cuts are even and smooth • Trims used as specified • All tiles in a single surface are flush and level When tile installation is complete, check: • Grout is flush with tile or slightly recessed; should be consistent in color • Extra material is left at the site, marked and stored as directed • Sealer is evenly applied with no thin spots or runs

substrate

Tile Installation: _ models include: • Water-resistant "green board" • Regular gypsum board "drywall" • Cementitious backerboard • Plywood • Existing surfaces

installation

Tile _: Common bond coats, or setting methods, include: -wetset -thinset -medium set -thickset -neat -latex portland cement -dry set -organic adhesive -expoxy mortar -additives

glass

Tile: clear glass mosaic must be expertly installed because the mastic will not be hidden; glass tiles are available in a variety of sizes and styles

melamine

Used for cabinet interiors (mostly). Similar to very thin plastic laminate, sheets come already "laminated".

porcelain

When a stone look is desired but more durability is required, stone-look porcelains with random variegation and color-through bodies are hard to distinguish from stone tiles. Can be polished, matte, and textured, etc. This material is used on floors while ceramic is used on walls.

floor goes up

When there is too much moisture in subfloor or no slab prep/slab is too wet when floor was applied, what happens?

stone

When you inspect actual _ work look for: • Neat cuts with no chips • Members are plumb and square and flush • Tight joints • Adjoining surfaces in perfect alignment • Consistent appearance in reflection • Neat, consistent grout joints • Invisible seams on laminated pieces • Consistent overhangs and tight junctions between stone and adjoining materials

solid surfacing

_ _ products are nonporous, themroplastic or thermoset materials. Corian can be worked like wood. -is water resistant and dimensionally stable. -unique custom designs have been created out of Corian as designers compete for recognition in contests and contribute to fundraising efforts such as DIFFA Dining by Design installation.

solid surface, granite

_: -easy to clean -non porous -repairable -works well with seamless integrated under mount sinks -can be shaped, carved, sculpted _: -porous, requires sealer maintenance -high cost to quarry

laminate, solid surface

_: -heterogeneous (like a radish) -vertical or horizontal grade, finish may affect performance _: -homogeneous (like a carrot) -repairable -heat and scratch resistant

quartz, granite

_: -uses 93% Pure _ (give or take based on brand and filler content) -no sanding or sealing required More durable _: -composed of 40-60% Quartz depending on where it is quarried from

marble

a crystalline, metamorphic stone, is typically recognized by its veined appearance.

plate glass

both surfaces are ground and polished creating a LEVEL SURFACE (this is really an outdated method, there are better methods now)

ferrous metal

contains iron. Iron = easy to work, oxidizes rapidly, susceptible to acids.

travertine

has holes in the slabs formed when it was percolated into existence; these holes can be left unfilled in vertical applications. Is filled for horizontal applications; this has been filled with a light fill for contrast

alloy

is created when metals are combined to have certain characteristics. Ferrous and nonferrous combined

limestone

is generally a more visually consistent stone with very different performance properties than quartzite, so this is not intended to suggest that one could be substituted for the other. Multiple pieces cut from this slab would be visually similar to one another. This is a soft, calcite-based stone.

quartzite

is made up of grains of quartz sand cemented together with silica and is usually distinguishable by its coarse, crystalline appearance. A very hard natural stone with dramatic variation among the different types.

onyx

is prized for its translucency - its tiles are sometimes used as lighting diffusers since they transmit so much light. Most accurately a microcrystalline quartz.

plastic

items made of _ can imitate natural materials so effectively that they are replacing other building materials. -often referred to as synthetic -are chemically engineered to have different properties

soapstone

known for its stainproof qualities, is a tough and durable stone with a talc and quartz component. May not yet sealed; as it is oiled over the life of an installation it continues to darken.

epoxy

lab counters (always a dark color)

plastic laminates

layers of paper bonded together with resins to product a surfacing veneer with properties that vary only slightly among multiple product offerings. -divided into high-pressure and low-pressure -craft paper saturated with phenolic resin pressed between 1000 and 1200 lbs per sq inch for one hour at 208+ degrees. -vertical grade is 0.03" thick -horizontal grade is 0.05" thick -post-forming grade is 0.42" thick 2 types: -non-forming is rigid. -forming has been adjusted in the curing process to be more flexible so it can be bent under heat -widths: 30" 36" 48" 60" -lengths: 96" 120" 144" -widths and lengths in excess of these dimensions will be seamed -thickness -general purpose 1/20" -vertical surface grade 1/35" -post-forming (can be heated and bent into curves by shop) 1/25" -hard durable water and chemical resistant -brief chemical exposure ok, but do not allow prolonged contact with bleach, hydrogen peroxide, hydrochloric acid (lime away), lye (Drano), sodium bisulfate (sani-flush), berry juices, fabric dye, or bluing -custom: manufacturers can place your custom artwork on the decorative layer of a laminate product that you can special order

mesh

many stone slabs have _ reinforcing on their backs to stabilize the material in case of breakage.

nonferrous metal

metal that does NOT contain iron. Ex: -alumium -zinc -copper -brass -bronze -chromium -german silver -nickel -pewter -titanium

slate

most naturally have a cleft face

laminated glass

several layers of glass. something in between the glass: colors, fabrics, etc.

stamped metal

sheet metal is shaped against a dye using heavy pressure. If you fold the sides of metal it makes it more durable.

edges

the exposed _ of stone slab can be detailed with profiles that are ground by machine and finished by hand. flat eased pencil ogee 1/4" radius coved top step ogee demi-bullnose or waterfall double waterfall rounded ogee full bullnose stepped french ogee 1/8" bevel 1/4" bevel 1/4" bevel or miter You must specify this! It will change the appearance of the stone.

concrete

the simplest recipe for _ is: water aggregate (sand and rocks) portland cement (mixture of calcium, silicone, aluminum, and iron with small amounts of other materials). -Admixtures include: fly ash air-entraining accelerants retardants glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) -when custom must interface with building systems or contain manufactured parts, as is the case with this ink, you will request that the fabricator produce shop drawings that show the interfaces

fused thermofoil

thermofoil is printed and embossed to imitate wood grain. thin

tag

when you _ stone at the fabricator you will select sequential slabs so that the material will be most visually similar and the slabs can be matched. Pay more for tradespeople for stone.

stone

will vary considerably from one lot to the next within the same species. This material not only ranges from lot to lot but there is great variation within the slab so multiple pieces cut from the same slab could display very different markings. Client should look at slab and not everything in the showroom.

brick

• Specific types of dimensional _: • Acid-resistant • Adobe • Angle • Arch • Building • Clinker • Dry-press • Facing • Fire • Floor • Gauged • Hollow • Paving • Salmon • Soft-mud • Stiff-mud • Brick and brick

metal

• Stainless steel tile by Crossville • Tile may be solid metal or may be metal fused to a porcelain body

tile

• Terms used to _ appearance: o Bright glaze means a high-gloss coating with or without color o Clear glaze is transparent with or without color o Crystalline glaze contains microscopic crystals o Matte glaze is a low-gloss glaze with or without color o Opaque glaze means a nontransparent coating with or without color o Semi-matte glaze is a medium-gloss finish with or without color o Speckled glaze features granules of oxides or ceramic stains of contrasting