MC FINAL

____: You decide what to put in or leave out of a message (Estate versus death tax) John M ____ ___: wealthiest Alabamian, lobbying group (Policy and Taxation Group) against the death tax, no lobbying group for it ___ is the art and social science of ____ trends, ____ their consequences, ____ organization leaders, and ____ planned programs of action which ___ both the organization and publics interests - World Assembly of PR -OR: The ___, well told. What (good) PR is not: -____ (runs out of steam, goes away), -____ (lying), -being '___ ___ ___', -___ ___ ___, -___ ____ (not to sell a ____, but to create an image and sell an ___) PR is not ____ (___ is selling goods or services, just mass media, aimed at external audiences primarily consumers | PR is fostering good will for an organization, different forms of communication, and internal and external publics) -Trade off: Good PR results in Earned/Free Media, people are more likely to trust news organizations than advertisers PR is not ___, but use the same tools. (___ informs the public | enforce and challenge attitudes and behaviors, not necessarily writing for mass audience, write speeches/Q&As/press releases) PR's Roles: 1) ____: -define problems, -identify publics, -test concepts, -monitor progress, -evaluate campaign effectiveness 2) ____: -advise management in decision-making, -suggest policies for internal and external communication, -train personnel to promote a positive corporate image (Example: Bill Gates, smile more and wear sweaters) 3) ____: -within internal publics: those within organizations including employees and stockholders -within external publics: those outside organizations including community, news, media, customers, legislators May work in an agency, corporate, nonprofit, government, healthcare, or education. Government seek to cast themselves in the most favorable light possible. The '____': audiences 1) ____: within or related to an organization: employees, members, stockholders 2) ____: lawmakers, regulators, competitors, customers, news media IN UA: INTERNAL: Professors, students, coaches, alumni, parents, faculty, staff IN UA: EXTERNAL: The Crimson White -News relies on PR and vice versa. -PR is in the ___ business, too. Like the ___ business. (Good thoughts come to mind first, hopefully.) A brief history of PR: A Greek ____ was hired to make arguments on behalf of the ones who hired them. Boston Tea Party, planned act of rebellion PT Barnum (The GREATEST: puffery show on Earth) Hype Ida Tarbell a muckraker VS. Rockefeller The founding PR fathers: 1) ___ ___: talk to journalists and press directly (Rockefeller: carry handful of dimes) 2) ___ ___: considered the REAL FOUNDER of modern PR -Termed PR ____ -Taught first PR course, understand public, give public what they think they want when it is really what clients want ___ __ ____: Bernays, engineering you to get what I want you to do, changing opinions to change behavior -Father was Freud "___ __ ___" Taught bad to smoke especially if female, make smoking equivalent to women's rights -Hired women of status to go to the Easter Parade in NYC and smoke -Bernay's PR used by Nazis, felt bad, led to PR and ___ ___ PR's Key Functions: 1) ___ ____: -Create and distribute messages to generate favorable publicity -Develop and maintain contact with reports (media relations) 2) __ ____: -Maintain good relations with government and community groups -Use corporate aid and sponsorship -Make charitable contributions on both local and national levels -Your 5Ks, 10Ks 3) ___: -Monitor government activities -Maintain relations with legislators -Disseminate info to legislators supplying laws favorable to clients -Influence legislation through personal contacts 4) ___ ___: -Repair a client's public image following an error or accident -Guide corporate response to an emergency -Rehabilitate public image following a SCANDAL. -#MeToo, UA's own scandal

-Framing -Harbert III -PR, analyzing, predicting, counseling, implementing, serve -Truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Hype -Spin -Being 'good with people' -Throwing good parties -Free advertising -Advertising -Journalism -Research -Counseling -Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Publics -Internal -External -Sophist . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Ivy Lee -Edward Bernays -Council -Engineering of Consent -Torches of Freedom/Liberty -Civil Rights -News Management -Community Relations -Lobbying -Crisis management

-Demby -___: classifies people into 1/8 consumer groups according to primary motivation and level of resources (education, finances, level of curiosity, self-confidence) a) Ideals-motivated, Thinkers and Believers (guided by knowledge and principles) b) Achievement-motivated, Achievers and Strivers (look for products that demonstrate status and success to others) c) Expression-motivated, Experiencers and Makers (seek action and individuality) d) Innovators (well established in careers) e) Survivors (cautious, little brand loyalty) -Mountain Dew (from hillbilly to young, energetic image and now urban market) -___ and ____ target audience due to high income and education level. -Crazy Horse (Hornell Brewing: fail) The 4 Misconceptions of Ad Business -____: huge number of commercials and other mess, compete for consumer attention between programs, anything not part of the program itself (ads, PSAs, network promotions, gaps in programs) -___ ___: messages allegedly embedded so deeply in an ad they cannot be perceived consciously (no research proven) -Sometimes Ads more important than the program itself (Ridley Scott's 1984) -Advertisements to Children, a highly desirable audience -TV ads, guidelines altered in 2006 (companies to distinguish between advertisements and programming content, show mealtime foods as part of a single balanced meal than a larger balanced diet, identify when online games contain ads) -Food ads, biggest criticism since cigarettes, 10 companies agreed to direct children less than 12 1/2 ads to healthier foods and lifestyles, take junk food promotions out of online interactive games -Food ads are issue to UK too -___ ___ ___ (__): strategy of reaching key audiences through advertising, public relations, sales promotions, and interactive media -Elon Musk: Space X, Tesla -___ ___: new version of ___: more sophisticated form of sponsored content matching a publication's editorial standards while meeting audience expectations (Gildan, Scientology) -Mobile advertising latest frontier, once hard to reach 18-34, banners /apps do not promote brand well enough ____ ____/____ ___/ ____ ____: different from product placement, a product or service not just seen, but central to the story, seems natural in reality TV -Google's AdWords (buy key words to show up on search results)/AdSense (websites have a code that searches content posted there with ads relevant) help long tail -Problem is documenting who is actually clicking and how many -Social marketing now made more credible by delivering to target audience through social media stars, can receive reach and engagement data from the influencer's post

-VALS^TM -Gays and lesbians -Makes you buy things -Makes things cost more -Helps sell bad products -Waste of money (strengthens the economy: moving products thru the marketplace, support mass media) -Clutter -Subliminal advertisements -Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Native advertising, advertorials -Plot placement, branded entertainment, product integration

Newspapers drive news agendas (a lot of news stories not covered) Print digs up the most news. What Makes Newspapers Important: -Newshole -(DIVERSE CONTENT) Power of 'weak' ties: Newspapers tell you things you did not know you did not know -The 'wall' (makes major decisions, oversees editorial and business divisions. (divides to) Other Important Features: -1)More Information -2)Saved Forever -3)More reasoned opinions in editorials -4)Provide order -5)'Completeness' -6)A sense of community -7)Investigative Journalism Why Newspapers Aren't Always Loved: -Opinions are often ____ than Local TV -_____ stay there. -_____ are different for journalists. Most papers are group owned (outside company: not usually locally owned) Most papers are also local. Privately owned: Newhouse, CNHI, Boone NPs, COX NPs Publicly owned: Gannett, McClatchy Company, Lee Enterprises National newspapers: USA Today, New York Times (tries to be), Wall Street Journal, Washington Post (tries to be) -Paywalls in future?

-Available space for news/editorial content around all those ads. -We learn new things that you did not know that you did not know. You know new things because of people you don't know telling you things directly or indirectly. (Twitter and social media personalizes your news, you miss things.) -The Publisher: makes major decisions, oversees editorial and business divisions. (divides to) -A) Editorial (the news side): Writes and edits, produces news features and graphics -B) Business: sells advertising and distributes newspapers -No business influence on editorial side: kept separately -Stronger, Mistakes, Loyalties

Movies are a ____ medium. -S-M-C-R Risk: spend millions before receiving feedback -Movie making and distribution is an ____ (Columbia/Sony, Viacom/Paramount, 20th Century Fox/NC (merged and bought by Disney), Universal (Comcast), Warner Brothers (T-W), Disney)), is shrinking Movie marketing windows: (opportunities to sell, rent, or license a movie to a specific type of purchaser) -___ ____: the first run in US theaters, might last from one weekend to six months (once box office slows, move on) ($10-11B, only about 20-30% of money comes from here) 39K screens (kids movies last longer) Most movies ____ at the US Box Office -____ ____: usually begins several weeks after domestic debut (International theaters: most make more money outside US, do not just open world-wide, Fifty Shades of Grey - 70%) More money ____ the ____ (do not release everywhere at same time) -'___' ____: usually 3-6 months after domestic release '___' ____ includes: -All not-in-theater settings (Pay-per-view in hotels, planes, homes) -Sweet DVD sales/rentals (going down) (now come out same time as p-p-v) -Digital sales (downloads) also down -SVoD (Subscription video on demand: Netflix, Prime, Paramount + eliminates the middle man -____: anywhere from three months (pay-per-view) to several years (syndication) after domestic release (Wizard of Oz) Movies do not always make money only on theaters or even in theaters. -Also ___ ____: inside the movie, want to see products in a favorable light, technology makes easier to add to older movies (Wizard of Oz: did not do too good in box office) A US Chief Export: ____: large majorities of TV shows, movies, and music sold world-wide are made in America. US ___ has an impact on many nations. ____ is the world's biggest market. 'Freeze!' -Requires being sensitive to cultures and changing parts of movies -The Lion King (understood in many cultures, not in the same way) (Presentation of Simba) You see what you want to because of your ___. -Movies give us _____ ____ 90% of all money world-wide in the motion picture industry comes from ____ ____ The #1 Movie Quote of All Time: '___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___.' ___ ___ ___ ___ Clark Gable, 1939 -Film is a chemical medium The ____ of ____: an optical illusion that the retina holds an image for a millisecond (individual pictures move = ___ of ____/moving pictures) -This is Emile Reynaud's _____ -Muybridge, horse with 4 legs, CA governor, lots of cameras 1890s: George Eastman (Kodak) provided ____ in 1889, whereas Thomas Edison worked on the ____ 1880s/90s: Edison and film (first two motion pictures: ____ ___'s ____ and _____ No. 1 Edison's _____: greek 'to write movement' Edison's _____: one eye at a time, 'to view movement' had to look in a box one person at a time, hand-cranked -Lumière Brothers- 1st movie house General rules for movies to be made: Frames Per Second: ____: less than TV, more than Edison's which were choppy, make Perception of Vision that is not too choppy The Great Train Robbery (1903: Edwin S. Porter) -First films were in NJ, Black Maria Studio -Why move to Hollywood? (___ had the trust and control: decided who got to make moneys, had to pay them, could not ___ ____, ___ ___: film almost every-day: outdoors, even for indoor scenes, warm) The first documentary: ___ ___ ___ ____: 1922, Global village 1927: The first talkie: ___ ___ ____ (Al Jolson) Few words -1930s-50s: Golden Age of Movies, owning theaters seen as monopolistic, single screen movie theaters died and became multiplexes -Who does what? -Director: provides creative vision -Producer: puts together financing and creative team -Star: guarantees box office success -Writer: turns story into script -Editor: creates rhythm, pace, and special effects 1930s-50s: The ___ ____/____ ____: Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America -No nudity/suggestive dancing -No illegal drug use -No liquor -No crime methods shown -No talk of homosexuality/venereal disease -No interracial sex or marriage -Ministers not seen as bad guys 50s-60s: ___ ____ (Government ____ require), -G: General audience -PG: parental guidance suggest -PG-13: parental guidance strongly advised (made in mid-80s thanks to Spielberg, Indiana Jones, Gremlins) -R: restricted, no one under 17 unless with guardian/parent -NC-17: no one under 17 allowed at all The '__' rating: porn industries '____', did not copyright, NC-17 seen as box office poison

-Hot -Oligopoly -Domestic Theatrical -Lose -Overseas Theatrical -'Home' media -Television -Product placement -Outside the US than in........................ -Culture -American movies -Culture -China -Parasocial interactions -Frankly my dear, I don't give a damn. Gone With the Wind (1939) -Persistence of Vision -Bill Dickson's Greeting, Monkeyshines -Praxinoscope -Film, camera................ -Kinetograph -Kinetoscope-24 -Edison, Find you, More light -Nanook of the North -The Jazz Singer -Hays Code/Production Code -Voluntary ratings, doesn't -X, XXX

-Traditional TV use falling -Subscription video up, others flat -TV is a ___ medium: double screens (on phone) -1920s: "_____ _____" slices pictures to send across electromagnetic frequencies -___ _. ____: 24 patented the ___ ___ in 1927 for $1M. -____ ____: made something similar for Westinghouse, later worked for RCA. -1930s/40s: no ____ ____, little to see on tiny screens. (NYC) Until the FCC set standards (1941: B&W, 50s/60s: color, 2009: digital broadcasting) -___ ___ _: TV workers went to the federal government for work, then back. Pre to Post jump in ownership of TV sets. -The TV Networks: Original TV companies were ____ _____ ____: -____, -_____, -_____, -_____ (TV set making company, bad at making shows, later became Metromedia, then later ____) -Now: diversity reigns (4 major networks, 900+ cable channels, 15K+ video broadcasting signals, 1388 commercial UHF/VHF, 396 educational stations, thousands of receivers, and Internet delivered video) In the 20s-40s, Golden Age of Radio: By the late 1940s: ____ offers the ____ and _____ for _____. (Lone Ranger: Radio (1933-1954 3000 episodes) TV (1949-1957: 221 episodes) Kept the ____ of _____. After World War 2: ______: -Makes films of ____ ___, so ____ shows could be ____ (before days of video magnetic tape) Mid-1950s: _____: -The first rerun: __ _____ _____, put on film. The moral: You make money by ____ ____ (____ is king). Also in the 1950s: TV news: TV documentaries, Edward R. Murrow Who controls TV's power? -Originally: ____ ____ hosted a show and were the only _____, so they had the most power over the ____. -____ _____: ____ produced programming, NOT ____. -Multiple show sponsors, more money to the network to have more control -Created ____ and ____ shows. Movie's first response to TV: -Movie companies wanted nothing to do with TV (assumed TV was a fad) except for.... Today TV programs come to us via... -____ (NBC, CBS, FOX, PBS) -____ ____ (but Comcast owns NBC!) -___ ____ (news, mostly) -____ _____ (Jeopardy, Judge Judy) -What is a syndicated show? -A company owns a show and sells it to ____ per_____ ____ (Judge Judy: WBRC - Fox provider, though Judge Judy is owned by CBS company) -Syndicators make money by selling own ads which stations must show. The company may or may not pay for the show.

-Image dissector -Philo T. Farnsworth -Vladimir Zworykin -Broadcast standards -World War 2 -Original radio companies -ABC, CBS, NBC, DuMont/Fox................. -Radio, model, program, TV -Announcement of show -Kinescope -Live TV, live shows, rebroadcast -Videotape, I Love Lucy, owning distribution -One company, sponsors, network -Pat Weaver, networks, advertisers=companies, Today, Tonight............ -Disney -Networks -Cable Companies -Local shows -Syndicated shows -Station, local market

Two Types of Publics 1) ____: the people who work for the company (employees a central part of a company's communication environment) -Not simplified to written materials ____: computer networks open only to members of an organization 2) ____: far larger, relatively less known (most important?) -___ ___: 2-way interactions with members of the ___ ___ ____: en event perceived by the public as being damaging to the organization's reputation/image 5 Principles: 1) ___ ___: have a plan always, even if unlikely 2) __ ___: cover-ups get exposed always 3) ___ and ___ ___: real actions 4) __ ___: 45 minutes-12 hours 5) ___ with the ___ and ___ ____: include company's own employees and management, stockholders, government regulators, customers, press -Keurig 2.0 -Tylenol (cyanide laced, take immediate action, product taken off nation-wide, 2nd battle gaining trust, relaunch announcement) -Exxon/BP Oil Spills (Perception of Fault, Lack of effective crisis plan, failure to take immediate control, failure to accept responsibility immediately) -Online PR: new info channel, bypass traditional media and talk directly with various publics, websites ensure a company's POV, find out what the publics are saying, no editorial oversight or fact-checking, crisis stories cannot be contained, rumors flourish Social Media: constantly moving target -Kraft: Velveeta Shortage -Coke Freestyle: ___ ___ ___: non-computer devices that surround our lives that collect data and transmit them over the internet -Domino's fighting back against social media -Prep for Online CC (identify team, imagine nightmare scenarios, track blogosphere and other social media, do not wait) -Most events were created by PR practices to obtain coverage of their clients (40-90%), based on ___ ____, can exaggerate sense of what PR can accomplish -PR and Government: levels of government = ___ ___ ___ -Government regulations include lobbying for laws best for the organization or building goodwill with legislators and regulating bodies -____, more efforts to work with government to share legislation and regulations favorable to their institutions -Government itself and agencies of government -Military -___ ___: 70s-present: '___ a yarn'/telling a story, attempt how a story will be portrayed and discussed than just simply providing press releases, events, and background info -___ ___: cited as top ___ ___, influence how stories are interpreted (selectively leak info in advance, contact members of the press immediately after an event, push idea of two sides to every story) -An effective tool for social change (not just professionally used) -MLK Jr. campaign to integrate the South. Combination of actions, words, and media visibility to eliminate segregation laws and integrations. -And Southern Christian Leadership Conference campaign goals to hold non-violent demonstrations and acts of resistance forcing segregated stores and businesses to be opened to African Americans. -Project 'C' (Confrontation), BHAM VS. Bull Connor, sit-ins, marches, boycotts against local businesses -"LETTER FROM A BHAM JAIL" published into brochure, raised stakes and ADDED CHILDREN

-Internal, intranets -External, press, media relations -Crisis communications -Be prepared -Be honest -Apologize and mean it -Move quickly -Communicate with the press and other constituencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Internet of Things -Press releases, company announcement, issues and arrests, games -Various external publics -Business -Spin control -John Scanlon, spin doctor

From Review Day: -Framing is? -Priming is? -Is CPM per thousand or million? -Hearing something over and over again would be an example of? -#1 radio format? -FCC regulates? -Images do/do not make assertions. -Saved money in the 1840s by getting a group of reporters/this news cooperative -Ads hidden in TV and movies -Who really decides a message's meaning? -4 times where no re-runs occur, Nielsen sends out 4 reviews -You should not treat people as ____ according to Utility AND Categorical Imperative. -The press being a 'watch dog' to the government -1400 Bibles made from the movable type -Government cannot regulate the restriction of speech is someone blows an airhorn during class

-the unavoidable process of selective control over how people perceive the meaning attributed to a media 'text' -how mass media affect the standard by which people evaluate political figures and events. -Thousand -Redundancy theory -Country -Terrestrial radio -Not. Words do. -Associated Press -Product placement -The receiver -'Sweeps' months -Means to an end -Burke's fourth estate -Gutenberg -Time/place/manner restrictions

Objectivity: Originally? Today? Why Journalists Are Different: Loyalty to reader, chief value to 'truth': Good Journalism Is: Accurate (not saying true), In context, original Problems of Journalism: 1) ____ (real or imagined) 2) Limits to ____ (what's not covered is even seen as bias) 3) Outside ____ 4) ____ characteristics 5) ____/____ (might make mistakes) 6) The ____

1) Bias 2) Objectivity 3) Influences 4) Channel 5) Competition/speed 6) Money -Economics (began as way to make money), Ethics/Economics/Etc. (both are equal and just as important) Associated Press.

Lecture Notes Day 2: -Uses and Gratifications Theory (we get something out of mass media - why we use it) (Surveillance (s of the w), Diversion, Learn about the world (how to ____, _____, ____), Give us personal relationships) -Parasocial Interaction -Social Learning Theory (learn how to act and behave through someone else) -Third person effect -Spiral of silence -Cumulative effects theory -Consistency theory and COGNITIVE DISSONANCE (competing ideas in your head - seek harmony) -Individual differences theory (know who the audience is and tailor ____ toward them) -Cultivation theory & Mean World Syndrome (mass media _____ you/cultivates you) -Diffusion of innovation theory

-We get something out of mass media which is why we use it. S: a survey of the world, D: not have to pay attention to real world, entertainment LATW: how to look, act, and behave, GUOPR: who we think we know but do not really, would not happen outside mass media -Fans 'relationship' with a media figure (talking just to me) -We learn what to do based on what we see from others. learn how to act and behave-Media affects others more than you, suggest we're smarter than others in analyzing media -We want to be in the majority, quiet in minority. Less likely to speak out if you think you're in minority, which results in fewer speaking. -Mass media do not affect us at first, but cumulatively the effect builds up over time. (seeing something 10000 times) -We want consistency in mass media, do not want ideas that oppose our beliefs. We choose media that goes with our beliefs. -Not everybody is the same. (Gender, race, class, sex) Know who our audience is and tailor messges toward them. -Mass media teach you, cultivate you, cultivate that the world is much meaner than it really is -how, over time, an idea or product gains momentum and diffuses (or spreads) through a specific population or social system. The end result of this diffusion is that people, as part of a social system, adopt a new idea, behavior, or product. (innovators, early adopters, late adopters, laggards)

Chapter Summaries: According to scholars what is the best way to control the impact of media in our lives? Mass comm. covers _____, using what ______, and what else is known of the receivers? Describe the American media industry. What does vertically integrated mean? Is the Internet like the printing press in terms of cultural value? What is wrong with the 'development theory'? What is a mediated message?

Develop high levels of media literacy A society, technology, large mixed audience who do not primarily know the speaker. Privately owned with minor government control. Started in 1640s. Got bigger in the 1830s with the steam-powered printing press. Producing, promoting, and delivering content to a consumer audience. Yes in terms of its importance, though it still owes historical reference to the success of the printing press and the following other online mediums that progressed from it shortly after. Countries would still follow an 'Authoritarian' blueprint. Just because a country is moving from colonial to independent rule, does not mean it needs an eccentric title. Many countries follow 2 or more theories of the press. Hey, testtakers: This is an example of a 'mediated' message, because it requires a device to deliver.

Notes Day 3: -Public opinion: Polling and other methods (sample the right Americans in population scientifically for a larger population) How does scientific polling really work? *The magic number to test for any large population correctly and within ____ percentage points ____ of the time. *The normal distribution curve. *The confidence interval/margin of error: (____ or ____ figure tells you the _____ of where _____ is) *The confidence level: STATISTICAL DEAD HEAT. *More precision = interview more people ($5B spent on public opinion polls) *Scientific polls work when (a and b) *Other poll types: *Focus groups *Luddites -Neil Postman: medium is the ____ (brain prioritizes info differently based on medium) *Postman: A particular medium can only sustain (Logos and images versus print) Which makes assertions? Which can be more complicated?

*384 +/-, 5 percentage points, 95% *68% within 1 deviation, 95% within 2, 99.7% within 3 (4 inches of 5'10: 68%: 5'6-6'2 *(Opinion polling): Plus or minus figure that tells you the range of where reality is: results will be within 5% points of 'reality' 95% of time *How "sure can you be" that reality is within the 'confidence interval'? *If a poll shows 52% in favor and 48% opposed with a 3-point margin of error, then you've got yourself a statistical dead heat. *a) Everyone in population has an equal change of being selected. b) Questions are well-written (fair questions)NOT ALL STUDENTS GO TO THE GAME. GOOD QUESTIONS NOT DO YOU LIKE ME Y/N. *Straw poll (nonscientific) Never rely on straw polls for real info. 'What should win the 2019 Emmy for Outstanding Drama Series?' *Bring group together, choose them carefully, sit in room for one hour to go in depth, write better poll questions *Somebody 'afraid' of technology (Ned Ludd) *Metaphor. The brain prioritizes information differently based on communication medium. *A particular level of ideas. (Images make no assertions. Print makes more assertions. McDonald's logo. McDonald's makes the world's tastiest burgers. (Can agree or disagree with the text))Video is about the image: linear ands cannot be complicated, whereas print can make things complicated.

Notes Day 2: *The brow continuum *2 Ideas From McLuhan *Does media change or reinforce? *The media business and cultural imperialism. Canada and France with the US *Long-tail *Media are not a... *Media are a .... *Synergy

*High brow are ideas, middle are things, low are people Skyscraper model of culture Much of what you have in mass media is disposable/to be forgotten about *The medium is the message. (Communication channel has its own effects that will affect the message.) Global village - 50s/60s TV became common because we all see each other, mass media will bring us together as a global village we will care about others because we can see them *Media changes AND reinforces. (Gone With the Wind, Jack Parr, NYPD Blue) Media changes what we think is okay/how society works and reinforces society (America is a great place to be) *When one nations culture overwhelms the culture of another(Canada and France with the U.S.) U.S. has 4% of world population but 30% of media spending*lots and lots of products that sell a few (Walmart CDs) *Media are not a monopoly. *Media are an oligopoly (a few companies controlling a large percentage of a market) *Using 1 media to sell or promote another media (Marvel and Star Wars or ESPN and Disney World)

Notes: Day 4.5+5 *Balancing defamation (personal rights) Spoken is defamation, written is libel : both still defamation : written to be thought of as fact/true when it is false #2: Id: cannot be done in ____ ____ #4: D: hurts ____, _____ hurt or _____ costing *Defamation of public figures versus private people (rdft o am) *NYT vs. Sullivan 'Fair comment' laws means _____ are protected -Intellectual Property Rights: Calvin and Hobbes IP = _____ form of an idea *A statement such as '6 + 6 = 12' cannot be trademarked, but if you made merchandise and had _____ colors and fonts on the design, you could trademark that. -NEWS GATHERING RIGHTS: *Sunshine laws (access to government _____) and Freedom of Information Act (access to government created _____) BOTH AVAILABLE FOR ALL CITIZENS. *Shield laws (______ anonymous sources: _______ only.) *PACI: Artistic speech: cannot be limited if it _____ you. Can if it causes direct/immediate ____ to a part of society. *Commercial speech: anything spoken/written/communicated that _____ a product or service. If we think something is ____ and it is not, that is troublesome. Also limits if it may ______ society (cigarette ads) *Indecent speech: very little protection. Pornography VS obscenity: which one is legal?

*PF: Libel cases must be proven 1. Published 2. Identified (cannot be done in large groups) 3. Incorrect 4. Defamatory (hurts reputation, personally hurt and money costing) 5. EXCLUSIVE TO PUBLIC FIGURES. *reckless disregard for truth or actual malice (meant to do that, without checking)Much harder for PF to win libel cases. *Set the public figure standard. (No malice involved) *Opinions, the Cherry sisters *fixed *Meetings, documents *Journalists *Pornography

Notes Day 1: *Definition of communication *Communication ____ & ______ *Types of Communication *What makes mass communication different? (You need a .... & it's only ...) *Media's 3 purposes *Mass media helps provide society's _____ Notes Day 1 Part 2: *Transmission Model *Different channels ___ better for? *Issues with the Transmission Model *What is fidelity?

*Process of creating shared meaning (cultural definitions) Is a process. Foundation of our culture. *Unites and divides. *Intra(thoughts), Inter, Group (3 or more, requires less speakers and more listeners, different dynamic of control), Mass(using mass medium to inform/persuade/entertain large audiences) You need a channel/device/media(an extension of a human) to communicate. Channel types include paper, electronic, chemical/film Media is 'mediated' to go between. & One-way communication (no instant feedback). Inform, entertain, persuade. Media does not equal medium. MEDIA ARE. *Dominant culture. The orientation of the sender is a transfer of meaning. The orientation of the receiver is cognitive reasoning. *The source could you (intrapersonal) based on your knowledge, culture, attitude, and communication skills which is encoded to a message (depends on content, code, and treatment) The channel could be audio, visual, print, or film (your senses) which is decoded by the receiver (how they understand the message depends on their knowledge, culture, attitude, and communication skills.) Any message has to be decoded by the recipients in the SMCR path, and recipients ultimately decides what a message means. *Work better for different types of messages. Fidelity- how close are the sender and receiver in creating shared meaning Ex. text does not pick up sarcasm. A phone call could emit your voice which could add fidelity. *Noise-any internal/external thing that can cause a loss of fidelity. Env. - external problems interfering with you hearing or seeing the message Psycho. - sender/receiver has a 'mind' issue (daydreaming or offended) Physical - 'body' issue (tired, drunk, deaf) Semantic - c/n understand text in your language Cultural - people not part of your culture won't understand when sending or receiving messages with another culture *Feedback. Receivers need to respond to a message sent to its original source (loop of receiver to sender).

Notes Day 4: -Edmund Burke and the ________ -Burke's ____ and the 3 others -What does the Constitution assume (a 1st amendment feature)? -How does the govt. limit bad news and the control of info flow? -How do they hide bad news or attack the messenger? -What is framing? The media AND government prime and frame. -What is priming? (**Media prime and frame too.) -Govt. has little control over, but more control over. -_____ has the more protection in the U.S. -The FCC's Equal Time Rule -Political advertising. -Cable? Satellite?

-Fourth Estate: The press ('More important by far than they all'They all are -Clergy, Nobility, and Commoners with Power). -The constitution assumes an adversarial relationship between the government and the press (knew they will not always get along). The press serves as a check on power of the government. Press to hold authorities accountable. The 1st Amendment feature.. -Framing is the unavoidable process of selective control over how people perceive the meaning attributed to a media 'text' (not just words). Or put simply: You decide what to put into and keep out of a message. (Drilling vs. energy exploration. Estate tax vs. death tax.). -Priming is how mass media affect the standard by which people evaluate political figures and events. Or put simply: What is the 1st thing you think of when you think of something you know not that much about? The media helped you put that thought in your noggin. (Alabama stereotypes) -Little control over print and the internet.. -More control over over-the-air broadcasting (AM/FM, public airwaves, TV with a tower), sets aside frequencies that serve public interest (no cursing or nudity) The FCC limits who owns as well so all voices are heard.. Political speech (government allows awful political ads). Federal Communication Commission's Equal Time Rule: if 1 federal candidate appears on non-news programming, then other candidates have the right to equal time on the air. Does not apply to news or political advertising. (SNL) (Cands. can choose to do it or not). Political advertising: follow the money. If A has $10K for advertising and B has $1M then B can spend up to $1M on ads and A $10K.. Cable and satellite have no government oversite on programming. Big loophole. HBO- if you want cursing or nudity you can have it. ESPN, Fox, CNN

The brow continuum (ideas, things, people) -Which magazines are considered high brow, middle brow, low brow? -The biggest publisher of magazines? -Magazine =? -Magazines have a narrow focus and this is how they survive. -The U.S.' first non-book mass medium was the? (Weekly 1821-1969) -What is one reason why the SEP crumbled? -Pass along rate is big for magazines. How many people ___ the ____ ____ ____ of a _____ (bigger than newspapers) (Nat Geo) -Cost Per Thousand Impressions. (If Mag A had 1M readers and Mag B had 750K, which would advertisers choose?) The Types of Magazines: -1: Consumer: target members of the ____ ___, cover consumer ____ and the consumer _____, advertise _____ ____ (Aimed at you) -2: Trade: NOT A ____ ____ like TRADE BOOKS. Aimed at a specific _____. Target those in specific _____ or _____. Advertises products and services that those _____ _____. (Overdrive, Home Furnishing Business) -3: Public Relations: Target a ____ or _____ employees, customers, stockholders, and dealers. 'Belong in family' Enhance the ____ or ____'s prestige. (Alabama Alumni Magazine, College of Communications (The Communicator) -4: Miscellaneous: Target various types of readers and include: -___ and ____ journals -_____ magazines -Comic books and zines (Book mentions Consumer, Trade, and Literary) (Journal Articles for research) THE PUBLISHER: -Chooses a ____, selects a ____ ____, creates an ____ for the magazine, formulates a ____ ____ | Editorial Staff: -Produce stories and features, work with freelance writers and artists, work with _____ and _____ ____ Advertising Staff: -Establish relationship with the right advertisers, make sales presentations, create advertising campaigns with agents Circulation Staff: -Find and keep subscribers, manage subscription list, promote ____-____ sales What saves magazines? -Postage discount -Content (competing with free) -The cover (impulse buying) Magazines have given us: Investigations (McLure's) Interviews Great Photos Controversies of Magazines: -Credibility (higher standard in libel cases) -Ties to advertisers -Sponsored content or advertorial content -The cover effect (medium is the message)

-Harper's Bazaar, The Atlantic, New Republic -Vogue, National Geographic, Southern Living -People -Storehouse (of knowledge and information) -Saturday Evening Post -1963: Butts and Bear Bryant in 1963: ordered to pay $3.06M, 'fixed game' b/t UA and UG. Settled for $300,000. -Read, same physical edition, publication-M (Roman numerical for 1,000 'mille') How much it costs per 1,000 to see your ad. -A: $10 -B: $13.33 -If the audience they want to reach is more concentrated in a smaller number, then many advertisers are willing to pay for more. -Buying publics -General audience, business, business, industry, industries need -Corporation, institution -Professional, academic -Little -Focus, target audience, identity, business plan-contributing, consulting editors -single-copy

Notes Day 4: *First Amendment: Milton's Marketplace: a reminder of the four theories. *Alien and Sedition Acts (f.s.m.) *The bottom line on speech petition: PACI *Key areas of media law: Personal rights (2) (d,p), Intellectual Property Rights (c,p,t) (3), News-Gathering Rights (SL, FOIA, SL) (3): *Who is the press? Definition of journalism varies by states and jurisdiction (can be bloggers). *Balancing Act: (Values versus 1A) *Balancing political speech *Balancing public airwaves-Balancing national security -Prior restraint When can speech be limited? (during w) *Balancing public endangerment *Balancing time, place, and manner restrictions

*Religion, petition, speech, assembly, press *Made a speech telling the British people they deserve more freedom. *Against the law to write fake, scandalous, and malicious writings about the government/president. Occurred in 1798-1800 when the U.S. was a developing nation. Matthew Lyon - newspaper editor criticizing Adams. *Most protection -> least. Political speech, artistic speech, commercial speech, indecent speech. *PR: defamation (slander, libel) and privacy | IPR: copyright, patents, trademark | NGR: Sunshine laws, Freedom of Information Act, shield laws *List of values balance against the freedom of speech/1A. (see-saw) *Burning a U.S. flag is protected by political speech. *FCC: Internet and print have similar protection. Broadcasting does not. Can be censored/limit speech during war. When the government says you are not allowed to say or print something (Censorship) Pentagon Papers: 6-3 win for NYT *Causing panic, people could get physically hurt (terrorist threats) *Government's right to limit your free speech at certain times, at certain places, and in certain ways. Government cannot make TPM restrictions based on the content of speech (Republicans, Democrats)

-Less traditional ads include app ads (in-game ads), '____ ads' designed to stir viral viewing and news coverage (Burger King and Google), product placement (in old shows too), sports marketing -Other channels include signs on the road, skywriting, covert ads (what do you recommend?, word of mouth), vehicles History of Advertisement: 1869: The first ____: F. Wayland ____, ___ ___ and ____ We write ads for you, find the best sources to advertise, make sure ad is published, just want a cut (work on commission), ___ ___: When it Rains It Pours How ad agencies are paid: ____ WRKP in Cincinnati ($1K in spots to WKKP, you pay $1150 a 15% ____), you get ___ of what you negotiate (price + ____ _____ ____) -Internet is changing this Agency Structures: 1) ___ ____: coordinates agency services for the client -Represents the client within the agency -Puts together teams for ad campaigns -Coordinates the pitching of new accounts 2) ____: plans, executes, interprets research -____ research: gathers data about target consumers -___ research: tests the effectiveness of ad content through pre test and post test 3) ____: what we think of most, designs and produces advertisements -Creates the ad copy -Designs visual styles of ads -Hires and directs freelance illustrators, photographers, and musicians -Produces and casts advertisements and TV spots 4) ____: allocates advertisement budgets among print, broadcast, and other media -Purchases media space and time -Oversees and maintains quality ___: ___ ____ ___: what makes your product special/different/unique, shows itself through a slogan 'When it rains it pours', 'The best or nothing' (Mercedes) ____: ___ __ ___ ___: how much you spend on advertisements depends on, M= roman for mille (1M: $10, 750K: $13.33, depends on if you are reaching your target audience) Ad repetition: Cumulative effects theory (sweet spot of spending to reach clients) -The right ____ and the right ____: Wheaties (Lou Gehrig), tried to target men and took away folic acid, Number 1 = Cheerios -We do not always trust advertisers, best ads are ____ ___ ____ (phones trusted least) (____ ___ and the two step flow) (Mass media to opinion givers to opinion receivers) Commercial speech: Flintstones and Winston cigarettes -____ is legal. Subjective without precise meanings (best, greatest are fine because they are obviously opinions) -ULTRA soft, MEGA roll are ____ -Square feet is NOT. A verifiable fact. TWICE is or is not puffery? -Training the public to be consumers: environmental print: learning to read from brands -Advertisements serve a democratic function (allows for other media to exist)

-'Buzz' -Commission, +15%, 15% commission rate -Agency, Ayer, NW Ayer and Son -Morton Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1) Account management 2) Research, audience, copy 3) Creative 4) Media -Unique selling proposition -CPM, cost per thousand impressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Target, position -Recommendations from friends -Opinion leaders -Puffery -NOT

____: any paid form of non-personal communication about an organization, product, service, or idea by an identified sponsor -First published in newspapers targeting a narrow and elite audience -____, ____, and ____ sparked consumer culture and the need for consumer goods to be advertised -___ ___ were the first consumer good to be promoted through ads -Were also the first goods of the economy of abundance (as many or more goods available as people wanted to buy them) -____ word/phrase attached to prepackaged consumer goods so they can be better promoted to general public through ads -___ had an uneasy start to ads -Economy then changed to selling ____ to _____. Radio and TV followed. ___ ___ used ___-____ messages, whereas ___ ___ used ___-___ messages. -____ ___ promoted a particular POV than a product -___ ____ ___ most iconic, created by the Ad Council (Smokey, Rosie the Riveter) -___ ___/___to____, promoted products directly to other businesses rather than to the consumer market 4 Majors Groups in the Ad Business: 1) The ____: The company with something to sell (product/idea to promote) 2) The ____: The department which researches the market, creates the ad, and places it in the media. -First worked for the newspapers -George Rowell: bought ad space wholesale, first published directory of newspaper circulation numbers -N.W. Ayer and Son: one of the first to write copies, put artwork together, and plan campaigns -Now becoming more specialized Three Major Services: 1) ____: Identify the target audience characteristics, finding objectives 2) ____ ____: The BIG Idea (concept that will grab attention, make them notice/remember/take action), more marketing, must build the value of the brand too, similar products - brand image, print ads - headline -Good ads consist of execution and idea (Burger King/Google) 3) ___ ____: Figuring out which media to use, buying the medium at the best rates, lowest CPM 3) The ____: What carries the ad. -____: OG, major decline due to lack of digital transition and recession, present detailed info, zoned coverage, easier use of URLs/coupons, majority of local and national advertisements -____: Achieve a niche audience, higher print quality, longer read time -____: Repeatability, narrow audience, effective in big cities, drive-time, low cost -____: Audience decline, offer sound/visual/motion, big sports sold very early in advance, targeted advertisements, local advertisements and individual stations -____ ____: 'out of home advertising', biggest change - digital billboards, transit signs, subway cars -____: fastest-growing, closely targets consumers 4) The ____: Who sees/hears the ad, who the client wants to influence. -The central product media sells to advertisers -____ (measurable characteristics: age, income, race, sex, marital status), ____ (measurements of where people live), _____ (combine demo with measurements of psychological characteristics such as attitudes, opinions, and interests; your lifestyle, relations to products, and personality traits)

-Advertising -Industrialization (mass production of goods using steam power or electricity) -Modernization (going from being born with an identity to deciding what you wanted to be) -Transportation efficiency -Patent medicines -Brandname -Magazines (limited to preserve image, circulation needed to be national) -Local Adv, direct-action -National Adv, indirect-action -Advocacy Adv -Public Service Adv -Trade Adv, Business to Business -Client -Agency -Medium -Audience -Research -Creative activities -Media planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Newspaper -Magazines -Radio -TV -Outdoor Advertisements -Online/Digital -Demographics -Geographics -Psychographics

TV is still the main place to get news (Income is constant (political ad cycles), viewership is slightly down, news hours are up: High schoolers more likely TV) A Brief History of Electronic News: -What is a newsreel? CH What is residual news? This latest instant. (Anti-War Protestors at Pentagon: wide shot-medium-close-up, filmed like film, not happy music (feel), voice of God. -TV is best understood _____ (in video), than the ____ _____, which is used in newspapers. -New Media Scare Old Media -Biltmore Agreement of 1933 (no morning or late breaking news)? WGN Radio 720/Chicago Tribune 'World's Greatest Newspaper' If you cannot beat them BUY them. -TV: news and radio Radio news: The 1940s: WAR -Edward R. Murrow (Trafalgar Square): Most famous newsman. Broadcast live events of the Nazi bombings in London, Americans did not want to be in the war, but by hearing this, they considered joining. TV news began in the late 1940s: Today's News Today! -Slapped newspapers, sponsored by ____ ____ in ____ (now there are ____ of _____): Camel cigarettes For TV ____ are everything: even drawings or fake houses on fire. Gotta have ____. Edward R. Murrow: 50s TV documentaries TV news: 1960s Telstar I (1962) first commercial satellite. The first ___-___-___ ____ was the Kennedy assassination. (Oswald shot by nightclub owner Ruby when leaving the police department) TV news: 1970s: ENG -____ ____ ____ ____: Broadcast scene live locally (videotape: no editing) Even now: Microwave trucks (LIVE in news station names) -The TV presentation: medium is the message TV news: 1980s: Cable -____ 24/7 broadcast. Survived due to lots of reporters. International not foreign news. The 'CNN' effect. (Gulf War, Challenger explosion) Online news: 1980s More than a dozen newspapers: Viewtron (dead) Online news: 1990s (1993) -WWW (150 in 1995) TV news: 1990s -____ ____ ____(more liberal bend, Conservative take on this bend) -____ (A liberal competitor to Fox) (Microsoft) Now not just NBC or ABC, but political competition. TV News: Diversity in Opinion: ____ ____ (reinforce what one already believes) To what side are media biased? YES. B/C MEDIA ARE. -Conservative Bias? (big business) -Liberal Bias? (anti-business, reporters who are anti-family, etc.) -Centrist Bias? (do not move out of center on purpose) All about ___ (Controversies targeting by worldview: Gatekeeping: Subtle wording differences) Concerns about electronic news -Competing ideas in your head (Fact versus opinion too) -What are pseudo-events? (Ben Affleck and Seth Rogen: Why sent to Congress?) -Entertainment becomes news. (Ask easy questions to politicians.) -Sweetening the news. -News becomes a network promotion. (Cross-promotion) The medium is the message, and Postman's only sustaining a particular level of ideas.

-CHEMICAL not electronic, on film, presented in movie theaters. Many families went 2 or 3 times a week. Recurrent or long-lasting events. No breaking news (this latest instant). There was often a 2 week gap between the event and what was happening. -Chronologically, reverse pyramid -Papers briefly restricted radio, no associated press, advertising which they attempted to kill it by, no morning or late breaking news. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -One company in charge (lots of advertisers) -Images, video -'See-it-live' event -Electronic news gathering equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -CNN -Fox News Channel -MSNBC -Selective exposure -Framing, what you keep and keep out -A made-for-media event designed for media coverage. -Congo, Alzheimer's: not a real thing in hopes cameras will follow and get B-roll stories/coverage

Remember Mass Communication's Three Tasks. -Advertising and PR have a lot to do with #3. We experience 2K ad impressions a day. San Paulo. TMI - MEGO. Why Advertise?: Because its the ____ ___ to get ____ ____ ___ ___. -Ads enticed Europeans to the New World. -OG Ads: selling ___ ____ -NOW: Selling ___ ___ ___, and .... __/__: allowed companies to sell multiple products under the same name and in different areas: ___ and ___ your product from ___ ____. -Keeps products together and protects your ____ (Don't say Kleenex but Kleenex brand, Kerosene) -Sometimes _____ does not equal reality. ___ ___ ___ (___): overall branding strategy including advertisements, PR, sales promotions, and interactive media (Small Business Saturday see in local stories, TV ads, social media, news reports: American Express) -Advertisements can be powerful (Jingles: Big Mac: Esther G. Rose VS. Decalogue and the Ten Commandments) -US is the number one spender and provider of ads ($240/390B, 4% of population but 36% of ad spending, TV ads most spent in 2010 now online, print going way down) Different ___ ___ have different ____ ___. 1) ____: Remember the advertiser-based model started by the ___ ___ ___ in 1830. -Taken more seriously, -Readers are bolder and have more money to spend, -Permanent for coupons and URLs and for remembering, -Flexible (more time to place ads in) -Ugly (cheap paper), -aimed at a general audience 2) ___: -Narrow audience (specialization), -long shelf life (no throwing away), -Pass along rate (4-5 for a single copy), -Look better (higher quality print), -Campaigns to serve both advertisers and the ___ themselves -Lead time for production (have to think early, plan ahead) 3) ___: -Everywhere, -Pics and sound (Jingles), -Reach any market (local or national), -Can be specialized (different cable channels for different needs), -Buy all the time you want (on side or 3 seconds in center, hour infomercial, create own network) -Expensive to buy and make (charge based on how many watching, Super Bowl), -No local ads 1st 1/2 of Super Bowl, -CLUTTER (Ford followed by Honda... eyes glaze over, fast forward), -Buying decisions months in advance, -Not much shelf life (cannot remember) 4) ___: -Specialized based on listening interests, -Cheap, -Repetitive, -MOBILE (immediate action), -Jingles (First: WHEATIES in Minneapolis) -Not much shelf life, -Spend more money to reach all target markets, -Tune out quickly 5) ___: -When you are not paying you are what? -___ ____: bid on words to place highest on a search result, spend more -Google/Facebook dominating, making the most money, monopoly? Can we limit? Split them? -NOW ___ ___: more on ___ than desktops and laptops) -Digital outpaced TV -___ ___ ___: company as anthropomorphic, act like a person than a group of people, add a face to is 6) __-___-___/___-___-___: Billboards, stadium ads, restroom ads, blue interstate ads, digital billboards (6 secs) no motion STATIC -Direct response, -memorable -Find it or miss it, -cheap OR expensive, -ugly 'litter on a stick'

-Entertain, Inform, Persuade -My Eyes Glaze Over -Cheapest way to get attention you can control -Local products -Products across geography, and brands/branding -Distinguishes and differentiates, similar products -Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) -Communication channels have different advertisement characteristics -Newspapers, New York Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Magazines -TV -Radio -Online, what is being sold -Who your friends are, where you are, what you are looking at, make an advertising profile -Emails read, listening on conversations -Google AdWords, AdSense -Mobile Ads -Social Media Ads -Out-of-home/out-of-door

Internet object permanence: If a piece of information is not online, then it must not exist at all Books were the ___ ____ ____. (Gutenberg Bible) and still ____ ___ ____ (7/11 movies started as books) Memory works differently when you read. A history of the book. -Pictographs/cave paintings: pictures representing ____ (Emojis) -Phonography: ____ representing ___ (thousands of characters -> 26 letters) Papyrus: vegetable based reed: the ____ ____ Parchment: animal skins, more durable (_____ of _____) Paper: Circa ____ ____, cotton and rags. From where? The movable type: Who was the 1st to give us movable type? Take a letter carve in ___ the character. Could make ___ ____. Johannes Gutenberg: Type was carved into ____ (more durable). Was ___ ____. Gutenberg press. Died bankrupt. Made ___ in ink, 'scrabble', pen to ____ press (transfer). Technological determinism: Technology determines how ___ ___ and ____ as ____. (With the movable type you did not have to memorize everything anymore. (Iliad, Bible) Categories of literacy: -____: love books (read 1 or 2 in a week) -____: sometimes (1 or 2 in a year) -_____: must (school or work obligations) YOU. -_____: cannot -_____: can read but does not or chooses not to (25% of Americans) Books last forever (yearbooks) software does not. ____ ____ are rising by 57%. ___ ____ ____ ____ (2002: 215K, 2015: 338K) ____ ____ ____ declining. Audiobook going up. _____ still outsells e- or audio books. ISBN: _____ ____ ____ ____ (Nearly 2.2 million books published worldwide each year: each book sold seriously has a unique ISPN number) Books are ___ ___ products. (Most sell typically 3,000 copies.) The book business is an ____ (a few companies controlling a large percent of the market). Small presses: serve a ____ base. Thousands, Centennial History of Alabama Football. Big publishers: ____: within focusing on a specific branch or genre. Other presses: University presses: ____ ____. for ____, do not sell a lot. History of Moundville. Vanity presses: ___ ___. ___ ____ ____ (Gems of Wisdom), pay to print copies, sell in basement or back of car. Kindle Direct Publishing: more than 1 million per year Types of Books: -Trade: ___ ____ ____ or ____ sold to ____ (begin as hardback for more money, sell again as paperback: biggest single category is? Barnes and Noble: traditional/basic public audience) (books for a big audience) -Educational: texts for ____, ____, ___, and ___ ____ (Geography textbook) -Reference: ____ of ____ and ____ for ____ ____ (Encyclopedia, dictionary, atlas: kind of going away) -Professional: a ____ ____ of the market. computer programmer: technological knowledge needed to gather. -Religious: most sold book: Bible -G-Books: Google Books: scan books -> sued: Supreme Court: for those in public domain: good, if still under copyright (even after author dies), set up account for complaints and give them money -Also e-books. Industry Players: -Acquisition Editor: who might be the hot new author or what might be the hot new book, sign in to ____ ____ -Developmental Editor: works with author, reading the book to make it better -Copy Editor: fix mistakes in grammar, spelling, punctuation -Writer: tough to make money -Royalties: a ____ of what you earn split by the publisher, maybe the agency, and taxes (the earnings ___ by a ___'s ___: what the bookstore pays for it NOT what the bookstore sells for it) ~10% Used books? First sale? Book challenges: Third person effect (censorship): I CAN, you CANNOT.

-First mass medium. Influences mass media. -Symbols, ideas. -Symbols, sounds -Original Paper -Declaration of Independence -105 CE, China............... -Wood, China, Korea, multiple copies -Metal, Given credit, Oil, Line -We think, act, humans -Bibliophiles -Casual Readers -Required Readers -Illiterate -Alliterate..... -Book sales -U.S. Traditional Books Published -E-Book Sales -Print -International Standard Book Number -Long tail, oligopoly -Geographic -Imprints -Still living. Knowledge. -Now dying. Do it yourself........... -General interest fiction or nonfiction -Elementary, secondary, college, vocational schools -Collections of facts and information for general research -Narrow slither -Publishing house -USED EARN NOTHING, WHOLESALE, SPLIT BY A BOOK'S PRICE

Networks and Affiliates: Networks (NBC): -Provides programming ____ _____ -Owns a ____ ____ (owned and operated or O&Os) -May ____ _____ for carrying _____ -Make money via ____. -Owner: _____ (of NBC) (the _____ _____) Affiliate: WVTM13 (of NBC) -Carry ____ _____ -Receive space for ____ inside ____ ____ (local ____ space break) -May pay ____ for carrying ____ or _____ ____ -Keep ___ ____ for local shows -Keep/share ____ _____ from syndicated shows -Get the programming -Owner: ____ ____ (of WVTM13) TV Ratings: Nielsen: -All shows, -Prime-time shows, -Cable shows, -Syndicated shows, -Race and ethnicity (____ _____ ____) A __ ___ is the percent of households ____ a TV set watching a particular show (120 million) out of the ____ who ____ a TV. A __ ___ is the percent of households ____ TVs who are watching a particular show (less than 120 million) ON. -Live programming is what matters (cable does not draw the numbers like national broadcasting does: NBC, CBS, ABC, FOX) -210 designated market areas (Tuscaloosa is labelled under Birmingham) '____' ratings, schedules for local TV stations: which four months? -'_____' matter to ____ _____ than to ____ (who are rated every night) -Why Olympics and Super Bowl occur in these months. Largest news stories occur here. All about ratings. -1950s: ____ ____ ___ (____): now known as '____' TV -A big antenna captured _____ _____ for the whole town. ____ wires sent signals to house in a town. -1970s: ____ ____: -Geostationary orbit: same speed as Earth rotating, stay right over same place -Direct broadcast ____ (DBS) -1970s: ____ ____: Home Box Office's 1972 debut brought _____ ____ to TV. -Content for _____, first important '____' ____ _____. -Ted Turner/Braves (gave nights of programming) -Made _____ satellite, so free, and owned all the advertising. (____) -Cable companies make money from multiple streams -Fox News Channel -Local Stations make money thru ____, ____ fees -National broadcasters (cable/over-the-air) make money thru ____, ____, ____, ___ (DVD, Netflix) -Cable/satellite (Comcast, Netflix) make money thru ____ ownership, ____ fees, ____ The '___ ____' ____ puts local stations on cable, if your transmitter can reach your cable company has to carry the program. But, ___ ____ and ___ ___ fight over pricing -2000s, technology changes -1 tower, multiple signals (less bandwidth used) ___ ____ leads to more ___ ____ (blowing thru ads) Online distribution (cable companies) to compete with ____ (____ ___ ___ ____): Netflix, Prime -Networks creating own ____ (ABC) -Online: a change in viewing distance ____: '___ ___ ___' devices for internet media on TV (Roku, Fire Stick, Echo, Apple TV, consoles: even ads targeted: lose privacy) -TV watching has changed (binge watching) Concerns: -Cultivation Theory -Moral decay -Shorter attention span -Thinking problems can be solved like sitcom, in that 30 minutes

-For affiliates -Few stations -Pay affiliates, programs -Ads-Comcast, cable companies. -Network shows -Ads, network shows, ad -Networks, shows, cable retransmission -Ad money -Ad money -Heart Company. -Individual Differences Theory (Not everybody is the same. (Gender, race, class, sex) Know who our audience is and tailor messages toward them.) -Rating point, with, total, have -Rating share, using..........-Sweeps, February/May/July/November, Local markets, networks....... -Community antenna TV (CATV) -Broadcast signals, cable -Satellite TV -Cable programming, premium content -WTBS, 'free' cable network -WTBS, WTBS -Advertising, retransmission -Advertising, transmission, affiliates, programming -Network, Subscriber, programming.............. .'Must Carry' Rule, content providers, cable providers -Time shifting, product placement -SVoD (subscription video on demand) -OTT: 'over the top'

____: a group of people who share a common set of interests, internal and external -Origins in American Revolution, grew out of the Industrial Revolution (as companies grew the need to manage their image did too) The ___ ___ came out of the penny press: early PR process, one-way form of PRs involving sending material from the ____ ____ to the media with little opportunity for interaction and feedback -First major use of PR? (divide freight traffic among themselves, no criticism of monopolistic practices, bribed reporters) -Utility and telephone industries -____ ____: 1/2 key founders of PR, public responded more to symbols and phrases than rational arguments (importance of symbolism, put a human face on corporations), first to deal with crisis management -ACTIVELY work with the press, TELL the truth as the most effective option -___ _. ____: 2/2, applied social-science research, use of psychology to manipulate public opinion, PR is a profession, taught it, have messages delivered by credible sources -PR now 2-way between individuals and organizations (speaking and listening) -___ ___: Action based only on thorough knowledge of the situation and application of scientific principles. Any organization ultimately depends on public approval -WW1 saw the ___ ___ mobilize popular support for the war -Woodrow Wilson's ___ ___ ___ (___), ___ ___ ___ (took committees messages to churches and civic groups): used ___ ___ -Later used in WW2 with help of radio and films -PR became a profession, 60s (Vietnam, CRM, environmentalism, women/student movements, consumerism) 3 Major Functions: Bernays 1) ____: sending out info to a variety of publics 2) ____: inducing members of various publics to change their attitudes and actions 3) ____: attempting to bridge publics and institutions together with shared set of goals, actions, attitudes A public good necessary for the function of society 3 Segments of Modern PR: 1) A ___ function (central to running of company/organization) 2) Establishes ____ ____ ____ (interaction to benefit both sides) 3) Companies depend on ___ ___ to succeed -REAL ACTION. The ___ Model: 1) ____: ring the opportunities, problems, or issues the organization is facing 2) ____: setting specific and measurable ____ for the campaign 3) ___: planning and implementing the activities recommended to carry out the objectives 4) ___: testing the messages and techniques before using them, monitoring the program while its being delivered, measuring the results of the program 5) ___: maintaining the relations created through the previous steps: creating/developing/nurturing relationships between an organization and its key publics -Proctor and Gamble: Tide Pods -The Term PR implies a monolithic group of people 'the public'

-Publics -Press agentry -Railroads -Ivy Lee -Edward L. Bernays -Engineering consent -Federal government -Committee of Public Information, Four Minute Men used opinion leadership (using everyone you can think of to deliver influential messages to the people) -Office of War Information WW2 -Informing -Persuading -Integrating -Management -Mutually beneficial relationships -Various publics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Research (toddlers are biting them and older people with mental disabilities, teens now eating as a brand) -Objectives (maintain trust, encourage safe storage, discourage attempted eating, discourage from eating, prevent) -Programming (bitter coating, online PSA by Gronkowski) -Evaluation (EFFECTIVE) -Stewardship (put the crisis management in part of overall communication plan, reinforce previous actions)

Chapter 7 Lecture: Making Sound, Making Money: Physical sales, down Downloads, down Synch (ad use rights to use songs), stable/same Streaming, UP ***Concert tours Music is '____' as is much of media content. You have to have something to ____ ____ ____/a channel/a hardware: CD, cassette, actual book. _____ _____: how much does it cost to manufacture ___ ____ copy of a product? (the ____ one) If the ___ copy costs $1M, the ____ could cost $0.75. Many products have _____ marginal cost, such as the Mercedes-Benz. The ____ copy $1B + every other copy which is thousands added to it. ____ ___ has ____ marginal costs. (Music/most software). -Chinese Democracy - GNR - one of the most expensive, copy one: $13B, every other ~ $0.75. Lots of copies to recover initial payments. The Big 4->3 sell 80% of all recorded music. 1) ____ ____ ____ 2) ____ _____ ____ (took EMI's recordings) 3) ____ ____ (took EMI's publishings) 4) EMI (rip) - sold itself The music business is an _____. ____: How they're paid. 1) ____ ____ and ____ _____. (Publisher, Performer, Both?) 2) ___-___-____ ____ ____ (AM/FM). (Publisher, Performer, Both?) If you write your own music, you get paid _____. -Much smaller payments from online streaming. -30 seconds = stream: make 50 track album of short songs. Chop more thinly. The Industry Players: -____ and ____ (Simon Cowell): American Idol: who discovers who the artist is (figure out who they are and sign them to a label) Others: -Producers -Others (Lyricist, Arranger) -Diff. touring band versus recording band -Artists (most never wealthy, many laid off) History of Music: Pre-1800s: All music was LIVE. -1800s: Sheet music Edison's _____: Greek for 'to ____ ____'. Had the problem of playing it back. Edison was mostly deaf (if I can hear it, everyone can). Record and play it back. Hardware format wars: As music hardware changed, we have winners and losers. Edison's ____ vs. ____ (Berliner's gramophone: flat discs/____) ____ win, Radio Corporation of America (record own stuff) The Types of ____: 78s vs. 45s vs. 33s 1948-1982: Long Playing Vinyls (LPs) (whole albums), Singles (1/2 songs) (45s) Records could not play well while moving (not in cars). _ ____ ((magnetic tape: continuous loops: transportable ---- did not sound good, songs did not always fit - could not fast forward/rewind) VS. ___ -4 Tracks L, 4 tracks R ___ _____ VS. ____ (with headphones: walkman) -held more music, fast forward/rewind, record ____ ____) -Industry hated blanks, assumed stealing more music (put money to production) Early 1980s: ___s: -Touched by laser, no metal, ALWAYS sounds good. -Now had same album on 4 formats. -Peak of industry - 1999. Now computers - MP3s. Takes only the ____ noise (does not sound very good). -Napster and other piracy (pier-to-pier over the Internet). iTunes began in 2003. Legally buy. Types of Streaming: 1) ____ (Spotify, Apple Music) 2) ____ ____ _____ (Pandora, Sirius XM) 3) ___-____ ____-____ (YouTube, Vevo, ad-supported Spotify) -Why be a pirate? Bottom line - illegal - as a mass comm major, respect do not steal from each other because you would not want that to happen to you.

-Software, Play it on -Marginal cost, one more, second -First, second -High, first................. -Recorded sound, low -Warner Music Group -Universal Music Group -Sony Music -Oligopoly -Royalties -Recorded sound and public performance. BOTH. -Over-the-air radio play. ONLY the publisher: who owns the rights to the song. -Artists and Repertoire............ -Phonograph, write sound -Cylinders, platters -Platters -Platters -8 Tracks VS. LPs -8 Tracks VS. Cassettes -Own music............ -CDs -Loudest -Subscription -Streaming radio services -Ad-supported on-demand

Lecture Notes Day 1: -Hot VS. Cold: Actually browsing the internet (with hands) is? -3 approaches, lots of specific theories -Direct effects: where did it start? which thinker? 'The bullet theory' -Limited effects (media goes through ____ ____ before you), Opinions Leaders or the Two-Step Flow (media -> influencer -> you) -Mixed effects: Media affects people differently, at different times, and in different places -Media does 3 things. -G (what you hear) -SA (what will or will not be talked about) -Gatekeeping, now? -Set agendas (NOT THINK BUT)

-Some media requires more attention than others (Hot: more brain attention: print, movies in theater Cold: Television) -Theories fall into 3 categories (Direct effects, limited effects, mixed effects) -Aristotle. Incredibly effective. Putting pictures in our heads (media good at), how and what we think about (priming), Started with WW1 Propaganda. Vaccine theory disproven. -Nobody believes/thinks the vaccine theory is accurate. -Media are not powerful, goes through someone else before you. Some are influenced by media, some are influenced by people influenced by media -Media affects different people in different ways at different times. 1) Are gatekeepers (what goes out and not - what you hear) 2) Set agendas (what we will or will not talk about) 3) confer status (Kardashians) -What you choose to put in the buggie was a gate-keeping decision. Each gate -> a new decision made. Now: Gatekeeping is a SCREEN DOOR (can just go around) -What to think about (not what to think) people match with what the media is telling, what is important to media has attention drawn to it.

-Now you can read and write, Printing Press revolutionary ___ ____ ____: Founders of the Internet -_____: Pentagon, military and university exchange information about research (UCLA, UCSB, UU, Stanford) 'Internet' is a _____ (multiple words combine to create a new word with a new meaning) for '____ ____' (Many to many communication: packet-switching, if a network hub crashes, can reroute to rest) -Newspapers and broadcast television are one-to-many or one-to-one communication ______: multiple data signals use the same channel without interference (sources go on same channel from multiplexor to demultiplexor through multiple destinations) (one car on one road) All about ____ ____ (____/___ ____ ____ and _____ _____) available for anybody, opposite of proprietor system (multiplex is an example) -America Online (AOL) walled garden, died due to overpaid to T-W, and many did not want to pay when the Internet was free Systems of rules to make the structure function Principles of Internet: -One address takes users to a file (IP address) -Everything should be accessible and linkable -Any type of data should be available on any type of computer -The Web should be a tool for interaction, not just publication -No central control (no oligopoly) ___ = ____ ____ ____ (specific type of IP address, now just typing words instead of memorizing sets of numbers 'www.ua.edu' -ARPAnet, ____ ____ ____ (Backbone) against rules for commercial activity -1992-now: open to businesses (.com most popular domain) Who controls the Internet? In terms of content, nobody/everybody? -WWW was not the first access of Internet for common folks, Compuserve (email), Usenet (news groups talked, hinted topics at beginning) ____: unsolicited commercial email messages (ads online), coined through Usenet The ____ is greater than the ___ (The ___ is NOT the ____) The ___ ___ ___: just one part of the Internet: Tim Berners-Lee (FREE, no copyright, open standards, CERN) ____: ____ ____ ____: technical rules that let computers connect to each other to send Internet files, the document you see at the end, HTTPS ____: _____ _____ ____: once the document is downloaded, browser has to display it on the screen (language that translates text to what you see) -Mosaic: 1993, first web browser ____ VS _____ -_____: .html, .htm, only change when the programmer rewrites/physically changes the page -____: .jsp, php, cfm, pl, asp, cgi (created automatically, built on the fly) (Ebay) _____: how much information can be moved at a time? (capacity) ____: sending info using less info (can you summarize the redundancies and eliminate the unneeded?) ____: start consuming the information before the entire message has arrived (do not have to wait for it all to arrive before you start it) -How we use Email (private text convos), information and entertainment services (VIDEO), cyberspace communities/communications (social networks), electronic commerce (business-to-business transactions) pornography (augmented reality? super8, VHS, blu-ray) Is the Internet hot or cold? Global village, financial and political power (#MeToo) ___ ____: user-driven sites (Internet users supply the content, Google and Facebook) -Users not ____, create the content -___ ____: more human, more privacy, anti-monopoly

-US Defense Department -ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency) -Portmanteau, 'interconnected networks' -Multiplexing -Technical standards, TCP (transmission control protocol), IP (Internet protocol)................ -URL = uniform resource locator -National Science Foundation -Spam -Internet, Web, Web, Internet................... -World Wide Web -HTTP, hypertext transfer protocol -HTML, hypertext markup language -Static, active web pages -Bandwidth -Compression -Streaming........... -BOTH-Web 2.0 -'Experts' -Web 3.0

What is news? News Values: Things that are important to us (News Attributes) 1) ____ (The White House, the federal government: affect us all) Or local (not having garbage: Gas prices) How big, how many it affects 2) ____ New is news 3) ____ (holiday stories) (Stories about the main story: related to impactful stories) Stories about the main story 4) ____ Famous people 5) ___ What's local (how close) 6) ____ Strife 7) ____ When man bites dog -The more news values in a story, the more ____ the story. Most attributes are not in ____ of each other. (2011 Tornado) -News is confusing sometimes (incomplete or contradictory) -It is often difficult for a journalist to determine the ____ of a story. News is the 1st ___ ___ of ____. (Hard to get good info: UAPD Harlem Shake, Sources do not always cooperate, Some just do not tell the truth: Politifact) A History of News: A) ____ Period (1690-1780) (P.O., Americans Fight Back, The Stamp Act) 'Harsher the truth, harsher the libel'. B) ____ Period (1780-1830) "Our Liberty cannot be guarded but by the freedom of the press." As for what is not true, always find abundance of in newspaper. C) ____ Period (1830-1890) D) ____ ____ (1890-1900s) E) ____ ____ F) ____ Age (Now) New York Journal, New York Post (famous tabloid headlines) This ad-driven economic model is typical for most media today. Free because of advertisers

1) Impact How big the story is and how many people it affects. (The White House, the federal government: affect us all) Or local (not having garbage: Gas prices) 2) Timeliness New is news. RIGHT NOW. News changes quickly. Exclusivity: having a story nobody else has. 3) Currency Stories about the main story (Related to impactful stories: cannot just go over things in 1 story) Reporting on a poll about impeachment (holiday stories) 4) Prominence Famous people make news. Celebrity deaths, have to pay for obituaries because nobody knows them. 5) Proximity What's local is news. (The math of news: if local news smaller numbers can be more important than a larger number in a further area: 10 vs. 2) Ebola (U.S.) Can localize any story. 6) Conflict Strife is news. Football rivalries, fights. 7) Bizarreness When 'man bites dog'. Works well with PR (high-heel run) -Newsworthy, isolation A) Colonial The British rulers shut down the first newspaper in the American colonies. It published one edition in 1690 ('Publick Occurrences') The press was not free, authoritarian. Zenger Case: libel is about falsehoods NOT the truth. 'Harsher the truth, harsher the libel'. an act of the British Parliament in 1765 that exacted revenue from the American colonies by imposing a stamp duty on newspapers and legal and commercial documents. B) Partisan Tommy Jefferson: President 1801-09. "Our Liberty cannot be guarded but by the freedom of the press." As for what is not true, always find abundance of in newspaper. Expensive. C) Penny Benjamin Day: The New York Sun (Sell for penny: costs more than it makes: CHANGE FROM SUBSCRIBERS TO ADVERTISERS. This ad-driven economic model is typical for most media today. Free because of advertisers (You are what is being advertised). Inverted Pyramid Style of Writing: Most important to least important (not chronological: still used today: wired services: who won not 1st quarter). (Most Newsworthy Info: WWWWWH (summary), Important Details, Other General Info (BG Info)) Why are we spending so much money on reporters? Beach: the 2nd owner of the NYS, created the Associated Press: world's largest news-gatherer: 1 reporter gives news to all other papers: Anniston: AP to Tuscaloosa. D) Yellow Journalism The Yellow Kid (more newspapers = more competition) Pulitzer VS. Hearst, Nellie Bly You still see it today: New York Journal, New York Post (famous tabloid headlines) E) Social responsibility Muckraking in magazines and journals F) Digital A mix of Associated Press, Yellow Journalism, and Social Responsibility

Notes Day 2.5: -Four research types to mass comm 1: TR (all _____ come from _____) 2: AR: (want to know specific _____ to question) 3: MAS and C 4: PO-Measuring audience size and characteristics of the audience in radio, Internet, print publications) (NIELSEN) -Nielsen: ARBITRON: ratings went into markets several times a year, random people, which stations did you listen to, when, how long (radio and TV) -Comscore: Internet properties: Top Digital Media Properties #1 google sites -Marketing research -INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE THEORY IN RATINGS -Nielsen, Comscore, Alliance for Audited Media-Printing wise, need to find way to circulate magazine sales with ____ viewership through ____) -Scarsborough Research (marketing research)

1) Theoretical research (all theories come from research. Bugs Bunny Disneyland) 2) Applied research (want to know specific answer to question. ****TECHNOLOGY, POLICY, OPINION 3) Measuring audience size and characteristics 4) Public opinion #3: Radio: NIELSEN AUDIO (ARBITRON: ratings went into markets several times a year, random people, which stations did you listen to, when, how long: NIELSEN BEST KNOWN FOR TV RATINGS. -IDT IN SYNDICATION RATINGS (HISPANICS, AFRICAN AMERICANS) diaries meters -Comscore: Internet properties: Top Digital Media Properties #1 google sites Print pub: ALLIANCE FOR AUDITED MEDIA (circa of mags and prints, declining -> tie online viewship together: websites) -FUNDED BY NIELSEN (MARKETING RESEARCH) Small markets too

Snake Tuscaloosa and Ethics: The W's and H List 1: What is your ____? 2: Why not _____ the _____? (laws, codes of ethics) 3: Who _____, who _____? 4: What's ___ ____? 5: Who's ____ ___ ___ ___? 6: How's your _____ _____ _____ _____? -Question 2: Laws _____ ______ ______ Ethics Four areas: a) legal and ethical, b) illegal and unethical, c) legal but unethical, d) illegal but ethical -Codes of Ethics Spell out what should and should not be done UA Statement, PRStudentSA, SPJ, AAdvertisingFederation (taste and decency) -Question 5: Categorical Imperative known as? -Hold ____ regardless of ______. -Do only what you want to be a ____ _____. Treat people as ____ and not as ____ (do not use people). -How it ___ ____ does not matter. -Made by Immanuel Kant. Utility known as? -Each situation is different. Do the most good and least harm for the most people (good) and the least people (harm). -Also do not treat people as _____

1: Problem (ST: Rating, marketing to children) 2: Follow the rules (laws, code of ethics) (ST: no laws no codes of ethics) 3: Wins, loses (Self, audience, employer, profession, society, people in business with) YOU DECIDE 4: It worth (values) (ST: being loyal and responsible to children, profits and money, influence, compassion, control over your work, courage, independence, resourcefulness 5: Whispering in your ear (Philosophers) 6: Decision going to look -DO NOT EQUAL. a) Speed limit, b) child torture, c) abortion FOR SOME, cheating on spouse, d) Rosa Parks -Absolutist -Truth, consequences -Universal law, ends, means -Turns out -Situational -Ends

Notes Day 3: 4 Theories of Press: Who is the owner and what is their 'truth'? *Censorship

Authoritarian: O: Private T: What the king/authority says it is Communist: O: State T: Inevitability of the 'perfect state' Libertarian: O: Private T: Who knows? Let's talk and find out SR: O: Private T: Like Libertarian, but with ethics and caution Development: O: Private T: Partnership to support government Censorship occurs when a GOVERNMENT dictates/shuts down on a company or on content

Radio is the original ____ '_____' mass medium (NOT Electronic: Telegraph) -Radio can be hot or cold. Radio/Audio Types: 1) ____ Radio (AM, FM, HD-radio) of/relating to the Earth, uses electromagnetic waves 2) __-_____ Radio (Satellite, Internet, Podcast) -Country is the #1 format of radio with the most number of stations. The number of radio stations is ____: 15,500+. AM is declining, total number of stations holding steady. -FM: 6,750 -FM educational: 4,100 -AM: 4,600 91.9 and lower: do not sell ads (universities, non-profits) Terrestrial radio is in trouble. (less impact than other mass communication channels) Radio DOES matter. Who is all about radio ratings? (Ratings books -> portable people meter) Big companies dominate, own as many stations as you want. -Which are the two that control most of the Tuscaloosa market? ____ ____: money-saving automation to broadcasters similar content onto multiple stations. The DJ sounds live and in the studio (is NOT). How can you tell? Tells time: No. Weather comes from somebody else. ____: to write distance (How we got here) The first pioneer: ____ _____: proves that electromagnetic waves do exist in the atmosphere. (1 __= one cycle of energy per second) -Radio receivers subtract carrier frequencies and add information to it as a signal. -More power/more energy = more range (WVUA: 220 watts, APR: 100,000 watts) 3 More Pioneers: 1) ____ ____ 2) ____ ____ (sent the first radio transmission: first human communication message over airwaves: dots and dashes - no wires) 3) ____ ____ 1912: Titanic disaster: leads to ____ ____ ____ (before was transmission and receiver, now need ____ to operate and have a frequency set aside for emergencies) Call Signals/Letters: -____: west of Mississippi River -____: east of Mississippi River -____: Mexico -____: Canada 1916: _____ and '____ _____' (Sarnoff: why not just have radios that are receivers) Sarnoff later founded the ____: sold radios to public and transmission equipment to stations -KDKA was the first station, whereas WEAF had the first commercial. Networks were made for stations to access national news and music rather than just local news. The Big 3: First? Offshoot of NBC Blue? All three began as ways to make more money. PUBLIC RADIO: 91.9 and lower. (NPR) More about regulation: FCC license after Titanic, FRC->FCC -1920-40s: Golden Age of Radio 1950: ____ ____. (TV: programs are moved here) 1950s-80s: music and the DJ (race music) 1950s- music portability (transistor radios) FM patented in 30s, rare till 60s/70s -Amplitude Manipulation: move the signal by making the power go up or down (lower quality) -Frequency Manipulation: strength and power stays the same, speed at which signal moves is different resulting in better quality 1980s: ______ (FCC): how many radio stations owned (Sports and News Talk) -The newest technology in terrestrial radio? (1s and 0s, not analog) Non-Terrestrial Radio: -____ ___: coast-to-coast, the big dog of satellite radio (mergence of 2 companies) -Terrestrial radio goes online too (iHeartMedia app) -Podcasting -> iPod

Original electronic 'personal' mass medium Terrestrial Non-Terrestrial -Increasing................ Nielsen Townsquare (was Citadel and Cumulus), iHeartMedia (was Clear Channel) Voice tracking Heinrich Hertz................ Nikola Tesla (send energy) Guglielmo Marconi Reginald Fessenden (added voice) Federal radio regulations, License K W X C Marconi, music boxes Radio Corporation of America... .NBC, ABC, CBS Radio falters........... -Deregulation -HD Radio -Sirius XM