M/C: ROM_Strength

Validity requires that "you test what you claim to be testing". How can you best ensure that your muscle test is valid:

Be aware of substitutions and prevent them

The term ACTIVE INSUFFICIENCY describes: a) a muscle's inability to perform an action because of hte tightness of its antagonist b) decreased ability of a 2-joint (multi-articular) muscle to produce significant force to complete an action because it has become too short c) the inability of an action to be completed because the antagonist is stretched over multiple joints d) when 2 or more muscles combine forces but fail to complete an action

b) decreased ability of a 2-joint (multi-articular) muscle to produce significant force ot complete an action because it has become too short

Which of the following types of muscular activation results in elongation of the muscle? a) concentric b) eccentric c) isometric

b) eccentric

A muscle's EXCURSION refers to the maximal force that the muscle can produce. a) true b) false

b) false

ATROPHY refers to muscular enlargement or an increase in muscle mass. a) true b) false

b) false

Fusiform muscles can typically produce more force than similar sized pennate muscles. a) true b) false

b) false

Isometric activation of muscle results in the proximal and distal attachments of a muscle becoming farther apart. a) true b) false

b) false

A muscle with a line of pull anterior to the medial-lateral axis of rotation of the shoulder will perform: a) abduction b) flexion c) adduction d) extension

b) flexion

If a muscle that performs both hip flexion and knee extension becomes tight, which of the following combination of actions will likely be limited? a) hip flexion and knee extension b) hip extension and knee flexion c) hip flexion and knee flexion d) hip extension and knee extension

b) hip extension and knee flexion

Which of the following statements best describes a muscular force-couple? a) two or more muscles actively lengthening throughout an entire action b) combined agonist and antagonist activity resulting in no or minimal joint movement c) when two or more muscles produce force in different linear directions but produce rotary torque in the same linear direction d) when an overly stiff or tight antagonist limits the action of the agonist muscle

c) when two or more muscles produce force in different linear directions but produce rotary torque in the same linear direction

Which of the following statements is (are) true? a) the passive length-tension curve indicates that muscle produces more passive force with it is stretched, rather than slackened b) the force a muscle produces during a concentric contraction increases as the velocity of the contraction increases c) the force produced by a muscle activated isometrically is greater than any speed of concentric contraction d) a and c e) b and c

d) a and c

active insufficiency

decreased ability of a 2 joint (multi-articular) muscle to produce significant force to complete an action because it has become too short

true

during a concentric contraction, the muscle is active and shortening

Which of the following statements describes a concentric contraction? a) The proximal and distal attachments of the muscle become farther apart. b) The proximal and distal attachments of the muscle become closer together. c) The internal torque produced by the muscle is greater than the external torque produced by an outside force. d) a and c e) b and c

e) b and c

Which of the following connective tissues are designed to \"give\" when stretched, thereby resisting injury?

elastin

T/F: term "strength" refers solely to the force that a muscle can produce, not its torque production

false (measuring strength measures torque production

hip extension and knee flexion

if a muscle that performs both hip flexion and knee extension becomes tight, what combination of actions will occur?

true

in order to stretch or maximally elongate a muscle, the muscle must be placed in a position opposite that of all its actions

A person is sitting with the knee flexed 60 degrees. When the knee is extended to 0 degrees, the rotary component of the force of gravity of the leg __________.

increases

false

isometric activation of muscle results in the proximal and distal attachments of a muscle becoming farther apart true/false

Which arrangement best describes a bipennate muscle

muscle fibers feed in on an angle to a long tendon from both sides

multi-articular

muscle that crosses two or more joints

primary reason a muscle can produce the most force near its midrange is

number of actin-myosin cross-bridges that can be formed is near maximal.

Which of the following terms describes the proximal attachment of a muscle?

origin

muscle that has a pattern of fascicles running along the long axis of the muscle has which of the following fascicle arrangements

parallel

true

regardless of whether a muscle is lengthening or shortening, a muscle can produce only contractile, or pulling, force true/false

Which of the following must be true of a subject before a manual muscle test can be performed

subject has voluntary control of the muscles and can understand the therapist's instructions.

false

the force a muscle produces during a concentric contraction increases as the velocity of the contraction increases

true

the force produced by a muscle activated isometrically is greater than any speed of concentric contraction true/false

greater

the larger a muscles cross-sectional area, the _______ its force-producing potential

hypertrophy

the overload principle states that a muscle must receive a sufficient amount of resistence to stimulate ______

true

the passive length-tension curve indicates that muscle produces more passive force when its stretched, rather than slackened

the number of actin-myosin cross bridges that can be formed is near maximal

the primary reason a muscle an produce the most force near its midrange is:

T/F: order to stretch or maximally elongate a muscle, the muscle must be placed in a position opposite that of all its actions

true

overload principle states that a muscle must receive a sufficient amount of resistance to stimulate hypertrophy

true

false

true/false a muscle is able to produce the most force as it nears a maximally shortened position

false

true/false in pennate muscles, nearly all the muscle fibers run parellel to one another

an antagonist

what does this describe? a muscle or muscle group that opposes the action of an agonist

muscular force-couple

when 2 or more muscles produce force in different linear directions but produce rotary torque in the same linear direction what does this describe?

eccentric

which type of muscular activation results in the elongation of the muscle

Passive range of motion testing for assessment of inert structures will be positive for contractile involvement only when

Contractile elements are being lengthened passively

Which of the following are true? Goniometric measurements should be taken at the end of range of motion because

External landmarks for the axis of motion may change as the joint is moved. Accurate alignment of the goniometer is accomplished with greater ease when the parts are stationary. Accurate alignment of the lever arms with skeletal segments localizes the axis of motion.

T/F: fusiform muscles can typically produce more force than similar-sized pennate muscles

FALSE

The intervertebral discs of the spine are primarily composed of which type of connective tissue?

Fibrocartilage

type of tissue holds together the sutures of the cranium

Fibrous, connective

Resistance applied to a muscle containing predominately type I muscle fibers is

Greater than that applied to a type II muscle

What type of tissue covers the ends of long bones in synovial jointS

Hyaline cartilage Articular cartilage

Muscles that are able to retain a favorable length through a large range allowing the rate of shortening to be less are

NEED TO FIND OUT

Maximum strength of a muscle at a given joint is greater when the muscle contraction

NEED TO FINDS OUT

Which muscle has a convergent pattern of fascicles?

Pectoralis major

What affects how rapidly tension can develop in a muscle

Recruitment order of motor units Type of muscle fibers in the motor unit Size of motor units recruited

Which of the following helps an agonist work

SYNERGISTS

shoulder adductor muscles are antagonists to

Shoulder abductors

What affects the magnitude of active tension developed in a muscle?

Size of motor units, Number and size of muscle fibers Number of motor units firing Frequency of firing of motor units

Immobilization of a joint generally leads to greater stiffness of the surrounding connective tissues

TRUE

Cortical bone is dense and strong, typically lining the outermost portions of a bone

True

flexion

a muscle with aline of pull anterior to the medial lateral axis of rotation of the shoulder will perform:

false

a muslces excursion refers to the maximal force that the muscle can produce

The primary reason a muscle can produce the most force near its midrange is: a) elastic properties of muscle help add ot the active force of a muscle in its midrange b) minimal actin-myosin cross-bridge formation is available in a muscle's midrange c) passive elements of muscular tissue are put "on slack" d) the number of actin-myosin cross bridges that can be formed is near maximal

a) elastic properties of muscle help add to the active force of a muscle in its midrange

Which of the following statements is true? a) the larger a muscle's cross-sectional area, the greater its force-producing potential b) in pennate muscles, nearly all hte muscle fibers run parallel to one another c) a muscle is able to produce the most force as it nears a maximally shortened position d) a and b e) a and c

a) the larger a muscle's cross-sectional area, the greater its force-producing potential

A MULTI-ARTICULAR muscle refers to a muscle that crosses two or more joints. a) true b) false

a) true

According to the sliding filament theory, contraction of a sarcomere is the result of actin filaments sliding past myosin filaments. a) true b) false

a) true

During a concentric contraction, the muscle is active and shortening. a) true b) false

a) true

In order to stretch or maximally elongate a muscle, the muscle must be placed in a position that of all its actions. a) true b) false

a) true

Regardless of whether a muscle is lengthening or shortening, a muscle can produce only a contractile, or pulling, force. a) true b) false

a) true

true

according to the sliding filament theory, contraction of a sarcomere is the result of actin filaments sliding past myosin filaments true/false

false

atrophy refers to muscular enlargement or an increase in muscle mass

In order to measure joint range of motion, the goniometer must be aligned with

Axis of the joint Skeletal segments on either side of the joint

concentric contractions

-the proximal and distal attachments of the muscle become closer together -the internal torque produced by the muscle is greater than the external torque produced by an outside force