MCB 2610 Final Exam III

The Go' of ATP hydrolysis is approximately _______ kcal/mol. A) 7.3 B) -7.3 C) -17.3 D) 17.3 E) -27

-7.3

What is the viral envelope composed of? How does it differ from the bacterial cell envelope?

-composed of phospholipid portion of membrane from host cell from which it came & proteins encoded by virus genome -bacterial cell envelope refers to the layers outside of the cell membrane.

Some viruses require an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. What does that mean? Using the same vernacular, what would you call the host cell RNA polymerase (RNA pol)? What would you call reverse transcriptase (RTase)?

-polymerase requires an RNA template to synthesize RNA host cell RNA pol would be called a DNA-dependent RNA -polymerase, since it requires a DNA template to synthesize RNA -RTase: RNA-dependent DNA polymerase since it utilizes an RNA template to synthesize DNA.

An icosahedral capsid has how many sides? a. 4 d. 10 b. 6 e. 20 c. 8

20

Viruses that have icosahedral symmetry have ________ faces and 12 vertices resulting in a spherical appearance. a) 10 b) 20 c) 30 d) 40 e) 50

20

Consider the following segment of ssRNA(-): 5'-GUUAACGGCA-3' . What would be the linear sequence of its corresponding ssRNA(+) version? A. 5'-CAAUUGCCGU-3' B. 3'-GUUAACGGCA-5' C. 5'-GUUAACGGCA-3' D. 3'-CAAUUGCCGU-5' E. 5'-None of the above-3'

3'-CAAUUGCCGU-5'

5'-CTAAGCGG-3' is part of a virus's ssDNA(+) genome. Imagine that this genome is converted to the ssDNA(-) during the infectious cycle. Write the ssDNA(-) equivalent of the above sequence-be sure to label 5' and 3' ends.

3'GAUUCGCC5'

Microbial life appeared on Earth as early as: a. 10.4 billion years ago d. 58 million years ago b. 3.8 billion years ago e. 29 million years ago c. 1.2 billion years ago

3.8 billion years ago

The nucleocapsid of an enveloped virus was found to have 20 capsomers per face. How many capsomers total are there in each particle? A. 200 B. About 2000 C. 400 D. About 4000 E. One can't say, because the envelope size varies substantially for particles of any particular enveloped virus.

400

Consider the following bit of viral genome that is ssRNA(-): 5'-AUC CCG GUU AAA-3'. If you were going to figure out the sequence of the viral protein that is encoded by this bit of genome, your first job would be to figure out the proper codons. In this case, what are they? A. 5'-AUC CCG UUG AAA-3' B. 5'-AAA UUG GCC CUA-3' C. 5'-UAG GGC CAA UUU-3' D. 5'-UUU AAC CGG GAU-3' E. None of the above, viruses with (-) genomes do not synthesize proteins.

5'-AUC CCG UUG AAA-3'

Influenza type H5N1 (avian flu) is a growing concern. The virus can infect humans, but not easily. What are the main worries about this virus? A. That it will gain mutations that allow it to easily infect and replicate in humans. B. That it will undergo genetic shift. C. That it will be accidentally released from laboratory settings D. Two of the above E. A, B, and C are all correct.

A, B, and C are all correct. That it will gain mutations that allow it to easily infect and replicate in humans. That it will undergo genetic shift. That it will be accidentally released from laboratory settings

Iron oxidizing bacteria are usually found in which of the following environments A) The southern oceans B) Alkaline iron-rich waters C) Acidic iron-rich waters D) Acidic iron-poor waters E) There are no such things as iron oxidizing bacteria

Acidic iron-rich waters

Which of the diseases listed below is not a result of infection by a member of the Herpes family? A. Cold sores B. Shingles C. Chicken pox D. Roseola (also known as sixth disease) E. All of the above are caused by Herpes viruses

All of the above are caused by Herpes viruses Cold sores Shingles Chicken pox Roseola (also known as sixth disease)

Which of these comprises the viral genome? a) single-stranded DNA b) single-stranded RNA c) double-stranded DNA d) double-stranded RNA e) All of these choices are seen in viruses.

All of these choices are seen in viruses. single-stranded DNA single-stranded RNA double-stranded DNA double-stranded RNA

Once infected with Herpes Simplex 1 (HSV1) cold-sores tend to reappear in the same place on a regular basis. Why? A. Because cold sores tend to reappear when lips become dry and chapped during winter. B. Because the cells at that site have many viral receptors after the initial infection C. Because the virus makes the site inaccessible to the immune system, and the site is then unprotected and open to re-infection D. Because the virus takes up residence in nerve ganglions and follows nerves back to the site of infection

Because the virus takes up residence in nerve ganglions and follows nerves back to the site of infection

Which of the following statements about Hepatitis B virus and HIV are true? A. Both have genomes consisting of DNA. B. Both are transmitted by the similar types of "lifestyle practices" C. Neither is problematic in developed countries D. Effective vaccinations are currently available for both. E. None of the statements are true

Both are transmitted by the similar types of "lifestyle practices"

How do prions cause disease? a) By corrupting mRNA expression in the cell. b) By corrupting DNA replication in the cell. c) By preventing translation from occurring in the cell. d) By causing naturally occurring proteins in the cell to change shape. e) By preventing proper RNA transcription termination.

By causing naturally occurring proteins in the cell to change shape.

How can denitrification of soil be reduced? a) By adding lime to the soil. b) By adding ammonia to the soil. c) By keeping the soil well aerated. d) By adding potash to the soil. e) By flooding the soil with water.

By keeping the soil well aerated

Which of the following molecules act as a host-cell receptor for HIV? A. CD4 B. CCR5 C. AIDS docking complex D. CD4 and CCR5 E. AIDS docking complex and CCR5

CD4 and CCR5

Which of the following molecules act as a host-cell receptor for HIV? A. CD4 B. CCR5 C. AIDS docking complex D. CD4 and CCR5 E. AIDS docking complex and CCR5

CD4 and CCR5

What is meant by "antigenic drift" in influenza biology? Pick one. A) The slow spread of viral infection in crowded environments. B) Changes in viral proteins and their genes by mutation. C) The production of new hybrid viral particles following the infection of a single cell by two viral types D) The spread of viral infection on a global scale like that which happened in 1918.

Changes in viral proteins and their genes by mutation

The viral attachment protein specifically binds to a host cell receptor. All of the following are examples of known host cell receptors except a) DNA. b) proteins. c) glycoproteins. d) lipopolysaccharides. e) sialic acids.

DNA

Which of the following is considered an important host of influenza A virus? A. Beavers, and other large, architecturally-overachieving, aquatic mammals B. Bonobo chimpanzees, and other primates that are organized into matriarchal social groups C. Ducks and other birds that spend quality leisure time at water/land inter-faces D. Rats and other rodents that are commonly, but mistakenly, disparaged as dirty, garbage-eating, parasites E. Trout, and other cold-water game fish that live enjoyable lives in fresh, highly oxygenated water

Ducks and other birds that spend quality leisure time at water/land inter-faces

Which of the following statements about H1N1 influenza are true? A) H1N1 is in circulation today B) The hemagglutin protein is identical to the neuraminidase protein because each is a subtype 1 C) The hemagglutin protein and the neuraminidase protein are encoded on RNA ge-nome segment "1" in H1N1 D) Two of the above are correct E) A, B and C are correct

H1N1 is in circulation today

AZT is a nucleotide analog used to treat people infected with a) herpes virus. b) HIV. c) papilloma virus. d) influenza virus. e) polio virus.

HIV

The __________ virus envelope proteins recognize the specific protein sequence of CD4 and CCR5 in order to attach and enter the host cell. a. HIV d. M13 b. influenza e. polio c. T4

HIV

Which industrial process is used for the production of ammonia for land application? a) Mattox b) Havel - Brill c) Dalgarno d) Haber-Bosch e) Anderson-Plamann

Haber-Bosch

Which of the diseases listed below is not a result of infection by a member of the Herpes family? A. Cold sores B. Infectious mononucleosis C. Chicken pox D. Hepatitis E. All of the above are caused by Herpes viruses

Hepatitis

Why do many RNA viruses encode their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and package them in viral particles?

Host cells do not have RNA-dependent RNA polymerases RNA viruses need that to reproduce.

HIV is a retrovirus, and many of the earliest anti-HIV drugs targeted reverse transcriptase. What does reverse transcriptase do? A. Make DNA, using RNA as template B. Make ssRNA(+) using ssRNA(-) as a template C. Make ssRNA(-) using ssRNA(+) as a template D. Make RNA, using DNA as template E. Make dsDNA using ssDNA as a template

Make DNA, using RNA as template

New influenza pandemics are often associated with "antigenic shifts". For example, the 1933 H2N2 virus was replaced in 1968 by an H3N2 influenza strain. Why is it that influenza is particularly likely to undergo such antigenic shifts? Check the most important reason from the list below: A) It has a segmented genome. B) It has an RNA genome. C) RNA dependent RNA-polymerizes are especially error prone. D) The HA molecule may not be cleaved properly during infection.

It has a segmented genome

In class we discussed viral hepatitis. Which statement about viral hepatitis is not true (or choose E if all are true). A. It is always caused by enveloped viruses with RNA(+) genomes B. It is an infection of the liver C. It is can passed by blood or intimate contact D. It can be mild E. All of the above are true

It is always caused by enveloped viruses with RNA(+) genomes

In class we discussed viral hepatitis. Which statement about viral hepatitis is not true. A. It is always caused by enveloped viruses with ssDNA genomes B. It is an infection of the liver C. It is can passed by blood or intimate contact D. It can be deadly E. It can be mild

It is always caused by enveloped viruses with ssDNA genomes

Why is the process of denitrification detrimental to the soil? a) It leads to acidification of the soil. b) It leads to loss of utilizable nitrogen from the soil. c) It leads to loss of oxygen in the soil. d) It leads to loss of organic matter from the soil. e) It leads to the production of toxic nitrogen intermediates.

It leads to loss of utilizable nitrogen from the soil

What happens to the virus protein coat when a bacterial cell is infected? a. It enters the host cell with the viral genome. b. It remains on the outside of the host cell. c. It enters the host cell separately from the viral genome. d. It is released to attach to and inject another host cell. e. It becomes part of the host cell membrane.

It remains on the outside of the host cell.

Look at the table of reduction potentials at the end of the problem set. What is the maximum amount of ATP that could be synthesized from ADP and Pi when electrons are passed from hydrogen (FADH2) to NO3 under standard conditions? A) Less than 2 mole of ATP per mole of FADH2 oxidized B) More than 20 moles of ATP per mole of FADH2 oxidized C) About 10 moles of ATP per mole of FADH2 oxidized D) About 4 moles of ATP per mole of FADH2 oxidized E) About 5 moles of ATP per mole of FADH2 oxidized

Less than 2 mole of ATP per mole of FADH2 oxidized

HIV is a retrovirus, and many of the earliest anti-HIV drugs targeted reverse transcriptase. What does reverse transcriptase do? A. Make DNA, using RNA as template B. Make ssRNA(+) using ssRNA(-) as a template C. Make ssRNA(-) using ssRNA(+) as a template D. Make RNA, using DNA as template E. All of the above

Make DNA, using RNA as template

Which of these summarizes the overall process of nitrogen fixation? a) ammonia →→→ N2 b) N2 →→→ ammonia → biomass c) NO3- →→→ ammonia → biomass d) NO3- →→→N2 e) ammonia →→→ NO3-

N2 →→→ ammonia → biomass

Which of these summarizes the overall process of denitrification? a) N2 → NH3 b) biomass → ammonia c) NO3- →→→ ammonia → biomass d) NO3- →→→N2 e) ammonia →→→ NO3-

NO3- →→→N2

Viral genomes come in a variety of types. Which of the types of nucleic acids listed below are always present as part of a virus's genome? A. ssRNA(-) B. ssDNA(+) C. ssRNA(+) D. dsDNA E. None of the above

None of the above

Which of the following protein types are always found on the surface of virus particles? A. Ribosomal proteins B. Host antibodies C. Polymerases D. Proteins that bind to host receptors E. Two of the above

Proteins that bind to host receptors

How can we take advantage of these viral-specific polymerases

RNA-dependent RNA polymerases might be used to "amplify" a sample of RNA (make more copies of the RNA).

Which antiviral agent is currently used to treat influenza infections targeting viral neuraminidase? a. Tamiflu d. Acyclovir b. Pleconaril e. Vitravene c. Zidovudine

Tamiflu

How do bacteriophages invade the bacteria cell? a) The bacteriophage fuses itself to the cell membrane. b) The bacteriophage directly injects its nucleic acid. c) Endocytosis of the bacteriophage. d) Through lysis of the cell. e) Via a hole in the cell membrane.

The bacteriophage directly injects its nucleic acid.

What is the most common way for enveloped viruses to enter animal cells? a) The virion fuses itself to the cell membrane. b) The virion directly injects its nucleic acid. c) Endocytosis of the virion. d) Through lysis of the cell. e) Via a hole in the cell membrane.

The virion fuses itself to the cell membrane.

Imagine that a new form of influenza A was found where all 8 of the genome segments, that are normally found in influenza, were fused into one long genome. Which of the following statements about the new type of influenza would you ex-pect to be true? A) The virus would be more variable because the RNA polymerase would be copying longer pieces of RNA B) The virus could undergo antigenic shift C) The virus could not undergo antigenic shift D) The virus would be more likely to undergo antigenic drift E) The virus would be less likely to undergo antigenic drift

The virus could not undergo antigenic shift

Imagine that a new form of influenza A was found where all 8 of the genome segments, that are normally found in influenza, were fused into one long genome. Which of the following statements about the new type of influenza would you expect to be true? A. The virus would be more variable because the RNA polymerase would be copying longer pieces of RNA B. The virus could undergo antigenic shift C. The virus could not undergo antigenic shift D. The virus would be more likely to undergo antigenic drift E. The virus would be less likely to undergo antigenic drift

The virus could not undergo antigenic shift

New pandemic strains of influenza virus appear roughly every 20 to 30 years and cause disease that is much more severe than that caused by every winter by typical influenza viruses. The pandemic strains often differ from the usual in-fluenza strains which of the following ways. A. They are often hybrids of two viral subtypes B. They have RNA polymerases that are extremely accurate C. They have extra genome segments carrying extreme virulence genes D. Their N genes are missing and humans cannot mount an immune response to them E. Their H genes are missing, and humans cannot mount an immune response to them

They are often hybrids of two viral subtypes

The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of influenza A viruses is responsible for which of the following? A. The high error rate associated with genome replication in influenza viruses B. The synthesis of new RNA genomes C. The fast evolution of influenza viruses D. Two of the above E. Three of the above

Three of the above The high error rate associated with genome replication in influenza viruses The synthesis of new RNA genomes The fast evolution of influenza viruses

In class we discussed virus from the Herpes family. What do viruses in that family have in common? A. Infection with any family member always results in serious symptoms B. They all have dsDNA genomes C. They all reside as latent particles in the host and can cause disease symptoms long after the initial infection D. Two of the above are correct E. Three of the above are correct

Two of the above are correct They all reside as latent particles in the host and can cause disease symptoms long after the initial infection They all have dsDNA genomes

In class we discussed virus from the Herpes family. What do viruses in that family have in common? A. Infection with any family member always results in serious symptoms B. They all have dsDNA genomes C. They all reside as latent particles in the host and can cause disease symp-toms long after the initial infection D. Two of the above are correct E. Three of the above are correct

Two of the above are correct They all reside as latent particles in the host and can cause disease symp-toms long after the initial infection They all have dsDNA genomes

Which of the following statements about viruses is false? (Choose E if all are correct). A. Viruses are unable to replicate on their own B. Viruses can sometimes be treated with penicillin C. Viruses can cause some types of cancer D. Viruses do not always kill their host cells E. All of the above are true

Viruses can sometimes be treated with penicillin

What is the premise of the progressive hypothesis of viral origin? a) Viruses evolved from symbionts of cells. b) Viruses evolved from self-replicating nucleic acid segments. c) Viruses originated from cells that lost the ability to replicate. d) Viruses were present when the first primordial cells evolved. e) Viruses arose from fragmented DNA in a cell.

Viruses evolved from self-replicating nucleic acid segments.

For the reaction 2A + B --> 2C, the equilibrium constant (Keq) is defined as A) 2[C] / (2[A][B]) B) [C]2 / [A]2[B] C) [C] / [A][B] D) [C]2 / [A]2[B]2

[C]2 / [A]2[B]

The influenza virus gains entry into a host cell by an endocytotic process. The viral nucleocapsid leaves the endosome and enters the cytoplasm through a membrane fusion mechanism. Fusion of the viral envelope with the endosomal membrane is facilitated by a) a conformation change in the hemagglutinin to expose a fusion protein. b) the production of a lipase by the influenza virus. c) sialic acid residues of the receptor proteins. d) specific viral protein recognition of pores in the endosome vesicle. e) the production of proteases by the influenza virus.

a conformation change in the hemagglutinin to expose a fusion protein

The term for bacteriophage DNA that has integrated into the host cell chromosome and replicates along with the host cell chromosome. a) a plasmid b) a transposon c) a prophage d) a lysogen e) a retrophage

a prophage

Which of these summarizes the overall reaction for nitrification? a) NO3- → NO2- b) biomass → ammonia c) NO3- →→→ ammonia → biomass d) NO3- →→→N2 e) ammonia →→→ NO3-

ammonia →→→ NO3-

Most RNA viruses utilize a) an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. b) a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. c) an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. d) a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. e) reverse transcriptase.

an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

Rustacyanin is: A) a TCA cycle enzyme found in iron-oxidizing bacteria B) an electron transport chain protein used to oxidize Fe2+ C) a glycolytic enzyme found in iron-oxidizing bacteria D) an electron transport chain protein used to oxidize Fe3+ E) Two of the above are correct

an electron transport chain protein used to oxidize Fe2+

Enveloped viruses are mainly associated with which of the following? a) plants and bacteria b) animals c) bacteria d) plant and animals e) plants

animals

Viruses that posses glycoprotein spikes acquire them A) as they exit the nuclear membrane of the host cell. B) as they exit the cell membrane of the host cell. C) during capsid assembly. D) in the cytoplasm of the host cell. E) Both a and b

as they exit the cell membrane of the host cell.

What is the first step in the viral replication cycle? a) RNA synthesis b) genome synthesis c) entry into the cell d) attachment to the cell e) viral RNA translation

attachment to the cell

Many enveloped viruses exit their host cell through a process called _________. a) exocytosis b) budding c) cell lysis d) receptor-mediated endocytosis e) phagocytosis

budding

The process involving NO3 -> NO2 -> NO -> N2O -> N is termed A) nitrogen fixation. B) nitrogen reduction. C) denitrification. D) ammonification. E) nitrogen assimilation.

denitrification

A key factor in the evolution of killer strains of influenza is that it A. only has 8 genes. B. has an RNA genome. C. contains reverse transcriptase. D. has a segmented genome. E. has a circular chromosome.

has a segmented genome

A key factor in the evolution of killer strains of influenza is that they: a. only have eight genes d. have a segmented genome b. have an RNA genome e. have a circular chromosome c. contain reverse transcriptase

have a segmented genome

How do hydrogen bacteria obtain their energy?

ingesting other organismso & organic compounds by producing their own food

Most likely, "host specificity" of a virus is determined by a) the type of nucleic acid it contains. b) the presence or absence of an envelope. c) viral enzymes. d) interactions between viral attachment proteins and host cell receptors. e) viral nucleic acid replication strategies.

interactions between viral attachment proteins and host cell receptors.

Some people are resistant to HIV infection because they: a. lack CD4 receptors on their macrophages b. lack CCR5 receptors on their macrophages c. lack macrophages d. produce proteases that destroy HIV e. all of the above

lack CCR5 receptors on their macrophages

HIV enters the cell through a/an _________ mechanism. a) phagocytic b) receptor-mediated endocytotic c) membrane fusion d) acid-dependent endosomal e) receptor-independent endocytotic

membrane fusion

Iron-oxidizing chemoautotrophs A) obtain energy by the oxidation of ferric iron. B) must grow in environments of low pH or very low oxygen concentration. C) use fermentation as a means to obtain energy. D) must grow in environments of high pH. E) None of the above

must grow in environments of low pH or very low oxygen concentration

Which of the following best describes the genome of influenza virus? A. negative strand segmented RNA B. positive strand segmented RNA C. negative strand single-piece RNA D. positive strand single-piece RNA E. double-stranded RNA

negative strand segmented RNA

Which of the following best describes the genome of the influenza virus? a. negative-strand segmented RNA d. positive-strand single-piece RNA b. positive-strand segmented RNA e. double-stranded RNA c. negative-strand single-piece RNA

negative-strand segmented RNA

The process by which ammonia is oxidized to nitrate by chemoautotrophs is called A) denitrification. B) ammonification. C) nitrification. D) nitrogen fixation. E) All of the above

nitrification.

A nitrifier is an organism that oxidizes A) nitrate to nitrite. B) ammonia to nitrite. C) nitrite to ammonia. D) nitrite to nitrate. E) nitrate to nitrogen gas.

nitrite to nitrate

For most double-stranded DNA eukaryal viruses, DNA replication occurs in the _________ and translation occurs in the __________. a) cytoplasm, cytoplasm b) cytoplasm, nucleus c) nucleus, nucleus d) nucleus, cytoplasm e) mitochondria, cytoplasm

nucleus, cytoplasm

23) Which is the major nitrogen reservoir on Earth? a) plants b) microbes c) the atmosphere d) ocean biomass e) organic matter in soil

the atmosphere

What is lithotrophy? a. breakdown of molecules using light energy b. oxidation of organic electron donors to CO2 and H2O c. photolysis of H2S or H2O coupled to CO2 fixation d. oxidation of inorganic electron donors such as Fe2+ using O2 or anaerobic electronic acceptors e. none of the above

oxidation of inorganic electron donors such as Fe2+ using O2 or anaerobic electronic acceptors

Thiobacillus ferrooxidans use iron as an energy source where the external pH is 2. This condition allows the bacterium to A) take advantage of the abundance of protons surrounding the outer membrane. B) remove an electron from Fe2+ and produce insoluble Fe3+. C) oxidize iron to harvest energy. D) use an abbreviated electron transport chain. E) All of the above

oxidize iron to harvest energy.

The destruction of cells as a result of viral lysis can be observed as a: a. tissue culture d. plaque b. lawn e. host c. soft agar

plaque

Viruses with single-stranded RNA as their genome, and for which the base sequence of that RNA is the same as the viral mRNA are said to be __________ viruses. A) minus-stranded B) mRNA-like C) plus-stranded D) reverse-transcribed

plus-stranded

The genome of __________ ssRNA viruses can serve directly as mRNA. a. positive-sense (+) d. double-stranded b. negative-sense (-) e. prion c. All

positive-sense (+)

Antiviral drugs that act at the level of host recognition are designed to a) prevent endocytotic vesicle formation. b) prevent virus binding to the host cell receptor. c) enhance antibody production. d) inactivate viral nucleic acid polymerases. e) bind to viral metabolic enzymes.

prevent virus binding to the host cell receptor

What is the viral capsid composed of? a) protein b) nucleic acid c) lipid d) polysaccharide e) glycogen

protein

The influenza virus gains entry into a host cell by a) direct injection of its nucleic acid. b) receptor-independent endocytosis. c) lysis of the cell membrane. d) receptor-mediated endocytosis. e) pinocytosis.

receptor-mediated endocytosis

The most likely ancestor for today's mitochondria according to the endosymbiosis hypothesis is: a. a species of the genus Bacillus d. an enterobacterium b. a cyanobacterium e. a rickettsial c. a member of the clostridia

rickettsial

The influenza reassortment process is enhanced by a particular feature of the virus, namely the __________ genome. a. linear d. single-stranded b. circular e. segmented c. double-stranded

segmented

In bacteriophage T4, the DNA genome is contained in the head, and binding to the host is facilitated by attachment of the: a. capsid d. envelope b. Neck e. tegument c. tail fibers

tail fibers

The ability of a virus or bacteriophage to specifically attach to a host cell occurs through the interactions of the viral attachment protein with the host cell receptor. This binding determines a) the rate of viral replication. b) the host range. c) the mechanism of viral entry. d) whether or not the virus will contain an envelope. e) the rate of viral RNA replication.

the host range

The causative agent of chickenpox is: a. herpes simplex virus 1 d. Epstein-Barr virus b. herpes simplex virus 2 e. HIV c. varicella-zoster virus

varicella-zoster virus

Many antiviral drugs are nucleoside analogs. The nucleoside analogs primarily target these enzymes a) host cell DNA polymerases. b) host cell RNA polymerases. c) host cell nucleases. d) viral nucleic acid polymerases. e) viral nucleases.

viral nucleic acid polymerases

The reason nucleoside analogs are effective against viral nucleic acid polymerases is because a) viral polymerases have a very high rates of polymerization. b) viral polymerases have a low rate of polymerization. c) viral polymerases have a high affinity for incorporation of the analogs. d) viral polymerase activity is inhibited by the analogs. e) viral polymerase activity is enhanced by the analogs.

viral polymerases have a high affinity for incorporation of the analogs