Mcrgraw chp. 12

Whose theory states that contingent consequences, such as positive reinforcement and punishment, control behavior?

B. F. Skinner

Fixed interval

Bi weekly paychecks

Variable ratio

Slot machines

Ignoring an undesirable behavior until it disappears is known as

extinction

Strengthening a behavior by offering a pleasing reward is:

positive reinforcement

When a reward is given every time a target behavior occurs, it is known as a(n) _______reinforcement schedule

: continuous

Fixed ratio

Piece rate pay

Which of the following are advantages of using an intermittent reward schedule?

There is a predictable and clear relationship between the behavior and reinforcer. There is a considerable and consistent motivation to perform over time. There is significant motivation to continue until the reinforcer is obtained.

True or false: Managing the timing of the reinforcement will likely enhance the effectiveness of positive reinforcement.

True

True/False: Many work organizations use fixed schedules rather than variable interval schedules of reinforcement.

True

A colleague receives a significant reward for work you accomplished together, but you do not receive a similar reward. What impact might that have on you?

inconsistent future performance loss of motivation

Reinforcement theory states that you can:

increase desired behaviors by providing pleasing consequences strengthen desired behaviors by withdrawing a displeasing consequence

Fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval are four subcategories of ______ reinforcement schedules.

intermittent

Reinforcement of some, but not all instances of a target behavior is:

intermittent reinforcement

Strengthening a desired behavior by removing a displeasing consequence is ______ reinforcement.

negative

Strengthening a desired behavior by removing a displeasing consequence is:

negative reinforcement

Skinner concluded that behavior is:

respondent; operant

What type of positive reinforcement is being used if a manager decides to recognize the early successful completion of a project and gives employees the afternoon off as a reward?

spot reward

Thorndike's observations that led to the law of effect were that behavior with ______ consequences tends to disappear.

unfavorable

Undesirable behavior can be reduced by:

using punishment

Not reinforcing or ignoring an undesirable behavior is called

extinction

Variable interval

Pop quizzes

The theory that there is a purposeful if-then link between a target behavior and a consequence is:

Skinner's operant theory

Rewarding employees who have perfect attendance records with a check for $100.00 is an example of:

positive reinforcement

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

probationary periods for new hires

When Lindsay was late three times in two weeks, her manager told her that her pay would be docked by the amount of time she was late. This is an example of:

punishment

Cutting the pay of two top executives at Carnival Cruises because of major accidents and mishaps is the form of behavior modification known as

punitive

Strengthening a behavior by offering a pleasing reward is ______reinforcement.

positive

Which of the following statements are true of Thorndike's law of effect?

Behaviors with favorable consequences tend to be repeated Behaviors with unfavorable consequences tend to disappear

Not returning the phone calls of an insurance salesman so he will stop calling is the strategy for changing behavior known as ______.

extinction

Jordan sells on commission and is paid for every sale. This is an example of a:

continuous reinforcement schedule

Which of the following can be influenced by promotions and pay raises?

employees' emotional well-being employees' intentions of quitting employees' perception of fairness

What are two common means for timing the administration of positive reinforcers?

intermittent reinforcement continuous reinforcement

Skinner labeled unlearned reflexes, or stimulus-response connections _____ behavior.

respondent

Although most employers rely on fixed interval reinforcement schedules, some examples of effective variable rewards include:

variable bonuses for achieving major goals celebrations of milestones spot rewards

The reinforcement schedules that produce the strongest behavior that is most resistant to extinction include:

variable ratio schedules variable interval schedules