Med soc

mortality

number of deaths

Woman's reproductive role accounts for less than ____percent of all doctor visits.

• 20%

two types of bioterrorism (overt and covert)

Bioterrorism has now been defined as the intentional use of a pathogen or biological product to cause harm to a human, animal, plant or other living organisms to influence the conduct of government or to intimidate or coerce a civilian population(4). Biological agents are easy to develop as weapons, are more lethal than chemical weapons, are less expensive and more difficult to detect than nuclear weapons (

Which scholar initially provided a theoretical approach for medical sociology?

Charles McIntire: coined the term in a medical article based upon the importance of social factors in relation to health (1894)

Be familiar with the different types of suicide (according to Durkheim)

Egoistic suicide, Altuistic suicide, Anomic Suicide, Fatalistic suicide,

Egoistic suicide.

Egoistic suicide. This type of suicide occurs when the degree of social integration is low. When a person commits this type of suicide they are not well supported in a social group. They feel like they are an outsider or loner and the only people they have in this world are themselves. They often feel very isolated and helpless during times in their lives when they are under stress.

The work of what two scholars linked the poor health of the English working class to capitalism in a treatise published in 1845?

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles

The ______in sub-Saharan Africa plays a particularly important role in the transmission of AIDS.

Migrant labor system

morbidity,

Morbidity is a term used to describe how often a disease occurs in a specific area or is a term used to describe a focus on death.

Fatalistic suicide.

People commit this suicide when their lives are kept under tight regulation. They often live their lives under extreme rules and high expectations. These types of people are left feeling like they've lost their sense of self.

Hippocratic Oath, two types of bioterrorism (overt and covert), incidence, prevalence, Master Status, morbidity, mortality, fertility rate, stress, lay referral system, alternative medical practitioner

The Hippocratic Oath is an oath historically taken by physicians. It is one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts. In its original form, it requires a new physician to swear, by a number of healing gods, to uphold specific ethical standards.

Anomic Suicide

This kind of suicide is related to too low of a degree of regulation. This type of suicide is committed during times of great stress or change. Without regulation, a person cannot set reachable goals and in turn people get extremely frustrated. Life is too much for them to handle and it becomes meaningless to them. An example of this is when the market crashes or spikes.

Altuistic suicide

This type of suicide occurs when the degree of social integration is too high. When a person commits this type of suicide they are greatly involved in a group. All that they care about are that groups norms and goals and they completely neglect their own needs and goals. They take their lives for a cause. A good example of this would be a suicide bomber.

incidence

a measurement of the number of new individuals who contract a disease during a particular period of time.

How does the World Health Organization define health?

complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or injury

Be familiar with Cooley's "looking glass self".

is a social psychological concept, created by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902 (McIntyre 2006), stating that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. The term refers to people shaping their self-concepts based on their understanding of how others perceive them.

Master Status,

master status is the social position that is the primary identifying characteristic of an individual. It is defined as "a status that has exceptional importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life."

prevalence

measurement of all individuals affected by the disease at a particular time,

What important concept did Talcott Parsons's book The Social System contain?

the "sick role", in which he attempted to describe the way in which people in western society act when they are sick. He believes there are a set of normal and expectations to being sick, linked to both the sick person and those who interact with them

According to the World Health Organization, significant improvements in health in the nineteenth century were brought about by what might be called _____methods.

• "engineering methods"

By 2050 it is projected that ____%of all Americans will be 65 and older.

• 21.0%

Today, women outlive men by how many years?

• 4.8 years (as of 2010)

In 2004, the average infant in the U.S. could be expected to live for ____years.

• 77.8 years

What is the most dangerous job in the United States?

• Aircraft pilots and aircraft engineers • Followed by roofers, structural iron steel workers, refuse and recyclable materials collectors, electrical power workers, fishers, farmers

What is a "case" in epidemiological terms?

• An episode of disorder, illness, or injury involving a person

What is the most prevalent health problem of persons over the age of 65?

• Arthritis

For all causes of death,______have the lowest death rates. (which race/ethnicity)

• Asian/ pacific islanders

A major factor causing the infant mortality differences between blacks and whites is ______.

• Blacks are over represents in the poor - and the poor have the highest amount of infant mortality regardless of race

What does CDC stand for?

• Centre for Disease Control and Prevention

The theory of the _______maintains that our self-concepts are the result of social interaction in which we see ourselves reflected in other people.

• Cooley's looking glass

Which stage of Suchman's concept of the illness experience requires decision-making by the sick person?

• Cosmopolitan - otherwise known as sophisticated

The interaction between life choices and life chances produces _____toward particular forms of action. These constitute a "habitus" according to Bourdieu.

• Dispositions

Which SES factor is the strongest single predictor of good health? (Income, education, wealth, occupation, neighborhood)

• Education • Better education people: feel healthier, suffer less aches and pains, feel less worried or depressed, expect to live longer, carry fewer threatening diseases or chronic illnesses

Social status is a _____dimension in "social class" consisting of how much esteem the person is accorded by other people?

• Fundamental

AIDS potentially entered the United States through what country?

• Haiti, located in central Africa

____is the leading cause of death for women after age 66.

• Heart disease

What is the leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for more than one-third of all deaths?

• Heart disease • Some of the factors responsible for this include; diet, exercise, smoking, , sex, diabetes • Affect men and women differently. More men than women die from heart disease

How is AIDS primarily transmitted in Africa?

• Heterosexual relations - 80% of cases are from heterosexual interactions • This is because of men travelling to cities for work • More women than men have it in Africa

What order did the first three epidemiological eras appear?

• Hunting and gathering: human race switched from hunting to agriculture. A number of significant nutritional issues came from this • Improved nutrition and living standards: medical advances and improved nutrition lead to the decline in infectious diseases and a rise in chronic illness • Resurgence of disease: previous disease that have thought to be gone are now making a reappearance with new strands

Medical sociologists divide health-oriented behavior into two general categories: _____behavior and ____behavior.

• Illness behavior • Health behavior

In Rosenstock's model, what would be an example of an external trigger?

• Information from close others, the media, or health care providers

Who suggests two major types of stress are: life events and chronic strains?

• Leonard Pearlin

Weber maintains that life_____influence life conduct/life choices.

• Lifestyle • Health lifestyle

Which social class visits physicians the most?

• Lower class people - they visit more often because they have more health issues

_____babies die more often than _____babies.

• Male babies, female babies

What federal program provides health insurance to those 65 years and older?

• Medicare

For all causes of death________have the highest death rates. (which race/ethnicity)

• Non-hispanic blacks

Results have shown that the equalization of health care alone has _____the disparity in health between social classes.

• Not reduced the disparity • you can't equalize living conditions, poor people still need to visit health care professionals the most

The epidemiologist studies both the _____and ______of health problems in a population.

• Origin and distribution

Who are exposed to more violence in their daily lives and find themselves in situation where stress, inadequate diets and housing, and less opportunity for quality health care are common?

• Poorer people - lower income and lower socioeconomic status people

Which social class visits doctors the least?

• Poorer people - they don't have the resources • These people also typically use the outpatient and emergency room more frequently instead of private doctors

According to the World Health Organization, we are currently living in the _____era.

• Post-medical era • Physical wellbeing is undermined by social and environmental factoes • These factors include certain types of individual behavior (smoking), failures of social organization, ecnonmic factors (poverty), and the physical environment

What is the most common response to symptoms of illness by people throughout the world?

• Self-care• This includes preventative measures, self-treatment of symptoms, and managing diagnosed chronic illnesses

Putman defines _____as a community-level resource reflected in social relationships involving networks, but also norms, and levels of trust.

• Social capital • Social capital refers to the social investments of individuals in society in terms of their membership in formal and informal groups, networks, and institutions o An investment into social relations

People who become infected with HIV may be subjected to discrimination which can isolate them socially. What is this social outcome called?

• Social outcast

Compared to women, men usually have substantial health inferiority in terms of life expectancy because of the combination of two major effects: biological and ______effects.

• Social-psychological factors

Several studies find that the strongest and most consistent predictor of a person's health and life expectancy is_____.

• Socioeconomic state/ social class

Where is equality in living conditions among the best in the world?

• Sweden

One of the greatest threats worldwide, from infectious diseases, comes from what?

• The biggest threats from infectious diseases comes from sexually transmitted diseases • Both natural causes and bioterrorism are the main causes of infectious disease • AIDS is the leading infection cause of mortality worldwide

How does the neighborhood you live in produce good or poor health?

• The characteristics associated with these neighbourhoods influence living conditions. • Physical environment • Surroundings at home, work or play • Services provided - garbage disposal, police, hospital, health and welfare services etc. • Sociocultural aspects - including drugs, violence, religious features, safety etc. • Reputation of the area signifies esteem, quality of infrastructure, morale, how it is perceived by other residents

What are the components of self-care? What factors promote self-care on the part of laypersons?

• The laypersons system consists of nonprofessionals - this refers to family, friends, or neighbors, who assist with interpreting symptoms and in recommending a course of action • Usually people in the lower class with strong familial and ethnic ties tend to use this system • Therefore, factors that promote self-care include o Social networks o Health insurance coverage o Cultural background o Socioeconomic status

What caused the prevalence of STDs to soar around the globe?

• There were said to be four factors affecting the spread of STDs around the globe • The first is the introduction of the birth control pill - this meant people stopped using condoms as there was now something new to prevent pregnancy • Sexual liberalization - a new idea introduced in the 70s in which people expressed themselves sexually • Taking one more than one sexual partner - more partners, easier the spread of disease • The pattern of work migration - people from rural areas temporarily migrating to the city, for work, taking on sexual partners, then returning to the rural areas on the weekend, spreading it to girlfriends or other sexual partners

In which study were syphilis patients intentionally not treated and allowed to die?

• Tskegee Syphilis Study, conducted in Alabama, 1932 • Black men were taken in, told they were being treated but instead received aspirin, vitamins, and iron tonic.

Brenner's thesis is that there are few areas of our lives not intimately affected by the state of the ____.

• economy

Health lifestyles activities typically take place_____the health care delivery system.

• outside

What minority group is most likely to use hospital emergency rooms as their primary source of medical services?

•Hispanics

Which group has the highest percentage of persons without health insurance?

•• American Indian/ Natives Younger people don't have as much as elderly (partly due to medicare) • 18.2% of people under the age of 65 don't have health insurance - this number has significantly increased with time