Med Term, Chapter 19 - Oncology

Alopecia

(baldness) may be permanent or temporary with radiation therapy

Myelosuppression

(bone marrow depression)—anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia

Xerostomia

(dryness of the mouth)—occurs after radiation therapy to the salivary glands

Wilms tumor

(embryonal adenosarcoma) mixed-tissue tumor that arrises from the kidney

Infertility

(inability to contribute to conception of a child)

Fibrosis

(increase in connective tissue) in normal tissues

Mucositis

(inflammation and ulceration of mucous membranes)—in the mouth, pharynx, vagina, bladder, or large or small intestine

Pneumonitis

(inflammation of the lungs)

Secondary tumors

(new types of tumors, originating at a site separate from the primary tumor)—including sarcomas or carcinomas, or leukemias that may arise from damaged tissue

differences between malignant and benign tumors

1. Benign tumors grow slowly, and malignant tumor cells multiply rapidly. 2. Benign tumors are often encapsulated (contained within a fibrous capsule or cover), so that the tumor cells do not invade the surrounding tissue. Malignant tumors characteristically are invasive and infiltrative, extending into neighboring normal tissue. 3. Benign tumors are composed of organized and specialized (differentiated) cells that closely resemble the normal, mature tissue from which they are derived. Malignant tumors are composed of cancerous cells that resemble primitive cells and lack capacity to perform cell functions. 4. Cells from benign tumors do not spread or metastasize to form secondary tumor masses in distant places in the body. Cells from malignant tumors, however, can detach themselves from the primary tumor site, penetrate a blood vessel or lymphatic vessel, travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, and establish a new tumor site at a distant tissue, such as the lung, liver, or bone marrow. The secondary growth is called a metastasis.

DNA contains ______ separate and distinct genes that direct production of all proteins, which in turn control all aspects of cell function

20,000-30,000

5-FU

5-fluorouracil

How many people die from cancer each year?

550,000 people each year

what percent of malignancies are carcinomas?

90%

necrotic tumor

A tumor with one or more areas of necrosis, often related to tumor growth beyond the reach of the tumor's vascular supply.

laparscopy

AKA PERITONEOSCOPY Visual examination of the abdominal cavity using small incisions and a laparoscope.

teletherapy

AKA external beam radiotherapy ethod for delivering a beam or several beams of high-energy x-rays to a patient's tumor. Beams are generated outside the patient and are targeted at tumor area

metaplasia

Abnormal transformation of adult differentiated cells to differentiated tissue of another kind. This change is reversible.

lung carcinomas

Adenocarcinoma (bronchioloalveolar), Large cell carcinoma, Small (oat) cell carcinoma, Squamous cell (epidermoid)

Colon carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma of the colon

reproductive organ carcinomas

Adenocarcinoma of the uterus, Carcinoma of the penis, Choriocarcinoma of the uterus or testes, Cystadenocarcinoma (mucinous or serous) of the ovaries, Seminoma and embryonal cell carcinoma (testes), Squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinoma of the vagina or cervix

Salivary glands carcinoma

Adenoid cystic carcinoma

hodgkin disease ABVD regimen

Adriamycin (doxorubicin) Bleomycin Vinblastine Dacarbazine

breast cancer combo: AC regimen

Adriamycin (doxorubicin) Cyclophosphamide

carcinogen

Agents that cause cancer: chemicals and drugs, radiation, and viruses.

virus

An infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host's genetic material to make copies of itself.

molecularly targeted drugs

Anticancer drugs designed to block the function of growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways in specific tumor cells.

external beam irradiation

Applying radiation to a tumor from a source outside the body.

bone marrow bx

Aspiration of bone marrow tissue and examination under a microscope for evidence of malignant cells.

adjuvant therapy

Assisting primary treatment. Drugs are given early in the course of treatment, along with surgery or radiation to attack deposits of cancer cells that may be too small to be detected by diagnostic techniques.

glial tissue sarcoma

Astrocytoma (tumor of glial cells called astrocytes) Glioblastoma multiforme

adenoma

Benign tumors of epithelial origin or glandular origin

bone marrow or stem cell transplantation

Bone marrow or stem cells are infused intravenously into a patient.

carcinoma

Cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin.

ovarian carbo tax regimen

Carboplatin Taxol (paclitaxel)

Adrenal glands carcinoma

Carcinoma of the adrenals (adrenocortical carcinoma)

Breast carcinoma

Carcinoma of the breast

Pancreas carcinoma

Carcinoma of the pancreas (pancreatic adenocarcinoma)

Prostate carcinoma

Carcinoma of the prostate

Thyroid carcinoma

Carcinoma of the thyroid

exfoliative cytology

Cells are scraped from the region of suspected disease and examined under a microscope. The Pap test (smear) to detect carcinoma of the cervix and vagina is an example

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Cellular substance that represents a copy of DNA and directs the formation of new protein inside cells.

mutation

Change in the genetic material (DNA) of a cell; may be caused by chemicals, radiation, or viruses or may occur spontaneously.

Ulcerating

Characterized by an open, exposed surface resulting from the death of overlying tissue. Ulcerating tumors often are found in the stomach, breast, colon, and skin

antibiotics

Chemical substances, produced by bacteria or primitive plants. They inhibit the growth of cells and are used in cancer chemotherapy.

antimetabolites

Chemicals that prevent cell division by inhibiting formation of substances necessary to make DNA; used in cancer chemotherapy.

retinoblastoma

Childhood cancer arising from immature cells in the retina

cartilage sarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

cytogenic analysis

Chromosomes of normal or tumor cells are examined for breaks, translocations, or deletions of DNA. results of cytogenic analysis can help confirm diagnosis

What are a few certain other inherited forms of cancer?

Colon, breast, kidney

steroids

Complex, naturally occurring chemicals derived from cholesterol. Some are used in cancer chemotherapy.

Pleomorphic

Composed of a variety of types of cells. Mixed-cell tumors are examples.

morbidity

Condition of being unwell or deficient in normal function.

Dysplastic

Containing abnormal-appearing cells that are not clearly cancerous. Dysplastic nevi (moles on skin) are an example. They are often forerunners of skin cancers.

Necrotic

Containing dead tissue. Any type of tumor can outgrow its blood supply with resulting cell death and necrosis of part or all of the tumor.

mucinous

Containing mucus.

stereotactic radiosurgery

Delivery of dose of radiation under stereotactic (highly precise) guidance (Gamma Knife surgery).

Scirrhous

Densely packed (scirrhous means hard) tumors, due to dense bands of fibrous tissue; commonly found in breast or stomach cancers.

protocol

Detailed plan for treatment of an illness.

PET/CT scan

Diagnostic procedure combining CT (computed tomography) and PET (positron emission tomography). The combination provides a more complete picture of a tumor's location and growth or spread than either done independently. uses a combo of a two machines - one to examine chemical reactions (PET) and one to examine physical structures (CT)

fields

Dimensions of the area of the body undergoing irradiation.

antimitotics

Drugs that block mitosis (cell division). Taxol is an antimitotic used to treat breast and ovarian cancers.

radiosensitizers

Drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays.

differentiating agents

Drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate, stop growing, and die.

mesenchymal

Embryonic connective tissue (mes = middle, enchym/o = to pour). This is the tissue from which connective tissues (bone, muscle, fat, cartilage) arise.

radiation

Energy carried by a stream of particles.

Esophagus carcinoma

Esophageal carcinoma

grading of tumors

Evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells or indication of malignant transformation.

irradiation

Exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat, or x-rays.

infiltrative

Extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues.

genetic screening

Family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene.

Cystic

Forming large open spaces filled with fluid. Commonly found in ovaries

Follicular

Forming small glandular sacs. Thyroid gland cancer and lymphomas are examples

Papillary

Forming small, finger-like or nipple-like projections of cells. Bladder and thyroid cancers are examples

Stomach carcinoma

Gastric adenocarcinoma

nerve cell of the GI tract sarcoma

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

cachexia

General ill health and malnutrition (wasting of muscle and emaciation) associated with chronic, severe disease (-hexia means state or condition).

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Genetic material within the nucleus of a cell; controls cell division and protein synthesis.

fractionation

Giving radiation in small, repeated doses.

Grade I-IV

Grade I tumors are very well differentiated, so that they closely resemble cells from the normal parent tissue of their origin. Grade IV tumors are so undifferentiated or anaplastic that even recognition of the tumor's tissue of origin may be difficult. Grades II and III are intermediate in appearance, moderately or poorly differentiated, as opposed to well differentiated (grade I) and undifferentiated (grade IV).

Polypoid

Growths that form projections extending outward from a base.

sessile

Having no stem; characteristic of some polypoid tumors.

invasive

Having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue.

serous

Having the appearance of a thin, watery fluid (serum).

Inflammatory

Having the features of inflammation—that is, redness, swelling, and heat. Inflammatory changes result from tumor blockage of the lymphatic drainage of the skin, as in breast cancer.

Liver carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma)

core needle biopsy

Insertion of a large-bore needle into tissue to remove a core of cells for microscopic examination.

radiotherapy

Ionizing radiation is used to treat malignancies.

Undifferentiated

Lacking microscopic structures typical of normal mature cells.

linear accelerator

Large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors.

Medullary

Large, soft, fleshy tumors. Thyroid and breast tumors may be medullary

smooth muscle sarcoma

Leiomyosarcoma

immunohistochemistry

Localizing antigens or proteins in tissues using labeled (colored or fluorescent) antibodies. allows for eval of the presence and amount of specific molecules in normal and tumor cells

anaplasia

Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type.

dedifferentiation

Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type; anaplasia or undifferentiation.

electron beams

Low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors.

Most common causes of cancer deaths for women

Lung > breast, colorectal

M distant metastases

M0=no metastases, M1=metastases present with site spcieficed

modality

Method of treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or irradiation.

surgical procedures to treat cancer

Methods of removing cancerous tissue: cryosurgery, cauterization, en bloc resection, excisional biopsy, exenteration, fulguration, incisional biopsy.

bladder cancer MVAC regimen

Methotrexate Vinblastine Adriamycin (doxorubicin) Cisplatin

dysplastic

Microscopic description of cells that are highly abnormal but not clearly cancerous

scirrhous

Microscopic description of densely packed, fibrous tumor cell composition.

alveolar

Microscopic description of tumor cell arrangement (found in connective tissue tumors).

epidermoid

Microscopic description of tumor cells that resemble epidermal tissue

pleomorphic

Microscopic description of tumors that are composed of a variety of cells.

fungating

Mushrooming pattern of growth in which tumor cells pile one on top of another and project from a tissue surface. Tumors found in the colon are often of this type.

N regional lymph node staging

N0 No node involvement N1 Ipsilateral (same side as primary tumor) bronchopulmonary or hilar nodes involved N2 Ipsilateral mediastinal nodes or ligament involved N3 Contralateral (opposite side) mediastinal, hilar, supraclavicular (collarbone) nodes involved

neoplasm

New growth; benign or malignant tumor.

benign tumor

Noncancerous growth (neoplasm).

bone sarcomas

Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma) Ewing sarcoma

remission

Partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of disease.

choromosome formed from translocation and containing the bcr-abl gene fragments

Philadelphia chromosome

incisional biopsy

Piece of tumor is removed for examination to establish a diagnosis. More extensive surgical procedure or other forms of treatment, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, are then used to treat the bulk of the tumor.

viral oncogenes

Pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant.

cellular oncogenes

Pieces of DNA that, when activated by mutations or by dislocation, can cause a normal cell to become malignant.

fine needle aspiration

Placement of a very thin needle inside the tumor mass and extracting cells for microscopic evaluation.

pedunculated

Possessing a stem or stalk (peduncle); characteristic of some polypoid tumors.

Cauterization

Process of burning tissue to destroy it (electrocauterization, laser, dry ice, chemicals)

angiogenesis

Process of forming new blood vessels.

apoptosis

Programmed cell death. (Apo- means off, away; -ptosis means to fall.) Normal cells undergo apoptosis when damaged or aging. Some cancer cells have lost the ability to undergo apoptosis, and they live forever.

ocogenic virus

RNA viruses (composed of RNA and known as retroviruses) DNA viruses (composed of DNA).

brachytherapy

Radiation delivered in close range to tumor site.

photon therapy

Radiation therapy using energy in the form of x-rays or gamma rays.

brachytherapy

Radiotherapy that uses insertion of sealed containers into body cavities or radioactive seeds directly into the tumor.

relapse

Recurrence of tumor after treatment.

Carcinoma in situ

Referring to localized tumor cells that have not invaded adjacent structures. Cancer of the cervix may be carcinoma in situ.

oncogene

Region of DNA in tumor cells (cellular oncogene) or in viruses that cause cancer (viral oncogene). Oncogenes are designated by a three-letter name, such as abl, erb, jun, myc, ras, and src.

palliative

Relieving but not curing symptoms.

excisional biopsy

Removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue. This procedure provides a specimen for diagnosis and may be curative for small noninvasive tumors.

kidney carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)

mitosis

Replication of cells; a stage in a cell's life cycle involving the production of two identical cells from a parent cell.

Verrucous

Resembling a wart-like growth. Tumors of the gingiva (gum) frequently are verrucous.

Epidermoid

Resembling squamous epithelial cells (thin, plate-like); often occurring in the respiratory tract.

skeletal muscle sarcoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma

benign vs malignant tumors summarized

Slowly growing vs Rapidly multiplying Encapsulated and noninvasive vs Invasive and infiltrative Well-differentiated vs Anaplastic and undifferentiated Nonmetastatic vs Metastatic

differentiation

Specialization of cells.

metastasis

Spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site; literally, beyond (meta-) control (-stasis).

Diffuse

Spreading evenly throughout the affected tissue. Malignant lymphomas may display diffuse involvement of lymph nodes.

simulation

Study using CT scan or MRI to map treatment before with radiotherapy is given.

proton therapy

Subatomic positively charged particles (protons) produced by a cyclotron deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly focused point in the body.

biological response modifier

Substances produced by normal cells that directly block tumor growth or that stimulate the immune system and other body defenses

biological response modifiers

Substances produced by normal cells that either directly block tumor growth or stimulate the immune system to fight cancer.

encapsulated

Surrounded by a capsule; benign tumors are encapsulated.

alkylating agents

Synthetic chemicals containing alkyl groups that attack DNA, causing strand breaks.

staging of tumors

System of evaluating the extent of spread of tumors. An example is the TNM (tumor-node-metastasis) system.

TNM in staging

T specifies the size and degree of local extension of the tumor; N is the number of regional lymph nodes that have been invaded by tumor; and M specifies the presence or absence of metastases (spreads to distant sites) of the tumor cells. Numbers denote size and degree of involvement

clinical trial phase I

The experimental drug or treatment is tested in a small group of people (20 to 80) for the first time to evaluate its safety. Phase I trials also determine a safe dosage range and schedule of administration (daily or weekly, oral or intravenous, and so on).

bladder carcinoma

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

radiotherapy

Treatment of tumors using doses of radiation; radiation oncology.

chemotherapy

Treatment with drugs.

solid tumor

Tumor composed of a mass of cells.

radiosensitive tumor

Tumor in which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue.

en bloc resection

Tumor is removed along with a large area of surrounding tissue containing lymph nodes. Modified radical mastectomy, colectomy, and gastrectomy are examples.

radiocurable tumor

Tumor that is destroyed by radiation therapy.

radioresistant tumor

Tumor that requires large doses of radiation to be destroyed.

neurofibromatosis

Tumors begin in supporting cells of nerves and the myelin sheath around nerve cells. Most tumors are benign but some may become cancerous. It is a genetic disorder occurring in 1 in 3000 births, but some cases arise via spontaneous mutation.

mixed-tissue tumor

Tumors composed of different types of tissue (epithelial as well as connective tissue).

T primary tumor stages

Tx Positive cytologic malignant findings; no tumor can be found......... Tis Carcinoma in situ; cancer only in top layers of cells; no deep invasion............T1 Tumor is <3 cm (1 1/4 inches) diameter; T1a = 2 cm or less; T1b = between 2 and 3 cm.............T2 Tumor is between 3 and 7 cm across; T2a = 5 cm or less; T2b = between 5 and 7 cm...............T3 Tumor larger than 7 cm across and grown into chest wall, diaphragm, mediastinal pleura, or pericardium ..........T4 Tumor invades the mediastinum, heart, aorta, trachea, or esophagus

fungating tumor

Ulcerating cancer wounds develop when cancer that is growing under the skin breaks through the skin. leakage, foul smell, bleeding, pain, itching

nucleotide

Unit of DNA (gene) composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a base. The sequence or arrangement of nucleotides on a gene is the genetic code.

gray (Gy)

Unit of absorbed radiation dose.

radiation

Use of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease

combination chemotherapy

Use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for the treatment of tumors.

cryosurgery

Use of subfreezing temperature to destroy tissue.

biological therapy

Use of the body's own defenses to destroy tumor cells.

gross description of tumors

Visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye: cystic, fungating, inflammatory, medullary, necrotic, polypoid, ulcerating, or verrucous.

fiberoptic colonoscopy

Visual examination of the colon using a fiberoptic instrument. This is an important screening procedure using an endoscope to detect cancer and remove premalignant polyps.

Exenteration

Wide resection involving removal of the tumor, its organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in the body space

mammography

X-ray examination of the breast to detect breast cancer.

cystic tumor

a tumor with cavities or sacs containing a semisolid or a liquid material.

How many people with cancer are cured from their disease?

about half

ATRA

all-trans retinoic acid—treatment for acute myelogenous leukemia

AFP

alpha-fetoprotein

blood vessel tissue sarcoma

angiosarcoma

Nausea and vomiting

as reaction to radiation therapy to the brain (vomiting center is located in the brainstem) or gastrointestinal tract (loss of epithelial lining tissue)

ana-

backward

cac/o

bad

basal cell layer carcinoma

basal cell carcinoma

-oma vs sarcoma

benign CT tumor vs malignant CT tumor

osteoma

benign bone tumor

meta-

beyond; change

interferons

biological response modifier made by lymphocytes

monoclonal antibodies

biological response modifier made by mouse or human immune cells and capable of binding to human tumors

bx

biopsy

tamoxifen

block estrogenic effects

hormonal agents

block the effects of specific hormones on tumors, such as estrogen receptors on breast cancer - use tamoxifen

flutamide

blocks androgen action and causes regression of prostate cancer.

BMT

bone marrow transplantation

cauter/o

burn, heat

CA

cancer

osteosarcoma

cancer of the bone is an aggressive malignant neoplasm that arises from primitive transformed cells of MESENCHYMAL origin (and thus a sarcoma) and that exhibits osteoblastic differentiation and produces malignant osteoid

carcin/o

cancer, carcinoma

CEA

carcinoembryonic antigen

what are the major groups of cancer on the basis of histogenesis?

carcinomas, sarcomas, mixed tissue tumors

what happens when bcr and abl are near each other?

cause the production of an abnormal protein that makes the leukocyte divide and causes a malignancy (chronic myelogenous leukemia)

Epstein-Barr virus

causes Burkitt lymphoma, a tumor of lymph nodes

carcinogensis

causes of transformation from a normal cell to a cancerous one causes only partly understood definitely damage to DNA

cGy

centigray (one hundredth of a gray) or rad

chem/o

chemical, drug

chemo

chemotherapy

abl

chromic myelogenous leukemia oncogene... activated when pieces from two different chromosomes switch locations AKA translocation oncogene abl on chromosome 9 moves to a new location on the base of chromosome 22 in a chromosome region called bcr (breakpoint cluster region)

cry/o

cold

ras

colon cancer oncogene

CSF

colony-stimulating factor—examples: G-CSF (granulocyte colony- stimulating factor) and GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor)

CR

complete response—disappearance of all tumor

myelosuppression

condition in which bone marrow activity is decreased, resulting in fewer red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Myelosuppression is a side effect of some cancer treatments

anaplasia

condition of cells in which they have poor cellular differentiation, losing the morphological characteristics of mature cells and their orientation with respect to each other and to endothelial cells. LOSS OF DIFFERENTIATION AND REVERSION TO PRIMITIVE FORM

necr/o

death

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

Fulguration

destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by a high-frequency current.

electrocauterization

destruction using electricity to create burns, seal vessels

metastasis

development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.

DES

diethylstilbestrol

ATRA

differentiating agent that causes tumor cells to differentiate, stop growing, and die... (all-trans retinoic acid), a vitamin A derivative, that is highly active against acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)

cancer

disease caused by abnormal and excessive growth of cells in the body may occur in any tissue and at any time of life, though typically in older people

chemotherapy

drug therapy used to treat cancer

xer/o

dry

xerostomia

dry mouth due to lack of saliva

what causes damage to DNA to result in malignancy?

environmental factors, such as toxic chemicals, sunlight, tobacco smoke, and viruses. The specific damage usually involves chemical changes in the nucleotide components of DNA.

EGFR

epidermal growth factor receptor

EPO

erythropoietin; promotes growth of red blood cells

ER

estrogen receptor

retinoblastoma (Rb) type 1 gene (RB1) and TP53 (p53 is the protein it encodes)

examples of suppressor genes that when mutated lead to cancers

hyperplasia

excessive growth

clinical trial phase II

experimental treatment is given to a larger group of people (200 to 300) to identify tumor response rate and define safety risks for patients with a specific type of cancer.

irradiation

exposure to any form of radiation (ionizing, heat, light, or x-rays)

Sessile polypoid tumors

extend from a broad base

pedunculated polypoid tumors

extend from a stem or stalk.

tele-

far

fibr/o

fibers

fibrous tissue sarcoma

fibrosarcoma

oncology

field of medicine focused on tumors, cancer

serous tumors

filled with a thin, watery fluid resembling serum

Mucinous tumors

filled with mucus (thick, sticky fluid)

FNA

fine needle aspiration

prot/o

first

sarc/o

flesh, connective tissue

-genesis

formation

plas/o

formation

angiogenesis

formation of blood vessels

-plasia

formation, growth

-plasm

formation, growth

15.3 and 29.7

found in blood; marks breast CA

beta-hCG

found in blood; marks choriocarcinoma, testicular CA

CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)

found in blood; marks colorectal, GI CA

CA-125

found in blood; marks ovarian CA

19.9

found in blood; marks pancreatic CA

PSA (prostate-specific antigen)

found in blood; marks prostate CA

estrogen receptor

found in tumor cells; marks breast CA

fung/i

fungus, mushroom

Ga

gallium

GIST

gastrointestinal stromal tumor

mut/a

genetic change

Gy

gray—unit of absorbed radiation dose

HER2-neu

growth factor gene highly activated in cells of certain types of breast cancer

example of metaplasia in regard to smoking

hange (from columnar epithelial cells to squamous epithelial cells) that occurs in the respiratory epithelium of habitual cigarette smokers.

scirrh/o

hard

H&E

hematoxylin and eosin—a dye combination used to stain pathology specimens

HNPCC

hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer

malignant tumors

how cancer cells accumulate compress, invade, and destroy surrounding normal tissue spread throughout the body by way of the bloodstream and lymphatic vessels

HTLV

human T cell leukemia virus virus that causes a form of leukemia in adults

A loss or mutation of TP53 can lead to _______

human cancers, such as brain tumors or breast cancer. it is located on chromosome 17

peripheral blood stem cell transplantation

immature blood cells called stem cells are selected and harvested from the blood of a patient instead of from the bone marrow. After undergoing chemotherapy, the patient gets a reinfusion of the stem cells to repopulate the bone marrow with blood cells.

-blastoma

immature tumor

IHC

immunohistochemistry

retinoblastoma and adenomatous polyposis coli syndrome are examples of _______ cancers

inherited tumor of retina of the eye, premalignant polyps that grow in the colon and rectum

needle biopsy

insertion of a fine needle and aspiration (extraction) of a sample from a fluid-filled cavity or solid mass of tumor.

IGRT

intensity-modulated gated radiation therapy—use of imaging mechanism attached to linear accelerator is added to IMRT to gate (track) a tumor moving during respiration

IMRT

intensity-modulated radiation therapy— high doses of radiation are delivered directly to cancer cells in a targeted way, more precisely than in conventional radiotherapy

antiangiogenic drugs

interfere with angiogenesis and stop the growth of new blood vessels. ex: Avastin... monoclonal antibody that destroys VEGF

IORT

intraoperative radiation therapy

suppressor genes and inheritable tumors

it is believed that inheritable tumors arise because of inherited or acquired abnormalities in certain suppressor genes

characteristics of anaplastic cells

lack an orderly arrangement --> tumor cells vary in size and shape and are piled one on top of the other in a disorganized fashion. The nuclei in these cells are large and hyperchromatic (stain excessively with dyes that recognize genetic material, DNA)

clinical trial phase IV

large studies are conducted after the FDA has granted its initial approval of a new treatment for marketing. These trials are designed to monitor safety in large populations and identify new indications beyond those already approved.

clinical trial phase III

larger and more definitive trial is conducted in which hundreds or thousands of subjects take part. Patients are randomly assigned to the new treatment or to a standard, established treatment. The effectiveness and overall risk-versus- benefit ratio for the experimental treatment are compared with those for standard treatment. A new drug may be approved by the FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) based on these results

carcinomas are the _____ group of cancer

largest

leukocyte sarcoma

leukemia

fat sarcoma

lipsarcoma

technetium 99m radionuclide

liver and spleen scan

rose Bengal radionuclide

liver scan

carcinoma in situ

localized cancer; confined to the site of origin

What are inherited cancers caused by?

loss of a segment of DNA or by a change in the coding sequence of DNA

almost half of all cancer deaths are caused by malignancies that originate in the _____, ______, or ______

lung, breast, colon

Most common causes of cancer deaths for men

lung, colorectal, and prostate cancers

myc

lymphoma oncogene

lymphocyte sarcomas

lymphomas.... Hodgkin disease Non-Hodgkin lymphomas: 1. follicular 2. diffuse large cell 3. Burkitt 4. anaplastic large cell

melanocyte carcinoma

malignant melanoma

fibrosarcoma

malignant neoplasm derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts arranged in a distinctive herringbone pattern with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream.

adenocarcinoma

malignant tumor formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue.

sarcomas

malignant tumors that are less common than carcinomas derived from CT of the body, such as bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow, and lymphatic cells

ple/o

many, more

allogenic bone marrow transplantation

marrow is obtained from a living donor other than the recipient.

autologous bone marrow transplantation

marrow previously obtained from the patient and stored is reinfused when needed.

-oma

mass, tumor

protein marker tests

measure the level of proteins in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells diagnose cancer or detect its recurrence after treatment (different receptors, blood proteins)

alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

measured in blood; marks liver, testicular CA

acid phosphatase

measured in blood; marks prostate CA

Mets

metastases

follicular

microscopic description of cellular arrangement in glandular tumors.

papillary

microscopic description of tumor cell growth.

germ cell tumor

mixed tissue tumor that arises from the ovaries and testes

Teratoma

mixed-tissue tumor composed of bone, muscle, skin, gland cells, cartilage, etc. that arises from the ovaries

MoAb

monoclonal antibody

mucos/o

mucus membrane

plasma cell (bone marrow) sarcoma

multiple myeloma

neur/o

nerve

embryonic nerve tissue sarcoma

neuroblastoma

NF

neurofibromatosis

neoplasm

new and abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body, especially as a characteristic of cancer.

papill/o

nipple-like

NED

no evidence of disease

NHL

non-Hodgkin lymphoma

NSCLC

non-small cell lung cancer

apo-

off, away

medullary tumor

one of several different tumors of epithelial origin. As the term "medulla" is a generic anatomic descriptor for the mid-layer of various organ tissues, a medullary tumor usually arises from the "mid-layer tissues" of the relevant organ

how many types of cancer are there?

over 100 types; each has a unique set of symptoms and requires a specific type of therapy

mucositis

painful inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes lining the digestive tract, usually as an adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment for cancer

Pap smear

papanicolau smear

PR

partial response—tumor is one half its original size

histogenesis

particular type of tissue from which tumor cells arise

PSCT

peripheral stem cell transplantation

carcinomas are derived from...

pithelial tissue that lines external and internal body surfaces, including skin, glands, and digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs

core needle biopsy

placement of needle to extract thin core of tissue

polyp/o

polyp

how can we detect genetic code changes in inheritable cancers?

possible by analysis of genes on the chromosomes from any cell, such as a blood cell, taken from an affected individual. Such inherited defects are detected by DNA sequencing, a step-by-step analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the affected gene, or by small DNA probes that test the overall fit of a person's gene to a normal gene sequence.

aromatase inhibitors

prevent the conversion of androgen to estrogen, and starve breast tumors of their estrogen supply in postmenopausal women.

mutation

process of genetic change

apoptosis

process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH

PD

progressive disease—tumor increases in size

PSA

prostate-specific antigen

prot.

protocol

PSRS

proton stereotactic radiosurgery

RT

radiation therapy

XRT, RT

radiation therapy

radionuclide scans

radioactive substances (radionuclides) injected intravenously, scans of organs are obtained detect tumor and metastases

radi/o

rays

what do suppressor genes normally do?

regulate growth, promote differentiation, and suppress oncogenes from causing cancer.

RNA

ribonucleic acid

cyst/o

sac of fluid

neuroblastoma

sarcoma of nervous system origin affects infants and children up to the age of 10 years, usually arising in immature tissues of the autonomic nervous system or adrenal medulla. ANS or ADRENAL MEDULLA

myeloablation

severe myelosuppression

barchy-

short (distance)

arsenic trioxide (Trisenox)

similar effects as ATRA on APL

follicul/o

small glandular sacs

alveol/o

small sac

medull/o

soft, inner part

squamous cell layer carcinoma

squamous cell carcinoma

SD

stable disease—tumor does not shrink but does not grow

CSFs

stimulate blood-forming cells to combat myelosuppressive side effects of chemo

mutations that lead to malignant tumors ____ cell growth and _____ DNA repair

stimulate cell growth block cell repair

interleukins

stimulate immune ssytem to destroy tumors

malignant cells are anaplastic, meaning... (DNA, function)

their DNA stops making codes that allow the cells to carry on the function of mature cells. Instead, altered DNA and altered cellular programs make new signals that lead to cell proliferation, movement of cells, invasion of adjacent tissue, and metastasis.

-suppression

to stop

-therapy

treatment

onc/o

tumor

Alveolar

tumor cells form patterns resembling small sacs; commonly found in tumors of muscle, bone, fat, and cartilage.

polypoid tumor

tumor that resembles a polyp

TNM

tumor-nodes-metastases

fibroma

tumors of fibrous connective tissue.

epi-

upon

cyrosurgery

use of extreme cold produced by liquid nitrogen (or argon gas) to destroy abnormal tissue used to treat external growths

Example: pelvic exenteration

uterus, ovaries, bladder, segments of large bowel REMOVED to treat primary tumors of the uterus

VEGF

vascular endothelial growth factor

VEGF

vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates the formation of new vessels protein secreted by tumors

papilloma virus

virus that causes cervical cancer

herpesvirus 8

virus that causes kaposi carcoma

gallium 67 radionuclide

whole body scan

protocol

written plan detailing the procedures to be followed in research or treatment