Media and Society Chapter 14
The other prime contender for the title is
"The Spirit of Christmas," made by Trey Parker and Matt Stone for Fox executive Brian Graden as a video Christmas card he could send to friends for Christmas 1995
Consequently, e-commerce is changing that because of what is known as
"the Long Tail."
1963
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is developed as the first universal standard for computers allowing machines made by different manufacturers to exchange data.
Personal blogs
An ongoing diary or commentary written by an individual. Anybody can do it and a few achieve notable success.
Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties (535 U.S. 564, 2002) and American Civil Liberties Union v. Ashcroft (542 U.S. 655, 2004).
Congress passed the Child Online Protection Act (COPA) to prevent minors from accessing pornography online. The ACLU and online publishers claimed COPA violated the Free Speech clause of the First Amendment, and sued in federal court to prevent enforcement of the act.
1989
DEVELOPMENT: Tim Berners-Lee creates the World Wide Web while Brewster Kahle invents the Internet's first publishing system, a precursor to today's search engines. The following year, ARPANET would cease to exist.
Digital media are flexible and personalized.
Digital media gives you more of an active role and more control over what you use and engage compared to traditional media. Because of user accounts and cookies, content is customized for you based on your characteristics and patterns of using the Internet. You can personalize your smartphone by customizing it, adding, moving, or removing the applications so your favorite features are but one click away.
1972
Electronic mail is introduced by Ray Tomlinson. He comes up with the now-iconic "@" sign to distinguish between the sender's name and the network name in the e-mail address.
Digital media are social and interactive
Far and away the most popular online activity is social networking, where on average we devote 1.8 hours (or 30% of our daily online time) each day.3 Social networking covers everything from e-mail and instant messaging, to sharing posts, pictures, activities, events, and interests with others. You can still go old school and just give someone a call on your smartphone, but you can also FaceTime with them.
Other Social Media
Foursquare is a local search and discovery service mobile app which provides search results for its users, Foursquare takes into account the places a user goes, the things they have told the app that they like, and the other users whose advice they trust, to provide recommendations on place to go near the user's current location.
Top 10 websites:
Google, facebook, youtube,
1969
INVENTION: ARPA goes online, connecting four major U.S. universities to provide a communications network linking the country in case a military attack destroys conventional communication systems. ARPANET's massive funding allows it to pull ahead of rivals in Britain and France.
The Internet links computers together because each computer has its own unique
IP address
Wikis
If any one element best defines Web 2.0 it would be wikis: web sites enabling visitors to make changes, contributions, or corrections. Today, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, is the most popular wiki-based website.
Digital media is fragmented and multi-channel
In a world where users access multiple platforms from multiple devices, there are concerns that the Internet might be in danger of splintering or breaking up into fragmented segments of connectivity, where people would have varying degrees of access to the wealth of content that exists and is growing every second. Three possible types of fragmentation:
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (521 U.S. 844, 1997)
In an unanimous decision, the U.S. Supreme Court voted to strike down the anti-indecency provisions of the Communications Decency Act in what was the first major ruling on the regulation of materials distributed via the Internet.
biggest "nation" on Earth. Groups on Facebook constitute communities defined by interests, ranging from popular culture (movies, television shows, and music) to social and political issues.
Collaborative efforts
collaborative efforts such as crowdsourcing (outsourcing tasks to an external group of people), crowdfunding (funding a project with relatively modest contributions from a large group of individual donors), and crowdsource testing (sending out prototype software or products for testing).
User-generated content
covers any form of content created by online users and freely made available online: wikis, blogs, discussion forums, posts, chats, tweets, podcasts, audio files, digital images, video, and other forms of media. The freedom to create content underscores the importance of collaboration, skill-building, and discovery.
The development of the Internet was dependent on
dozens of technological innovations, from hypertext and e-mail to domain name system that gave us the ability to use plain language web addresses and the secure socket layers of Netscape's encryption system that helped make the web secure enough for e-banking and e-commerce to flourish.
Determined hackers can
eavesdrop on what we say, impersonate us, and engage in a wide array of malicious activity.
The Dark Web
everything on the Internet that a search engine (e.g., Google, Bing, Yahoo!) cannot find. It stands in contrast to the Surface Web, which is everything that can be indexed by a typical search engine. The Dark Web is that section of the Internet that has been intentionally hidden and requires specific software, configurations, or authorization to access. The Dark Web (also called the Dark Net by some) is only a subset of the Deep Web, so while the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, they do not denote the same things.47
50% of teen reported
feeling addicted to their mobile devices,
Because of reduced marketing and distribution costs
goods sold on the Internet can return more of a profit than they would if sold in a regular store.
Web 2.0
greater user interactivity and collaboration, more pervasive network connectivity, and enhanced communication channels.
Cyberbullying
harming or harassing someone by using information technology networks in a repeated and deliberate manner. The increased use of technology has seen cyberbullying become increasingly common,
YouTube.
has over a billion users, reaches more 18-34 and 18-49 year-olds than any cable network in the United States, and the number of hours people spend watching videos, called "watch time," is up 60% from last year.
Corporate/Organizational blogs.
in most cases a private blog used for business purposes: internally to enhance the communication and culture in an organization, or externally for marketing, branding, or public relations purposes.
our online existence is threatened by
inadequate security
Wikipedia remains unique from the other websites
it is not operated by a corporation, but by a legion of volunteers, usually working under pseudonyms, who often bicker with each other, and that what it is trying to do and how it goes about doing it have changed little since it was founded.
When you use a web browser
it will identify the URL address so that you know how to locate it and bookmark specific pages and files, or to create a hyperlink in on a webpage or in a text that will allow quick navigation to the site.
key elements that define Web 2.0 are
its functions:
Legal issues regarding the Internet have focused primarily on
legislative efforts to keep children from encountering pornography online
the Internet is changing the way you
live, work, produce, and consume.
long tail
made up of products that are low in demand or sales, can collectively equal or exceed the bestsellers and blockbusters that make up the "head"
the focus of early viral videos was on
making people laugh
mass mediated communication
one-way:
people are now collecting virtual baseball cards
otherwise known as pictures—and they are paying money to do so.
Digital networking communication is based on
packet switching, where transmitted data is grouped into small blocks (packets), that can be sent via a medium that is being shared by multiple users simultaneously.
When your computer, tablet, or smartphone connects to the Internet through an Internet Service Provider (ISP),
packets are able to be sent to your specific computer because of that IP address, as opposed to be sent to every computer on the Internet.
A troll
person who sows discord on the Internet by starting arguments or upsetting people, usually by posting inflammatory, extraneous, or off-topic messages in an online community with the deliberate attempt of provoking readers into an emotional response, or at least disrupting normal on-topic discussion, often for their own personal amusement.
Alexa Internet
provides traffic data, global ranking, and other information on 30 million websites
Governmental fragmentation
resulting from policies and actions that could prevent or limit certain uses of the Internet.
online sellers can
set up websites and/or listings on eBay and sell hundreds and thousands of cards to customers around the country (if not the world).
Mash-ups
something created by combining elements from two or more sources. Refers to web pages or applications that integrate data and functionalities from multiple online sources.
the key concept that drives that is
technological determinism.
Commercial fragmentation
that could also prevent or limit certain uses of the Internet
the first thing to really go viral on the Internet was
the 3D-rendered "Dancing Baby,"
Digg
the homepage of the Internet, featuring the best articles, videos, and original content that the web is talking about right now."
Much of the current focus on the Internet in the 21st century
the impact mobile devices are going to have on society.
Amazon
the largest Internet-based retailer in the country
spam
the least destructive aspect of the dark side of new media, but on the other it is clearly the most prevalent.
The Communications Decency Act of 1996 (104 Stat. 652)
the most significant attempt by Congress to regulate pornographic material on the Internet. In an attempt to protect minors from explicit materials on the Internet, the act criminalized the knowing transmission of "obscene or indecent" messages to any recipient under 18.
Interactivity
the simultaneous exchange between a human being and digital media. establishing two-way communication. Video games and websites are the primary examples of interactive media
The Anti-Phishing system was triggered over 50 million times in the first quarter of 2015
the top three organizations attacked most often being Facebook, Google, and Yahoo!
77% of parents feel
their children are often distracted by their devices and do not pay attention to their family
59% of the parents of those teens felt
their children were addicted.
80% of teens say
they check their phones hourly,
online retailers are able to offer products because
they just need a warehouse
The mission statement of this book has been
to increase your media literacy
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) approved status code 451
to tell visitors that they cannot see the requested content due to "legal obstacles
Streisand Effect
when an attempt to hide, remove, or censor a piece of information has the opposite effect of publicizing the information more widely, an effect greatly facilitated by the Internet
e-commerce market
where physical goods are sold via a digital channel to users.
Smart agents
will have service and product companies behind them, offering tailored customer service.
There were almost half-a-million identity theft complaints in 2015,
with tax- or wage-related ID theft being the most commonly reported (46%, compared to 16% for credit card fraud)
Wikipedia
A free-access, free-content, noncommercial Internet encyclopedia where most users can edit more—but not all—of its articles. constitutes the largest and most popular general reference work on the Internet. Look up information on Google or ask Siri a question on your iPhone, and chances are the information that is pulled up will come from Wikipedia.
1958
In response to the Sputnik launch, the United States forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), within the Department of Defense. The Agency will be responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the U.S. military.
Aggregated blogs
Individuals or organizations can select feeds on specific topic or about a specific project to provide combined views for its readers, who are spared the necessity of search for quality content about a topic.
1961
Leonard Kleinrock of MIT writes his doctoral thesis about queuing theory and pioneers packet-switching theory.
2006
MATURITY: Amazon's Elastic Compute Cloud helps popularize "The Cloud," the computer utility model that offers nearly any software or service, including data storage, that can be done on a personal computer or larger machine.
Malware
The array of malicious software designed by hackers includes viruses, trojans, ratware, keyloggers, zombie programs, and any other type of software that attempts to do one or more of these four things: 1. Vandalize your computer in some way. 2. Steal your private information and address book. 3. Take remote control of your computer for other ends. 4. Manipulate you into purchasing something.
Online Civil Courage Initiative
Users are encouraged to share their story or idea supporting counter speech, with the goal of combating online hate speech and extremism.
The most valuable Topps baseball card is
Mickey Mantle's 1952 rookie card
10 fool-proof predictions for the Internet in 2020
More people will use the Internet., The Internet will be more geographically dispersed, The Internet will be a network of things, not computers, The Internet will carry exabytes—perhaps zettabytes—of content, The Internet will be wireless., More services will be in the cloud, The Internet will be greener, Network management will be automated., The Internet won't rely on always-on connectivity., The Internet will attract more hackers..
Digital media are convenient, instant, and fast
Not so long ago you had to be home, using a modem to connect your personal computer to the Internet so you could go on AOL and chat with friends. Now you can reach into your pocket and pull out a smartphone with an advanced mobile operating system that has the same features as a personal computer (and which rendered mere cell phones obsolete). Your biggest concern is with keeping your smartphone charged. The ease with which we can access and use the Internet literally brings the world to your finger tips, and if that is not try from literally every place on the planet, it is certainly moving in that direction.
Mobile computing
Spurred by the proliferation of smartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices, as well as the ready availability of Wi-Fi networks, a final defining element is that users can connect with the Internet from wherever they happen to be.
the most valuable baseball card
T206 Honus Wagner
The Child Online Protection Act (1998).
The COPA was intended to restrict access by minors to any material defined as harmful to such minors on the Internet, by requiring all commercial distributors of "material harmful to minors" to restrict their sties from access by minors.
1990
The Internet Movie Database (IMDB) is launched, becoming one of the first websites to popularize user-generated content in the form of user ratings and reviews (and predating the Web 2.0 concept).
Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association (564 U.S. 08-1448, 2011)
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 7-2 that video games are a form of speech protected by the First Amendment, and held that California's law restricting the sale or rental of violent video games to minors without parental supervision was unconstitutional. The ruling constituted a significant victory for the video game industry and a corresponding defeat for child protection groups.
United States v. American Library Association, Inc. (2003)
The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the Children's Internet Protection Act, which requires public libraries and public schools to install filtering software on computers in order to receive federal funding.
Digital media is collective
The ability for people around the planet to be able to connect, share, recommend, and communicate creates the collective intelligence of McLuhan's global village where people share beliefs and ideas that can shape behavior. Because of their interactive nature, digital media have been associated with promoting online interaction, distributing knowledge between users, and enhancing collective intelligence
Bullying, Trolling, and Flaming
The anonymity provided by the Internet has proven to be a convenient way of users hiding their identity while attacking others through varying types of social media.
Microblogging
The practice of posting small pieces of digital content such as text, pictures, links, or short videos on the Internet.
The biggest difference between Web 2.0 and the original World Wide Web
The shift from data being posted on websites where it is simply viewed or downloaded by users, to those users now being able to create and edit online content.
When the trading card business boomed in the 1980s and 1990s
Topps and other companies started creating scarcity by producing a limited number of cards.
Social networking
Using dedicated websites and applications to interact with other users online, is perhaps is another significant defining element of Web 2.0. Social networking not only allows users to make connections with other users but also allows users to expand business contacts as well on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and other social media platforms.
Digital media are mobile.
We spend an average of two hours each day on mobile devices, which is about one-third of our total online time. Millennials and digital media users register spend even more time, with those 16-24 the heaviest daily users at 3.25 hours a day. Those 55-64 only use mobile devices 0.58 hours a day, which suggests that average number is going to move toward that three hour mark.2 Mobile devices have advantages, especially in emerging countries, because they are more affordable than personal computers or laptops, and can be used almost anyway almost all of the time.
Digital media is more content
What has also become easier and easier with each passing year is for people to create and distribute content and services online. That content has become increasing diverse, but its consumption focuses more on breadth than depth, because of capacity limitations. The "democratization" of content also increases quality control issues. This places increased importance on how the Internet filter content and makes recommendations to users (How often do you look beyond the first page of results when you conduct a Google search?).
Collaborative/Group blogs
Written and published by more than one author, these weblogs are based around a single uniting theme, such as technology or politics.
late night television talk shows have certainly embraced
YouTube
Flaming
a hostile and insulting interaction between Internet users, often involving the use of profanity. Feeding the troll" and "taking the bait" are terms used to refer to someone who, knowingly or unknowingly, responds to the original message and gives the troll what they wanted: a provoked response.
Blogging
a log kept on the web. being able to start and maintain your own blog, where you could share your own experiences, observations, opinions, and whatever comes into your head became popular.
the most popular websites in a given country are
a search engine and a social network, usually in that order
Twitter.
allows its user to send and read short 140-character messages called "tweets." The Twitter home page has a banner that reads: "See what's happening right now. a way to keep up with events in my world instantaneously.
E-commerce
also business-to-business transactions and data interchange, gathering and using demographic data collected through web contacts and social media, and marketing to established and prospective customers via e-mail. and makes print on demand profitable, because selling books online provides a larger customer base than publishers would have otherwise.
an entertainment, social networking, and news website with registered community members able to submit content in the form of text posts or direct links.
75% of the traffic observed ended up
at abuse sites.4
Technical fragmentation
because the underlying infrastructure could limit or prevent system from being able to fully interoperate.
