Medical Terminology Chapter 17 Part 1

conjunctiv/o

conjunctiva

corne/o; kerat/o

cornea

ptosis

dropping of upper lid margin as a result of neuromusclar problems or trauma.

xer/o

dry

ambly/o

dull, dim

fluorescein angiography

dye injection to examine blood flow in the retina. Intravenous injection of fluorescein (a dye) followed by serial photographs of the retina through dilated pupils.

(An inability to adjust the lens for accommodation to) near vision (PP Q&A)

error of refraction is associated with presbyopia

ocul/o, ophthalm/o

eye

opt/o; optic/o

eye, vision

blephar/o; palpebr/o

eyelid

Blepharoptosis (PP-Q&A)

inflammation of the eyelid

IOL

intraocular lens

IOP

intraocular pressure

entropion

inversion of the eyelid causing the lashes to rub against the eye; corneal abrasion may result.

ir/o, irid/o

iris

slit lamp microscopy

magnified view of expanded number of eye structures. Examination of anterior ocular structures under microscopic magnification.

presby/o

old age

papill/o

optic disc; nipple-like

POAG

primary open-angle glacoma

cor/o; pupill/o

pupil

PERRLA

pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation

xanthelasma

raised yellowish plaque on the eyelid caused by lipid disorder.

enucleation

removal of the entire eyeball. treatment for: tumors, such as; ocular melanoma, or painful trauma or disease as in glaucoma.

nystagmus

repetitive rhythmic movements of one or both eyes.

retin/o

retina

OD

right eye; doctor of optometry (optometrist)

dacry/o

tear, tear duct

lacrim/o

tears

scler/o

sclera (white of the eye); hard

mi/o

smaller, less

anterior chamber

Area behind the cornea and in front of the lens and iris. It contains aqueous humor.

Errors of Refraction (exam study tips)

Astigmatism: defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye Hyperopia: farsightedness Myopia: nearsightedness Presbyopia: impairment of vision due to old age reducing lens accommodation

refraction

Bending of light rays by the cornea, lens, and fluids of the eye to bring the rays into focus on th retina.

glaucoma

Increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision. typically only effects one eye. most common glaucoma'-open chamber outside flow aqueo humor. type: open angle glaucoma. diagnostic: Tonometry measures intraocular pressure to detect glaucoma.

biconvex

Consisting of two surfaces that are rounded, elevated, and curved evenly, like part of a sphere. The lens of the eye is a biconvex body.

optic nerve

Cranial nerve carrying impulses from the retina to the brain (cerebral cortex).

astigmatism

Defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye. (refractive error a refractive error due to an unevenly curved cornea). corrected with astigmatic lens.

conjunctiva

Delicate membrane lining the undersurface of the eyelids and covering the anterior eyeball.

hyperopia, hypermetropia

Farsightedness (refractive error long sight). corrected with biconvex lens.

cornea

Fibrous transparent layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eyeball.

aqueous humor

Fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in the anterior chamber. A humor is any body fluid, including blood and lymph.

presbyopia

Impairment of vision as a result of old age. (refractive error, age related long sight). corrected by convex lens.

myopia

Nearsightedness. (refractive error short sight). corrected by bioconcave lens.

accommodation

Normal adjustment of the eye to focus on objects from far to near. The ciliary body adjusts the lens (rounding it) and the pupil constricts. When the eye focuses from near to far, the ciliary body flattens the lens and the pupil dilates.

thalamus

Relay center of the brain. Optic nerve fibers pass through the thalamus on their way to the cerebral cortex.

vitrectomy

Removal of vitreous humor and replacement with a clear solution. treatment for; diabetic retinopathy.

diabetic retinopathy

Retinal effects of diabetes mellitus include: microaneurysms, hemorrhages, dialation of retinal veins, and neovascularization,(new blood vessels form in the retina). treatment: For severe hemorrhaging, laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy are helpful.

ophthalmoscopy

Visual examination of the interior of the eye through dilated pupil.

macula

Yellowish region on the retina lateral to and slightly below the optic disc; contains the fovea centralis, which is the clearest vision.

AMD

age-related macular degeneration

laser photocoagulation

an argon laser creates an inflammatory reaction that seals retinal tears and leaky blood vessels. light beam, creates an inflammatory reaction that seals retinal tares, and leaky retinal blood vessels. treats: retinal tears, diabetic retinopathy, and macular degeneration.

Visual acuity (VC) test

assesses clarity of vision. measures visual fields when eyes are fixed forward. VC test

darcryocystitis

blockage, inflammation, and infection of nasolacrimal duct, and lacrimal sac. causing redness, and swelling in the region between the nose, and lower lid.

OU

both eyes

cycl/o

ciliary body or muscle of the eye

strabismus

Abnormal deviation of the eye. Esotropia, - one eye, turns inward; cross-eyed, Exotropia, - one eye, turns outward; wall-eyed, Hypertropia, - upward, deviation of one eye, hypotropia, -downward, deviation of one eye, amblyopia, - partial, loss of vision or lazy eye, diplopia, - double, vision. In children it leads to amblyopia, (partial vision loss or lazy eye), which is reversible until the retina fully develops, at age 7-10.

keratoplasty

Also known as corneal transplant, the patient's scarred or opaque cornea is replaced with a donor cornea. surgical repair of the cornea.

pupil

Central opening of the eye, surrounded by the iris, through which light rays pass. It appears dark.

visual acuity test

Clarity of vision is assessed.

cataract (PP Q&A)

Clouding of the lens, causing decreased vision. treatment; Surgical removal of the lens. implantation of an artificial lens; treatments:"intraocular lens," lens behind the iris. Or, glasses or contact.

retina

Light-sensitive nerve cell layer of the eye containing photoreceptor cells (rods and cones).

hordeolum (stye or sty)

Localized, purulent, inflammatory. staphylococcal infection of the sebaceous gland in the eyelid.

visual field test

Measurement of the area (peripheral and central) within which objects are seen when the eyes are fixed, looking straight ahead without movement of the head.

choroid

Middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera.

Retinal detachment (two layers of the retina separate from each other)

Photopsia: bright flashes of light. Floaters: vitreous clumps of retina. Scleral buckle: a belt used to buckle the retina to the sclera. Pneumatic retinopexy: a gas bubble is injected in vitreous cavity to help reattach the retina.

cone

Photoreceptor cell in the retina that transforms light energy into a nerve impulse. Cones are responsible for color and central vision.

rod

Photoreceptor cell of the retina essential for vision in dim light and for peripheral vision.

iris

Pigmented (colored) layer that opens and closes to allow more or less light into the eye. The central opening of the iris is the pupil.

optic chiasm

Point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain.

fundus of the eye

Posterior, inner part of the eye.

macular degeneration

Progressive damage to the macula of the retina. no treatment for, "dry" eyes accumulate debris, "drusen". "wet" leaky (exudative) blood vessels. treatment: photocoagualtion of leaky vessels. 85% patience suffer from, "Dry."

chalazion

Small, hard, cystic mass (granuloma) on the eyelid as a result of chronic inflammation of sebaceous gland along margin of eyelid. treatment: require incision and drainage

vitreous humor (PP-Q&A)

Soft, jelly-like material behind the lens in the vitreous chamber; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball.

ciliary body

Structure surrounding the lens that connects the choroid and iris. it contains ciliary muscles, which control the shape of the lens, and it secretes aqueous humor.

scleral buckle

Suture of a silicone band to the sclera over a detached portion of the retina. procedure, the band pushes the two parts of the retina against each other to bring together the two layers of the detached retina

lens accommodation

The refractory adjustment resulting when the muscles of the ciliary body produce flattening of the lens [for distant vision] and thickening and rounding [for close vision].

fovea centralis

Tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision.

sclera

Tough, white outer coat of the eyeball.

lens

Transparent, biconvex body behind the pupil of the eye. It bends (refracts) light rays to bring them into focus on the retina.

retinal detachment

Two layers of the retina separate from each other. causes: eye trauma, head injury, bleeding, scaring from infections or shrinkage. symptoms: photopsia (bright flashes of light), shadows or curtain falling. treatments: photocoagulation, cryotherapy, together. Lg detatchment: scleral buckle-silicone

phacoemulsification

Ultrasonic vibrations break up the lens, which then is aspirated through the ultrasonic probe. treatment for cataract removal.

LASIK

Use of an excimer (instrument) laser to correct errors of refraction, by sculpting the cornea, such in: myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. (laser in situ keratomileusis). It cuts the cornea. correct errors of refraction.

scot/o

darkness

dipl/o

double

vitre/o

glassy

glauc/o

gray

HEENT

head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat

OS

left eye

phac/o, phak/o

lens of the eye

phot/o

light

nyct/o

night

ectropion

outward sagging end eversion of the eyelid, leading to improper lacrimation and corneal drying and ulceration.

PRK

photorefractive keratoectomy - a laser beam flattens the cornea to correct myopia

-tropia

to turn

Mydriatic (PP Q&A)

type of eyedrop dilates the pupil.

uve/o

uvea; vascualr layer of the eye (iris, ciliary body, and choroid)

-opia, -opsia

vision

VA

visual acuity

VF

visual field

aque/o

water

mydr/o

widen, enlarge