Memory

In a study of several hundred convicts later exonerated by DNA evidence, just over _____ percent were convicted by faulty eyewitness accounts.

70 percent

Most forgetting curves indicate that the course of forgetting is initially rapid, but then it levels off with time. One explanation for the shape of the curves is a(n):

Gradual fading of the physical memory trace

Research conducted by George Sperling showed that people have something akin to a fleeting photographic memory. This ____________ provides a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, like a picture-image that lasts only a few tenths of a second.

Iconic memory

A research participant is required to report as much of a poem as he can remember immediately after having read the poem once. The greatest number of recall errors should occur for lines:

In the middle of the poem

How do pyschologists describe the memory system?

Information Processing Models: Encode, Store, and Retrieve. Can do multiple things through parallel processing Atkin Shiffin: Sensory, Short, and Long Term Memory Working Memory with active processing

This is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of your memory system.

Long term memory

Which of these will one MOST likely store as an implicit memory?

One's conditioned fear of guns

In the _____ effect, the first items on a list are remembered better than the middle items on a list.

Primacy

Multiple choice tests test our _____ and fill in the blank questions test our ____

Recognition, Recall

The happier Mark feels, the more readily he recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This best illustrates that emotional states can be:

Retrieval Cues

Darlene is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Darlene is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Darlene is using ____________ to remember the woman's name.

Retrieval cues

Ivan recently suffered a severe stroke and is no longer able to remember events from his childhood. His memory problems are related to:

Retrieval failure

Jonny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He has MOST likely suffered damage to his:

Right hippocampus

Chan came home quite drunk from a party on Saturday night. Luckily he was given a ride home. He threw his apartment keys down somewhere and immediately fell asleep. He may not be able to find his keys until he is once again drunk because of _____ memory.

State dependent

Why does a woman have trouble remembering the license plate number of a car that she just saw 10 minutes ago?

The number was probably not encoded in the first place

Oliver is trying to make an online purchase, but he doesn't have his credit card. He calls his wife, who reads the 16-digit credit card number to him. Unfortunately, Oliver cannot remember the number long enough to type it into the computer. This is because:

The short term memory is limited to duration and capacity

Hakeem has a very clear memory of his daughter's birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sounds in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologists would say that:

This is a flashbulb memory

He referred to priming as the "wakening of associations."

William James

How does working memory update the Atkin Shiffilin Model

Working memory is active processing taking place of the short term memory stage. Working memory processing new information and connects it to previous information learned.

Should you use recall or recognition when studying for a test

You should use recall since since it is harder than recognition. Recalling means you maintain the material better.

The process for when memories that are temporarily stored in the hippocampus migrate for storage elsewhere in the brain is called memory _____.

consolidation

Our ability to recognize material can make us feel _____, which might lead to poorer performance on certain tests.

overconfident

Unlike short-term memory, long-term memory is:

permanent

According to Freud, one reason that people forget is because they are _____ painful memories.

repress

Automatic and Effortful processing

Automatic - Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. Effortful - encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Jim hears a familiar word in his native language and it is virtually impossible for him not to recognize the word's meaning. This best illustrates the importance of:

Automatic processing

Learning to ride a bike is likely to require activation of the _____ rather than the ______

Cerebellem and basal ganglia; hippocampus

When would iconic and echoic occur in Atkinson's model?

During sensory memory, step one

Your brother often pretends to listen to what you are saying, but his attention really is focused elsewhere. When you ask him, "What did I just say?" however, he can sometimes repeat your last few words. This is likely due to __________ memory.

Echoic Memory

explicit and implicit memory

Explicit is conscious memory and implicit is skills and associtions

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is enhanced by the neurotransmitter:

Glutamate

Two basic functions of working memory

active processing and focusing attention

Colton wakes up in a hospital. Apparently, he cannot remember anything that happened immediately following a severe head injury. Colton's case BEST demonstrates:

anterograde amnesia

Xui was daydreaming about her college plans during a boring lecture on the history of computers. She doesn't remember that ENIAC was the first functioning digital computer because she wasn't paying attention. Xui's poor memory is BEST explained in terms of

encoding failure

Lara is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her ______________, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.

hippocampus

Yancy was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by the police to describe the young criminal, Yancy recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than an adult. Yancy's experience BEST illustrates:

misinformation effect