meteorology chapter 8 weather forecasting

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straight

boundary between warm tropical air and cold polar air with zonal patterns is evenly distributed along a somewhat ______ path

prognostic charts

generalized forecast maps

6-12

how long the accuracy of persistence forecasting lasts

twice

how many times daily weather balloons are launched

300 and 200 mb maps

maps representing zones near the top of the troposphere

warm air advection

occurs along eastern seaboard of US; associated with widespread lifting in lower troposphere

cold air advection

occurs where winds blow across isotherms from colder areas to warmer areas

meridional patterns

patterns consisting of slow moving north to south flows, typically with heavy precipitation

zonal patterns

patterns depicting quickly moving westerlies

long range forecasts

produced by the Climate Prediction Center, a branch of the NWS, 30 and 90 day forecasts

TIROS 1

satellite launched in 1960, this was the first weather satellite...more than 30 versions have been launched through 2009

Polar-orbiting

satellites orbiting the poles

Infrared Satellites

satellites that work day or night, show temperature of cloud tops

900

the amount of automatic surface observation systems the NWS AND FAA operate

500 mb maps

the level of maps found approx. 5.5 km above sea level; these maps show upper level lows best

125

the number of regional weather forecast offices information from the national centers for environmental protection is disseminated to

four

the number of times a day the 10,000 land stations and 7000 sea stations and hundreds of data buoys report weather conditions a day

meridional patterns

the patterns more common than zonal

Forecasters

the people that blend information sent from progs with local conditions and regional weather to produce site specific forecasts

Percentage probability

the prediction of the occurrence of rainfall; this is fairly accurate

supercomputers

the technology that is utilized to make weather predictions, it is a must in today's data driven world

visible, infrared, and water vapor

the type of images provided by Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES)

temperature, cloudiness, humidity, precipitation, wind speed, wind direction

the variables weather forecasts express

6.7 micrometers

the wavelength of radiation emitted by water vapor

NWS

the weather group that produces generalized forecast maps

climatological forecasting

this method uses climate data

amount, time, and duration

though percentage probability is accurate, these three types of predictions within it are not reliable

850 and 700 millibar maps

weather maps finding areas of cold air and warm air advection with 850 millibars; winds at 750 mb level are used to predict movement of weather producers

upper level maps

weather maps generated twice daily; drawn at 850,700, 500, 300, and 300 mb levels and include isobars, isotherms, humidity, wind speed, wind direction as overlays

large weather systems

what GOES track

cooler

what higher clouds are seen as with infrared

jet stream

what is best observed at 300 and 200 mb levels

warmer

what lower clouds are seen as with infrared

troughs and ridges

what meridional patterns consist of

water vapor

what most of earth's radiation is emitted by

storms

what moves quickly across the country with a zonal flow

radiosondes

what weather balloons contain; lightweight instrument packs measuring temperature, humidity, and pressure

midnight and noon

when weather balloons are launched

National Centers for Environmental Prediction

A branch of the NWS that collects weather data from all over the world; constructs weather maps, chats, and national and global forecasts

Ensemble forecasting

A method producing a number of forecasts using the same computer model...it alters intial conditions while remaining within error range of the observational instruments

Geostationary

Satellites orbiting west to east over the equator

Visible Light Satellites

Satellites that only work during the day, have a higher resolution, and no temperatures

National Weather Service (NWS)

a branch of NOAA, the mission statement of this program is to provide weather and climate forecasts and warnings to the US territories and waters for the protection of life and property and enhancement of the economy

analog method

a forecasting method based on the assumption that weather repeats itself...forecasters attempt to find weather patterns

trend forecasting

a method determining the speed and direction of fronts, cyclones, clouds, and precipitation

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

a part of the United Nations that is responsible for the international exchange of weather data

synoptic weather maps

a picture of the atmosphere, means "coincident in time"

weather forecast

a scientific estimate of the weather conditions at some future time

Model Output Statistics

a statistical analysis of progs compares the accuracy of previous forecasts

persistence forecasting

a technique based on the tendency of weather to remain unchanged for hours or days

numerical weather prediction

a technique that uses mathematical model by entering temperature, wind speed, and direction, pressure, and humidity


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