MGH Prep Test 2

spotty snub unseated

spotty 有污点的（贬义词） snub 冷落，怠慢，短 unseated 下马（车），剥夺职位

Choose the option that best answers the question. To describe a style as Faulknerian or Beckettian or Nabokovian conjures up a host of literary moods, dispositions, and temperaments that coalesce to form an imprint as distinctive as a genetic code. This imprint, a trace-code of the authorial DNA, is our primary way of distinguishing the focused person who writes from that "bundle of accidents and incoherence that sits down at breakfast," as Yeats somewhat comically described the writer of prose. Yet however expert we become in deciphering the authorial code, we can never know the person who writes directly through her writing. This is an odder claim than it may initially appear, when you consider that the writer may divulge the most intimate secrets of her inner life through the very things she chooses to write about and by the way she writes about them. I want to make an even odder claim and insist that the person who writes never appears to us except as a figment of our imagination. So this is what I am conveying in the case of Virginia Woolf, when I say I am "imagining" Virginia Woolf. I do not mean by this that I am making her up or attributing qualities to her that she may not indeed possess. Quite the opposite. It is Woolf who makes things up, who makes herself up—that is what it means, at a very fundamental level, to have an imagination and to use it in your writing. What I fabricate is an image of her that has slowly formed in my mind—a figment I call it—from the impressions, some more concrete than others, that I collect as I am reading her. This figment of the author may coexist with, but should never be mistaken for, the "figure of the author." I suspect it matters little to most readers whether the author as a literary figure is dead or alive or temporarily missing in action. On the other hand, the figment, being a subjective creation and not a rhetorical or literary personification, has a different reality and possesses a different importance in the mind of the reader. The figment of the author that attends us in our reading tends to be evanescent, but is never insubstantial in its impact upon us. It was Woolf who alerted me to the inevitability of these figments, of their power to shadow and ultimately affect our intellectual and emotional relation to what we are reading. The first concrete piece of advice she gives the reader in "How Should One Read a Book?" is to try to become the author, but then, in a reversal that becomes more and more typical of her as she becomes confident in her own opinions that she can afford to qualify and, when necessary, disregard, she admits her inability to follow her own advice. The author of the passage ultimately finds a consummate understanding of authorial DNA insufficient for truly knowing a writer because A. the reader conjures up an interpretation of the writer that is not tantamount to the actual writer B. the writer often anticipates that readers will try to decipher deeper meanings in the text C. a distorted view typically emerged when a reader relies on figments D. the writer is incapable of projecting an unvarying sense of him- or herself E. oftentimes a writer, in attempting to project a certain self forward, comes up short in the effort

(A) (C) is tempting. but the author also mentioned that 'This figment of the author may coexist with, but should never be mistaken for, the 'figure of the author.', the figment may not necessarily to create a distorted view. conjures up = makes up tantamount 同等的，相当于的

splendor temerity coterminous with

splendor (wealth and grandeur) temerity (lack of caution,鲁莽，冒失） coterminous with（有关，但是不重要，peripheral to）

Most nascent memories are evanescent - unless the brain has sufficient time to make sense of them, they will ________. A. dissipate B. coalesce C. persist D. perish E. triumph F. cohere

(A) dissipate and (D) perish are the correct answers. The clues are "evanescent...unless..sufficient time...". Evanescent means vanishing quickly. Unless brain has time to process memories they will disappear. Similar words to disappear are (A) and (D).

Residents of Milatia are known for their longevity. Nutritionists maintain that the Milatians can attribute their increased lifespans to their diets. In addition to consuming a diet full of leafy greens, they also have a low intake of saturated fats, which have been implicated in heart disease and atherosclerosis. Therefore, if one wants to have increased longevity, he or she should follow a Milatia based diet. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A. Other aspects of the Milatians' lifestyle do not affect the observed trend of longevity in Milatia. B. Adopting another people's eating habits will, in of itself, not confer the same advantages, unless a person incorporates exercise into his or her life. C. The Milatian lifespan has a relatively uniform distribution, with very few dying young from natural causes. D. Milatians are the only people in whom there is a perceived link between diet and longevity. E. All Milatians are known to have lifespans that are above average.

A

For much of the 20th century, paleontologists theorized that dinosaurs, like reptiles, were ectothermic, their body temperature regulated externally. These scientists, however, based their conclusions on faulty reasoning, claiming that scaly skin was common to all ectotherms (birds, which are ectothermic, do not have scaly skin) and that the dinosaur's size could account for ectothermy (some adult dinosaurs weighed as little as ten pounds). Supplanting this theory is an entirely new line of thought: dinosaurs were actually mesothermic, neither warm- nor cold-blooded. By taking this middle ground, some paleontologists maintain that dinosaurs were faster than a similar-sized reptile yet did not require as much food as a similar-sized mammal. To substantiate this theory, paleontologists intend to study how birds, the dinosaur's closest extant relative, might have at one time been mesothermic. Based on the information in the passage, it can be inferred that which of the following is a possible benefit conferred by mesothermy? A. Controlling for size, it allows for greater speed than ectothermy. B. Controlling for size, it leads to less dependence on food than does ectothermy. C. It allowed prehistoric birds to fly.

A "By taking this middle ground, some paleontologists maintain that dinosaurs were faster than a similar-sized reptile (ectothermic) yet did not require as much food as a similar-sized mammal (不是ectothermic）. "

All of the following would help support Turcotte's contention that Venus' geology is quite different from every other geological entity in the solar system EXCEPT A. the size of the volcanoes on Venus B. the absence of oceans to provide erosion and weathering C. the rising temperature of the planet's core D. no natural satellite to induce continuous seismic forces E. a radioactive core that continues to generate great amounts of heat

A Turcotte argues that, while gradualist models well explain every other geologic entity in the Solar System, a catastrophist model best explains Venus. This is an EXCEPT question. Four of the answers will explain why Venus is catastrophist or why it is not gradualist.

How would the author of the passage rebut the contention that the reader can arbitrarily impute negative qualities or characteristics to the writer? A. The writer, through his or her works, is the one who creates a fabricated image of him- or herself. B. The reader can be mistaken in his or her perception of the writer's inner life. C. Often the author is very similar to the person he or she projects on the page. D. The writer changes too often for a reader to have a solid grasp as to who the writer really was. E. Our figments can often misrepresent the writer's literary aims.

A rebut 反驳 impute 归罪，嫁祸于

That some dinosaurs could fly has long been established. That these very same species may have been able to walk—using their wings, no less—has been far more controversial. However, the latest computer simulations suggest that the Pteranodon, a pterosaur with a wingspan of up to 25-feet long, while no rapid runner, was able to walk by retracting its wrists so as to walk on its palms. As to why the Pteranodon did so still remains unanswered. One theory is that walking allowed it to forage for food on the ground. While this idea is enticing, proponents of this theory have yet to propose a reasonable answer as to what led to such a dramatic change in both physiology and locomotion. Another explanation is that flying was the evolutionary advantage conferred upon these creatures: in times of scarcity, a flying creature has access to a far greater abundance of fauna than does one limited to terrestrial movement. Which of the following can be substantiated based on information found in the passage? A. Scientists consider evidence based on computer simulations sufficient for backing up a theory. B. The Pteranodon had other adaptations, besides the ability to retract its wrists, that allowed it to walk. C. Even if a theory is compelling that theory should not be immune to analysis.

AC (A) is supported by the passage, because the author—along with other scientists—is basing theories on the computer models. While (B) may have been true, it is not supported by the passage. (C) is supported by the "while enticing..." This shows that the author would agree—and thus (C) can be substantiated—that regardless of how compelling a theory is it should be analyzed further.

The space mission to deploy a probe to Uranus, while greeted with much enthusiasm by those in the scientific and lay community alike, has been ________ not so much by the technical challenges of launching a probe into such a distant orbit as by the lack of funding. A. hobbled B. informed C. altered D. hamstrung E. enhanced F. scrapped

AD hobble (跛行） hamstring (使残废） scrap （抛弃，打架）

The computer modeling of weather has, since its inception, been fraught with difficulties, yet the fact that it has only had to improve on what, to some, amounts to nothing more than voodoo science made its ______________ all but assured. A. ascendancy B. demise C. inclusion D. primacy E. dismissal F. retraction

AD since its inception, ... difficulties, yet 后面应该跟something positive.

To the ____________ eye the jungle canopy can seem little more than a dense latticework of branches and leaves. For the indigenous peoples of the Amazon, even a small area can serve as a veritable ____________ of pharmaceutical cures. The field of ethnobotany, which relates both to the natural pharmacy offered up by the jungle and the peoples who serve as a store of such knowledge, has become increasingly popular in the last decades as many anthropologists, hoping to take advantage of this vast bounty, learn the language and customs of the tribes in order to ____________ them thousands of years worth of knowledge. A. untutored B. sophisticated C. veteran D. cornucopia E. invasion F. dissemination G. glean from H. allot to I. purge from

ADG veteran (老手，老兵） cornucopia (abundance,丰盛） glean from (拾穗，learn from) allot from (分配, 拨给, 摊派（时间, 钱, 任务等)) purge from (净化，清除，泻药）

The public only had so much patience with Newman: his ____________ the government's supposed ineptitude had become so frequent that even his most ____________ supporters soon began to shift the dial on their radios. A. litanies of B. rebuttals of C. epiphanies on D. discerning E. avid F. contentious

AE litany（枯燥冗长的陈述） rebuttal （refuse） 这个不对，因为rebuttal ineptitude 就表示反对反对，也就是赞成了。不正确。 discerning (敏锐的） avid (热情的狂热的）

That we can, from a piece of art, (i) ____________ the unconscious urges of the artist—urges that remain hidden even from the artist himself—will remain a(n) (ii)______________ issue, as it is one (iii) ___________ empirical analysis: we can never definitively know what is submerged deep inside the artist's psyche, let alone reconcile any such revelations with the artist's work. A. derive B. appreciate C. subvert D. practical E. intractable F. unambiguous G. easily subjected to H. not readily amenable to I. likely to be resolved by

AEH 冒号后面的话表明了想要了解artist真实意图是不可能的。所以前面也要表达这个想法。 That we can subtract (derive) will remain difficult to deal with(intractable), as it is one remains unknown(not readily amenable to) empirical analysis.

In the context in which it is used, "conferred upon" means A. opted for B. granted to C. disseminated to D. visited upon E. intended towards

Answer: (B) In this question, a word similar to 'give' or 'provide' works best. (A) means to choose. (C) means to spread. (E) does not quite fit the context and sounds a bit odd, "flying...evolutionary advantage intended to..." 'Granted to', option (B), is consistent with the idea of provided to.

Based on a spate of hospitable planets--or Goldilocks planets, as scientists affectionately dub them--recently found orbiting the stars of three distinct solar systems, astronomers have been able to ____________ the number of earth-like planets in the universe, a figure much higher than A. previously estimated. B. insinuate C. extrapolate D. intuit E. disprove F. indicate

Answer: (B) Scientists are taking information from one instance, 'based on a spate...' and are using it to infer something about the unknown, i.e., 'the number of...'. Extrapolating describes this process in which we take information from one scenario and apply it to another (A) insinuate (suggest,巴结，暗示，滋长）

The travelogue is a thorny genre, even for seasoned writers, for one must ______________ a curious balance between inspired navel-gazing and reportage with a cosmopolitan slant. A. boast B. deconstruct C. effect D. inhibit E. forsake

Answer: (C) This is a tough question because it tests the second definition of the word "effect", which, when used as a verb, means to bring about. For instance, Martin Luther King effected many monumental changes for African-Americans. Therefore, a travel writer must bring about/make happen this curious balance between being inwardly focused and outwardly focused.

Despite striking parallels in class stratification between ant and human societies, the progressive forms of government sprouting up over the last few centuries indicate that our lots are far less ________. A. tyrannical B. variable C. constrained D. simplistic E. malleable

Answer: (C) 与class stratification 取同，应强调受限制。 (A) tyrannical (暴君似的） (D) There is no context to support this. (E) "Malleable" means changeable

Despite a(n) ____________ beginning, the election campaign quickly devolved into ____________and acrimony, with each side casting aspersions. A. auspicious B. turbulent C. publicized D. capitulation E. calumny F. serenity

Answers: (A), (E) 'Despite' signals a contrast. '...quickly devolved...' shows the second part of the sentence is negative. Thus the first part is positive. (A) auspicious means favorable. (E) calumny means slander

Able to coax a palpable sense of menace from the bucolic backwaters of her native Missouri, Micheaux adroitly shows us, in her latest book, that a surface of idyllic charm can ______ a roiling underbelly of intrigue, corruption, and murder. A. subsume B. belie C. counteract D. preface E. complement

B surface of idyllic charm (表面上田园牧歌），underbelly of intrigue, corruption and murder. (实际上复杂，贪污，腐败） subsume: placed under

With university lecture halls rivaling small-concert venues in terms of the number of those in attendance, it ______________ incoming freshmen—most long coddled in an intimate learning environment—to become adept at navigating the treacherous waters of anonymity. A. implicates B. is incumbent upon C. behooves D. removes the onus for E. is unfair for F. benefits

BC rival 竞争 adept 熟练的 onus 责任义务 incumbent upon = duty / responsibility on behooves = incumbent upon 去掉中间的破折号连读。

The contention that Hopkin's extensive anthropological fieldwork led to a unified theory is ____________ — close scrutiny reveals a ____________ of observations that, at times, even prove ____________ one another. A. redoubtable B. specious C. unbiased D. mere hodgepodge E. coherent system F. meticulous scaffolding G. inimical to H. convergent with I. susceptible to

BDG closely scrutiny is clearly opposite of "contention" therefore the contention, instead of presenting a unified theory, Hopkin's fieldwork does the opposite. scaffolding 脚手架的，支持的

While society may regard science as some ____________ activity closed off to the ____________ masses, the daily life of a scientist--driving to work each day, checking emails, meeting deadlines--can seem ____________. A. grand B. arcane C. illicit D. disheveled E. benighted F. huddled G. irredeemably prosaic H. surprisingly quotidian I. relentlessly hectic

BEH '...checking emails...' implies that the scientist's job is very ordinary. Therefore, we want a word similar to ordinary in the third blank. Quotidian, which means daily, routine, works well. "Prosaic" is definitely tempting, but "irredeemably" isn't supported by the rest of the text, whereas "surprisingly" is strongly supported. The 'while' at the beginning of the sentence indicates a shift. The first blank there has to be the opposite of the third blank. 'Arcane' suggests that science is some mysterious activity known only to scientists. The second blank relates to the 'closed off', which suggests that masses are unaware or ignorant of what scientists do. 'Benighted' means unenlightened. Neither 'huddled' or 'disheveled' capture this connotation of ignorance. Arcane 晦涩难懂的 Illicit 不法的，禁止的 disheveled 衣冠不整的 benighted 愚昧的 prosaic = quotidian 平凡的，日常的 hectic 忙碌的

Refusing to ____________ his vituperative words, the ambassador only further ____________ members of the multinational committee. A. exacerbate B. moderate C. intensify D. intrigued E. encouraged F. incensed

BF vituperative 责骂的，斥责的 intrigue 密谋 incense 激怒

The primary purpose of the passage is to A. highlight the misuses of a particular methodology pertaining to the writer B. debunk a finding by offering up an alternative explanation C. offer a claim regarding how a reader interfaces with a writer D. point out the incongruity between a writer and the reader's perception of that writer E. anticipate an objection regarding the way in which the reader engages with a written work

C D is wrong because "This figment of the author may coexist with, but should never be mistaken for, the 'figure of the author.'" Therefore, it is not always incongruous with the author.

Unlike Mercury and Mars, Venus has a dense, opaque atmosphere that prevents direct observation of its surface. For years, surface telescopes on Earth could glean no information about the surface of Venus. In 1989, the Magellan probe was launched to do a five-year radar-mapping of the entire surface of Venus. The data that emerged provided by far the most detailed map of the Venusian surface ever seen. The surface shows an unbelievable level of volcanic activity: over one hundred large shield volcanoes, many more than Earth has, and a solidified river of lava longer than the Nile. The entire surface is volcanically dead, with not a single active volcano. This surface is relatively young in planetary terms, about 300 million years old. The whole surface, planet-wide, is the same age: the even pattern of craters, randomly distributed across the surface, demonstrates this. To explain this puzzling surface, Turcotte suggested a radical model. The surface of Venus, for a period, is as it is now, a surface of uniform age with no active volcanism. While the surface is fixed, volcanic pressure builds up inside the planet. At a certain point, the pressure ruptures the surface, and the entire planet is re-coated in lava in a massive planet-wide outburst of volcanism. Having spent all this thermal energy in one gigantic outpouring, the surface cools and hardens, again producing the kind of surface we see today. Turcotte proposed that this cycle repeated several times in the past, and would still repeat in the future. To most planetary geologists, Turcotte's model is a return to catastrophism. For two centuries, geologists of all kinds fought against the idea of catastrophic, planet-wide changes, such as the Biblical idea of Noah's Flood. The triumph of gradualism was essential to the success of geology as a serious science. Indeed, all features of Earth's geology and all feature of other moons and planets in the Solar System, even those that are not volcanically active, are explained very well by current gradualist models. Planetary geologists question why all other objects would obey gradualist models, and only Venus would obey a catastrophic model. These geologists insist that the features of Venus must be able to be explained in terms of incremental changes continuously over a long period. The author implies which of the following about Geology as a science? A. its legitimacy as a scientific discipline is not well established B. its proper field is Earth, and therefore its analyses of other planets and moons is more speculative C. it did not find, in previous religious models of the Earth, a sound basis for analytical theories D. it can deduce everything about the surface of Mercury purely from Earth-based observations E. its success derives from surviving exposure to major catastrophes

C The credited answer is (C). The passage explicitly says that the catastrophic idea of Noah's Flood, a biblical story, was something Geology had to fight against to be successful. Therefore, we know of at least one previous religious model that did not serve as a sound basis for their modern analytical theories. The author seems to value Geology, implying that it has "success ... as a serious science." That's high praise. The author certainly doesn't doubt its legitimacy. A is wrong.

Both darkly comic and deeply tragic, Guy's biography of the 12th archbishop of Canterbury Sir Thomas Becket, is a portrait of a saint with plenty of shadows. Does it diminish Becket for us to know that this future martyr in a hair shirt (clothing worn by ascetics) also made sure to keep a fine silk robe handy for his return to Canterbury, a stately progress one chronicler compared to Christ's entry into Jerusalem? That his abstemious diet was partly the result of a lifelong susceptibility to chronic, and debilitating, indigestion? That one of his oldest and closest friends would have found his canonization "utterly absurd"? Only if we prefer the black-and-white certainties of hagiography to the convincingly human portrayal of a charismatic, contradictory individual who was, as Guy puts it, "as prickly as he was smooth . . . a man with the habits of a hedgehog." The primary purpose of this passage is to A. provide insight into the contradictions of a historical figure B. enumerate the shortcomings of a piece of literature C. praise a work for favoring a complex portrayal over a simple one D. criticize practices particular to a certain time E. present a balanced depiction of a well-known historical person

C The purpose of the passage is to extol (赞颂，赞扬）Guy's depiction of Becket, while noting that those who like idealized biographies (hagiography圣徒传) will not appreciate the work. AE都错了，因为文章形容的是biography，而不是biography描述的人。主体错了。 archbishop（大主教） martyr（烈士受难者） chronicler（年代史编者） Jerusalem (耶路撒冷） chronic （慢性的） canonization （典范） prickly （多刺的）

In the last few years, a drastic spike in sea temperatures around Prudhoe Bay has caused the eggs of snow crabs to hatch earlier in the year than they had previously. As a result, baby snow crabs are more likely to be caught by deep sea fishing boats, since deep sea fishing boats are more numerous in Arctic waters during the fall season than they are during the winter season. Which of the following pieces of information is necessary to evaluate the argument? A. The total number of snow crabs that hatch versus the total number that had hatched before the increase in temperatures B. The time of year the deep sea fishing boats arrive to the waters around Prudhoe Bay C. The month in which the boats leave, and the month in which the snow crabs eggs hatch D. The amount of area the fisherman's nets can cover in one day E. The amount of time the deep sea fishing boats spend in water directly above where the snow crabs are likely to hatch

C Timing is the only thing matters. 文章提到由于海水变暖，crab hatching 被提前，但没说提前多久，提前多久很重要，因为如果碰不上fall season那就不会因为海水变暖而减少baby crab 的数量。

For someone so ____________ in his delivery, Quentin was remarkably relaxed during his presentation, any trace of affectation gone. A. arbitrary B. guileless C. studied D. fastidious E. conceited

C 空中应选和relaxed相反的词，studied（假装做作） affectation 假装，做作 (D) fastidious means fussy. This answer choice does not match 'any trace...gone'

Countless generations have been divided on Mendelssohn's ____________—should he inhabit the same pantheon as Bach and Haydn, or be ____________ to the ranks of could-have-beens? After all, it can be argued that his ____________ came at the age of 14 with his Octet in E-flat, a work, many believe, the composer never eclipsed in his remaining twenty-six years. A. technique B. posterity C. legacy D. relegated E. elevated F. sublimated G. apogee H. precocity I. nadir

CDG pantheon describes something that is great. e.g. pantheon of the athletes = great athletes. 所以逗号后面要接和pantheon相反的，也就是不那么great，relegate = downgrade。 最后一个空是说他最鼎盛的时候是14岁，然后后面也就没有eclipse （消失光芒）过。 Mendelssohn's legacy 表示他应该如何被记住，应该是legacy （遗产，遗留下来的东西） posterity (子孙，后代，future generations） sublimated （高尚升华, take an impulse or drive and to turn it into something that is socially acceptable, eg. art) precocity (早熟，developed early) nadir (低估，lowest point)

For all his ____________, Honore de Balzac betrayed a remarkable ____________ to the plight of 19th century women, populating his novels with characters sympathetic to women's rights. A. affability B. diffidence C. boorishness D. contemptuousness E. sensitivity F. obliviousness

CE 'For all...' indicates the two blanks are opposite. 'Betrayed' means revealed and so the contrast is between how he was perceived, (C) boorishness, and what was revealed in his books (E) sensitivity. contemptuousness（轻视） obliviousness（健忘，忽视）

According to Lackmuller's latest screed, published under the title, Why We Can't Win at Their Game, special interest groups not nominally tied to ecological concerns have become so (i) ___________ the process of environmental policymaking that those groups who actually aim to ensure that corporate profit does not trump environmental health have been effectively (ii) __________. Lackmuller's contention, however, is (iii) __________ in that it fails to account for the signal achievements environmental groups have effected over the last 20 years—often to the chagrin of big business. A.marginalized in B. indebted to C. influential in D. vindicated E. squelched F. lionized G. somewhat tentative H.rarely myopic I. highly misleading

CEI indebted: adjective - under a legal obligation to someone; adjective - owing gratitude or recognition to another for help or favors etc (欠情的，感激的） myopic (近视的，目光短浅的）

The author's tone towards Guy's biography of Becket can best be described as A. apologetic B. neutral C. ambivalent D. sardonic E. appreciative

E 强调，形容的是biography而不是Becket 这个人。文章中提到了onvincingly human portrayal of a charismatic，darkly comic and deeply tragic。所以可以看出作者对于Guy的biography是很欣赏的。 sardonic （sarcasm, bitter)

Whether the network renews the latest pilot series ____________ the critical assumption that the audience will not only empathize with a male protagonist very different from it, but will continue to do so once he begins to commit acts that are clearly reprehensible. A. invites B. supports C. stems from D. indulges in E. hinges upon

E The key to this sentence is to identify that the series may get canceled. Its success depends / rests on the creator's assumption that the audience is going to watch a television show that features an unpleasant lead actor. (E) hinges upon is a synonym for depends on/rests on. 网络公司更新一部最新的试播剧，是基于这样一种关键假设，即观众不仅会移情于一个与他们自己完全不同的男主角，甚至在他做了一些事儿显然应该收到谴责的时候还是会这样同情和袒护他们。 protagonist 主人公，领导者

There has always been controversy over the nature of poetic language. To some, poetic language should be special, removed from the language of everyday (thus, the dictum, 'The language of the age is never the language of poetry'). To others, it should be closely in touch with everyday language, or, perhaps, be 'current language heightened.' To Ralph Waldo Emerson, the whole language is in any case 'fossil poetry.' Statements of this kind to some extent miss the point, which is to stress the enormous range of linguistic expression that is found under the heading poetry. At one extreme, there are poems that are as far removed from everyday speech as it is possible to imagine; at the other, there are poems that, if it were not for the division into lines, would closely resemble prose. It can be inferred from Emerson's quote that he implied which of the following? A. Poetry has influenced colloquial speech. B. All language eventually becomes archaic. C. Language that is too far removed from everyday speech becomes meaningless. D. The range of linguistic expression is vast. E. In most societies exists a disconnection between poetry and everyday speech.

Emerson believes that current language has some connection to poetry—the whole language (all language) is "fossil poetry." Therefore, (A) is a safe answer.