MGMT 309 EXAM 1 REVIEW

Behavioral Management Today Limitations

- Behavior is difficult to predict - Manager are reluctant to adopt concepts - RESEARCH INEFFECTIVELY COMMUNICATED MANAGERS

Behavioral Management Today Contributions

- Gave insights into interpersonal processes such as motivation and group dynamics - Focused managerial attention on these processes - Viewed employees as resources

The New Workplace

- diversity has numerous dimensions, but most common are age, gender, ethnicity, and physical abilities and disabilities -Work ethics are changing - "Yuppies", generation X, Y, and Millennial desire flexibility -managers must be able to address organizational change -New Technologies - managers now have a complex array of organizing possibilities

Classical Management Today Limitations

-Best used in simple, table organizations -Universal procedures may not be appropriate in some settings - Employees not viewed as resources (viewed as parts)

Classical Management Today Contributions

-Laid the foundation for management theory -Identified key processes, functions, and skills -Made management a valid subject to study

Steps of the Scientific Management

1) Develop a science for each element of the job to replace old rule of thumb methods. 2) scientifically select employees and then train them to do the job as described in step 1. 3) Supervise employees to make sure they follow the prescribed methods for performing their jobs. 4) continue to plan the work, but use workers to get the work done.

Theory X Assumptions

1. People do not like work and try to avoid it. 2. People do not like work, so managers have to control, direct, coerce, and threaten employees to get them to work toward organizational goals. 3. People prefer to be directed, to avoid responsibility, and to want security; they have little ambition.

Theory Y Assumptions

1. People do not naturally dislike work; work is a natural part of their lives. 2. People are internally motivated to reach objectives to which they are committed. 3. People are committed to goals to the degree that they receive personal rewards when they reach their objectives. 4. People will both seek and accept responsibility under favorable conditions. 5. People have the capacity to be innovative in solving organizational problems. 6. People are bright, but under most organizational conditions their potential is underutilized.

developed a hierarchy of needs, including monetary incentives and social acceptance

Abraham Maslow

Two writers that helped advance the human relations movement were __________ and _____________-

Abraham Maslow; Douglas McGregor

tend to be generalists; they have some basic familiarity with all functional areas of management rather than specialized training in any one area

Administrative Managers

may include marketing, financial operations, administrative, and other areas

Areas of Management

Emphasizes individual attitudes and behaviors on group processes, and it recognized the importance of behavioral processes in the workplace -Focus was much more more on the employee: what motivated them, how those behaviors impacted group performance

Behavioral Management Perspective

_____________, an English Mathematician, focused his attention on efficiencies of production. His primary contribution was his book On the Economy of Machinery and Manufacturers. -Mathematically focused on efficiency of production - First one to put mathematics to management - Believed in division of labor

Charles Babbage

Wrote about acceptance of authority -Granted authority: Situation where we grant someone to have authority of us (boss)

Chester Barnard

The abilities both to effectively convey ideas and information to others and to effectively receive ideas and information from others Ex: The manager who can write an email that is both informative and inspirational; a manager who can carefully listen to what others are saying and then raft an effective reply

Communication Skills

The manager's ability to think in the abstract Ex: The manager who first sees a new market for an existing product; a manager who accurately forecasts a next-generation technology

Conceptual Skills

Monitoring and correcting ongoing activities to facilitate goal attainment

Controlling

The manager's ability to correctly recognize and define problems and opportunities and to then select an appropriate course of action to solve problems and capitalize on opportunities Ex: A manager who can quickly recognize the need for a decision and then frame the nature of the decision that is required; the manager who recognizes that an earlier decision did not result in a good outcome and so starts this process

Decision-Making Skills

The manager's ability to visualize the most appropriate response to a situation Ex: A manager who can understand why customer complaints are increasing; the manager who can quickly assess the impact of a new foreign trade agreement

Diagnostic Skills

developed Theory X and Theory Y

Douglas McGregor

By _____, we mean making the right decisions and successfully implementing them

Effective

By _______, we mean using resources wisely and in a cost-effective way

Efficient

__________ conducted a study that involved manipulating illumination for one group of workers and comparing their subsequent productivity with the productivity of another group whose illumination was not changed. Surprisingly, when illumination was increased for the experimental productivity went up in both group. -Also piecework incentive pay -Concluded that incentive pay plans did not work because wage incentives were less important to the individual workers than was social acceptance in determining output.

Elton Mayo; Hawthorne Study

4 decisional roles of managers

Entrepreneur - voluntary initiator of change Disturbance Handler- handling such problems as strikes, copyright infringement, problems in PR Resource Allocator - how resources are distributed Negotiator - negotiates with other groups or organizations as a representative of the company

3 Interpersonal Roles as a Manager

Figurehead - (take visitors to dinner, attending ribbon cutting ceremonies) Leader - (hiring, training, and motivating employees) Liaison role (link among people, groups, or organizations)

responsible for such activities such as accounting, cash management, investments

Financial Managers

______________supervise and coordinate the activities of operating employees. - (supervisor, coordinator, office manager) - oversee the day-to-day operations of their respective stores

First-Line Managers

Large businesses, industrial firms, commercial banks, insurance firms, retailers, transportation firms, utilities, communication firms, service organizations - Small businesses and start up businesses - international management

For-Profit Organizations

Major contributor to leading Scientific Management

Frederick Taylor

Other studies on Behavioral Management Perspective

Group Normalizations: "rate busters" (over producers) and "chiselers" (underproducers) - Their conclusion: Human behavior much more important in the workplace than previously believed

An advocate for specialized management roles - Management should be as specialized as line work

Harrington Emerson

- Manipulated the conditions in which workers worked - what effect would it have on employees - found increased productivity in both control and experimental group -Later attributed to making them feel special and heightened employee morale due to extra attention

Hawthorne Studies

____________ was the first was the first to identify the managerial functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. - Administrative Management Pioneer

Henri Fayol

Introduced the Gantt chart for scheduling work

Henry Gantt

applied psychology to the industrial setting, founding the field of industrial psychology

Hugo Munsterberg

Four Basic Resources that organizations use in their environment

Human Financial Physical Informational

workers respond primarily to the social context of the workplace, including social conditioning, group norms, and interpersonal dynamics -Stemmed From the Hawthorne Studies

Human Relations Movement

A basic assumption is that a manager's concern for workers will lead to increased satisfaction and improved performance

Human Relations Movement Basic Assumption

Responsible for hiring and developing employees -typically involved in planning, recruiting, and selecting employees, training and development, designing compensation and benefit systems, formulating performance appraisal systems

Human Resource Managers

the practice of applying psychological concepts to industrial setting

Industrial Psychology

The ability to communicate with, understand, and motivate both individuals and groups Ex: Manager who establishes a good relationship with an abrasive colleague; a manager who can reprimand someone for poor performance while maintaining a positive working relationship with that person

Interpersonal Skills

Motivating members of the organization to work in the best interests of the organization -set of processes used to get members of the organization to work together to further the interests of the organization

Leading

First to integrate scientific and administrative management

Lyndall Urwick

a set of activities (including planning and decision making, organizing, leading, and controlling) directed at an organziation's resources (human, financial, physical, and information), with the aim of achieving organizational goals in an efficient and effective manner

Management

focuses specifically on the development of mathematical models

Management Science

There are two branches of the quantitative approach:

Management Science Operations Management

someone whose primary responsibility is to carry out the management process

Manager

____________ work in areas related to the marketing function, getting consumers and clients to buy the organziation's products or services -sell the product and work in new-product development, promotion, and distribution

Marketing Managers

an early pioneer of being able to understand the employee

Mary Parker Follet

A _____________ is a simplified representation of a system, process, or relationship

Mathematical Model

________________ work on BUREAUCRACY lid the foundation for contemporary organization theory. The concept of bureaucracy, as we discuss later, is based on a rational set of guidelines for structuring organizations in the most efficient manner -First to look at levels of hierarchy

Max Weber

________ is probably the largest group of managers. -responsible primarily for implementing the policies and plans developed by top mangers and for supervising and coordinating the activities of lower-level mangers

Middle Managers

3 Informational Roles as a Manager

Monitor - (actively seek info that may be of value) Disseminator of info - transmitting info back to others Spokesperson - involves the processing of info - relays info to people outside of organization

______________ is an applied management science. - it is concerned with helping the organization produce its products or services more efficiently and can be applied to a wide range of problems

Operations Management

concerned with creating and managing the systems that create an organizaton's products and services. -production control, inventory control, quality control plant layout, site selection

Operations Managers

a group of people working together in a structured and coordinated fashion to achieve a set of goals

Organization

Current behavioral perspectives on management, known as _______________________, acknowledge that human behavior in organizations is much more complex than the human relations realized. -Contemporary field focusing on behavioral perspectives on management

Organizational Behavior

___________- takes a holistic view of behavior and addresses individual, group, and organizational processes.

Organizational Behavior

Determining how best to group activities and resources

Organizing

Four Basic Managerial Functions

Planning and Decision Making Organizing Leading Controlling

setting the organization's goals and deciding how best to achieve them. -selecting a course of action from a set of alternatives

Planning and Decision making

____________ focuses on decision making, economic effectiveness, mathematical models, and the use of computers

Quantitative Management Perspective

A research and development company has been asked to see if a rare flower found only in the Amazon River Valley has the potential to shrink certain types of brain tumors. Since there is only a limited supply of the flower, the lab supervisor has to take on the decisional role of ____ to make sure that each scientist gets an equitable amount. negotiator disseminator monitor resource allocator liaison

Resource Allocator

_______________, a British industrialist and reformer, was one of the FIRST MANAGERS to recognize the importance of an organization's HUMAN RESOURCES -He raised working age for children, reduced hours, and supplied meals - Taking care of humans (human resource)

Robert Owen

concerned with improving the performance and production of individual workers (very Charles Babbage)

Scientific Management

Frank and Lilian Gilbreth

Scientific Management Science of Bricklaying -They developed numerous techniques and strategies for eliminating inefficiency

Employees deliberately working at a pace slower than their capabilities -Fredrick Taylor saw this and devised steps of the Scientific Managment

Soldiering

7 Fundamental Management Skills

Technical Interpersonal Conceptual Diagnostic Communication Decision-Making Time-Management Skills

skills necessary to accomplish or understand the specific kind of work being done in an organization Ex: Manager of a software development company who understands how to write and test relevant code and application; the manager of a restaurant chain knowing the basics of food preparation (first line managers)

Technical Skills

Although managers try to be scientific as often as possible, they must also frequently make decision and solve problems on the basis of intuition, experience, instinct, and personal insights -using conceptual, communication, interpersonal, and time-management skills to accomplish the tasks associated with managerial activities

The Art of Management

- Assumes that poblems can be approached using rational, logical, objective, and systematic ways - requires the use of technical, diagnostic, and decision-making skills and techniques to solve problems -Managers can gather data, facts, and objective information and can use quantitative models and decision making techniques to arrive at "correct" decisions. They need to take a systematic approach to solving problems whenever possible

The Science of Management

a conceptual framework for organizing knowledge and providing a blueprint for action

Theory

a relatively pessimistic and negative view of workers and is consistent with the views of scientific management

Theory X

Human Relations Movement includes:

Theory X Theory Y Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

more positive; and represents the assumptions that human relations advocates make

Theory Y

The manager's ability to prioritize work, to work efficiently, and to delegate appropriately Ex: The manager who routinely tackles the most pressing and significant tasks and delegates less significant tasks to others; a manager who does not easily get distracted by irrelevant issues

Time-Management Skills

3 Different Kinds of Managers

Top Middle Front-Line

_________ make up the relatively small group of executives who manage the overall organization. - they create the organziation's goals, overall strategy, and operating policies

Top Managers

A cross country running team is an example of an organization. (T/F)

True

The Classical, Behavioral, and quantitative approaches to management are not mutually exclusive. They can complement each other. (T/F)

True

Theories are used to build organizations and guide them toward their goals (T/F)

True

Focuses on managing the total organization -motivation of employees

administrative management

The first important ideas to emerge from the emergence and evolution of large-scale businesses and management practices to create interest and focus attention on how businesses should be operated is called the ___________________ and has two different branches: ________________ and ________________

classical management perspective; scientific management; administrative management

A manager's ability to think in the abstract is a(n) ____ skill. human conceptual technical functional operational

conceptual

Management theory is.....

constantly evolving

Advertising and subscription revenue at U.S. newspapers have been decreasing. A CEO chooses to charge readers for online content. The CEO is engaged in controlling decision making leading planning organizing

decision making

Becoming a manager commonly involves.....

education and experience

A number of major firms that do business in the U.S. have their headquarters...

in other countries

Scientific Management deals with the jobs of ___________, administrative management focuses on managing the _______________.

individual employees; total organization

According to the science of management, management tasks should be approached in all of the following ways EXCEPT systematic logical objective rational intuitive

intuitive

Achieving organizational goals efficiently and effectively -is necessary to make logical decisions - ensures that all employees will work cohesively -rarely occurs in private sector organizations -is not necessary for successful management but is desirable - is the primary purpose of the management process

is the primary purpose of the management process

Important topics in the field of organizational behavior is:

job satisfaction stress motivation leadership group dynamics organizational politics interpersonal conflict Structure and design of organizations

All of the following are physical resources EXCEPT an office building a robotic welder labor used in production an inventory of finished goods raw materials

labor used in production

Other kinds of managers

may include public relations and research and development

Intangible goals such as education, social services, public protection, and recreation are often the primary aim of -governmental organizations (local, state, and federal) - educational organizations-public and private schools, colleges, and universities - healthcare facilities - public hospitals and HMOs - nontraditional settings- community, social, spiritual, groups

non-profit organizations

All ____________________, regardless of whether they are large or small, profit-seeking or not-for-profit, domestic or multinational, use some combination of human, financial, physical, and information resources to achieve their goals.

organizations

Advertising and subscription revenues at U.S. newspapers have been decreasing. A CEO sets a goal of stopping the decline. The CEO is engaged in planning leading communicating controlling organizing

planning

The management of government organizations and agencies is often regarded as a separate specialty:

public administration

A ____ is an example of a first-line manager. president chief executive officer supervisor chairman of the board division head

supervisor