MGMT 363 CH 8

_____ refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem. A. Decision making B. Learning C. Intuition D. Consensus E. Heuristics

A

) Because tacit knowledge is so difficult to communicate, _____ might be the single best way to acquire it. A. written reports B. process manuals C. extinction D. modeling E. attribution process

D

) "Does Mary tend to act differently in other circumstances?" is a question that answers which of these elements about attribution? A. Consistency B. Extinction C. Consensus D. Control E. Distinctiveness

E

) A slot machine is an example of a _____ reinforcement schedule. A. continuous B. fixed interval C. fixed ratio D. variable interval E. variable ratio

E

) As owner of Mountain City Coffee, Yashmi gives all her employees a paycheck every two weeks. This is an example of which form of reinforcement schedule? A. Variable interval B. Variable ratio C. Continuous D. Fixed ratio E. Fixed interval

E

"Does Mary always come late for department meetings?" is a question that answers which of these elements about attribution? A. Consistency B. Extinction C. Consensus D. Control E. Distinctiveness

A

All the following statements about projection bias are true except: A. it holds that people identify themselves by the groups to which they belong and perceive and judge others by their group memberships. B. people project their own thoughts, attitudes, and motives onto other people. C. it causes problems in decision making because it limits our ability to develop appropriate criteria for a decision and evaluate decisions carefully. D. it causes people to assume that everyone's criteria will be just like theirs and that everyone will react to the decision just as they did. E. it is the belief that others think, feel, and act the same way they do.

A

Bounded rationality says we are likely to do all of these except: A. pick the alternative that maximizes value. B. evaluate each alternative as soon as we think of it. C. use distorted and inaccurate information during the evaluation process. D. satisfice. E. boil the problem down to something that is easily understood.

A

Decisions that become somewhat automatic because a person's knowledge allows them to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken are called: A. programmed decisions. B. learning orientations. C. communities of practice. D. non-programmed decisions. E. surface decisions.

A

Miranda has always had the tendency to blame something external for her lateness or other failures but is quick to take the credit when she does something right. Which of these best describes Miranda's tendency? A. Self-serving bias B. Fundamental attribution error C. Anchoring D. Illusion of control E. Halo effect

A

Several times a month, Danny, the Dean of the College of Business walks by faculty offices at different times of the day and connects with and congratulates those who are doing an outstanding job or who he has heard good comments about from other individuals. This is an example of which form of reinforcement schedule? A. Variable interval B. Variable ratio C. Continuous D. Fixed ratio E. Fixed interval

A

The last step of behavior modeling is: A. reinforcement. B. production process. C. attention process. D. retention process. E. attribution process.

A

The single most common form of reinforcement schedule is: A. fixed interval. B. variable ratio. C. continuous. D. fixed ratio. E. variable interval.

A

The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easier to recall refers to the: A. availability bias. B. bandwagon effect. C. self-fulfilling prophecy. D. projection bias. E. stereotype.

A

To be a rational decision maker, we should do all of these except: A. boil the problem down to something that is easily understood. B. develop an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions. C. evaluate all the alternatives simultaneously. D. use accurate information to evaluate alternatives. E. pick the alternative that maximizes value.

A

Which of the following is a characteristic of tacit knowledge? A. Highly personal in nature B. Always conscious and accessible information C. Can be learned through books D. General information E. Easily transferred through written communication

A

Which of these, according to research, is the least long-lasting or most difficult to maintain the high level of performance? A. Continuous B. Variable ratio C. Fixed ratio D. Variable interval E. Fixed interval

A

Which theory argues that people in organizations have the ability to learn through the observations of others? A. Social learning theory B. Decision making theory C. Bounded rationality theory D. Social identity theory E. Attribution theory

A

Which two contingencies of reinforcement are designed to decrease undesired behaviors? A. Punishment and extinction B. Positive reinforcement and punishment C. Punishment and negative reinforcement D. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement E. Negative reinforcement and extinction

A

_____ are simple, efficient, rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily. A. Heuristics B. Extinction effects C. Self-fulfilling prophecies D. Climates of transfer E. Attributions

A

_____ can be very useful because they help us to make sense of the environment around us, but they can often become distorted versions of reality. A. Perceptions B. Positive reinforcements C. Heuristics D. Stereotypes E. Negative reinforcements

A

) Originally known as _____, B.F. Skinner was the first to pioneer the notion that we learn by observing the link between our voluntary behavior and the consequences that follow it. A. explicit knowledge B. operant conditioning C. social identity theory D. tacit knowledge E. heuristics

B

) When an individual has a(n) _____, building competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence. A. intuition B. learning orientation C. projection bias D. explicit knowledge E. bounded rationality

B

) _____ are groups of employees who work together and learn from one another by collaborating over an extended period of time. A. Heuristics developers B. Communities of practice C. Control moderators D. Climates of transfer E. Attribution anchors

B

A salaried paycheck is an example of _____ reinforcement schedule whereas piece-rate pay is an example of _____ reinforcement schedule. A. continuous; fixed interval B. fixed interval; fixed ratio C. variable ratio; variable interval D. variable interval; fixed ratio E. fixed ratio; continuous

B

An external attribution will occur if there is high ______; high ______; and low ______. A. consensus; consistency; extinction B. consensus; distinctiveness; consistency C. consistency; distinctiveness; consensus D. extinction; consistency; distinctiveness E. none of these

B

An internal attribution will occur if there is low ______; low ______; and high ______. A. consensus; consistency; extinction B. consensus; distinctiveness; consistency C. consistency; distinctiveness; consensus D. extinction; consistency; distinctiveness E. none of these

B

Becca has been referred to as the resident expert at ABC International when it comes to media and all media related issues. Many people have tried to work under her to learn but have not been very successful because she is so good at what she does but cannot really explain it to others. Becca can be described as having which of this knowledge? A. Popular B. Tacit C. Book-based D. Explicit E. None of these

B

Employees learn two basic types of knowledge: A. verbal and written. B. explicit and tacit. C. internal and external. D. observed and expressed. E. individual and group.

B

Every time an employee gets a paycheck after a predetermined period of time, he/she is being reinforced on a: A. variable ratio schedule. B. fixed interval schedule. C. continuous schedule. D. fixed ratio schedule. E. variable interval schedule.

B

If Sandy comes to the group meeting late and you feel that she is coming late because she has a low motivation for work, it could reflect a(n): A. self-serving bias. B. fundamental attribution error. C. anchoring error. D. illusion of control error. E. halo effect.

B

In the third step of behavioral modeling, not only must the learner have the requisite knowledge and physical skills to be able to perform the task; they must translate what they have observed into action. This is the: A. reinforcement process. B. production process. C. attentional process. D. attribution process. E. retention process.

B

Suspending an employee for showing up to work late, assigning job tasks generally seen as demeaning for not following safety procedures, or even firing an employee for gross misconduct are all examples of: A. heuristics. B. punishment. C. negative reinforcement. D. extinction. E. positive reinforcement.

B

The first step in rational decision making is to: A. generate the list of available alternatives. B. identify the criteria that are important in making the decision. C. evaluation of alternatives. D. implement the alternative. E. choose the solution that maximizes value.

B

The knowledge and skills that distinguish experts from novices and less experienced people is referred to as: A. halo effect. B. expertise. C. heuristics. D. satisficing. E. bounded rationality.

B

The knowledge that employees can typically learn only through experience is called: A. consensus-based knowledge. B. tacit knowledge. C. explicit knowledge. D. book-based knowledge. E. experiential knowledge.

B

The tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations is called: A. climates of transfer. B. selective perception. C. availability action. D. satisficing. E. thin-slicing.

B

When employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they observe, and then repeat what they have observed, they are engaging in: A. structural modeling. B. behavioral modeling. C. dynamic modeling. D. cognitive modeling. E. hierarchical modeling.

B

Which of the following is perhaps the most important factor that can help organizations foster a climate for transfer? A. Training ensures that employees have the ability to observe and learn from those in the company with significant amounts of tacit knowledge. B. The degree to which the trainee's manager supports the importance of the newly acquired knowledge and skills and stresses its application to the job. C. Opportunities to use the learned knowledge are crucial because practice and repetition are key components of learning. D. The degree of peer support because having multiple trainees learning the same material reduces anxiety and allows the trainees to share concerns and work through problems. E. Groups of employees working together can learn from one another by collaborating over an extended period of time.

B

Which of these reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from experience? A. Decision making B. Learning C. Intuition D. Consensus E. Heuristics

B

_____ can be described as emotionally charged judgments that arise through quick, nonconscious, and holistic associations. A. Performance-avoid orientation B. Intuition C. Performance-prove orientation D. Non-programmed decisions E. Rational decisions

B

_____ occurs when an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior. A. Heuristics B. Negative reinforcement C. Punishment D. Extinction E. Positive reinforcement

B

_____ schedules are designed to reinforce behaviors at more random points in time. A. Fixed ratio B. Variable interval C. Continuous D. Variable ratio E. Fixed interval

B

"Throwing good money after bad" captures which of these common decision making errors? A. Availability bias B. Confirmation bias C. Escalation of commitment D. Gambler's fallacy E. Halo effect

C

) At a World Issues Conference, all the participants were asked to develop responses to two case situations. People naturally split themselves up into teams based on their occupations. Which of the following helps to explain why the participants acted this way? A. Self-fulfilling prophecy B. Bandwagon effect C. Social identity theory D. Projection bias E. Needs theory

C

) John believes in praising every desired behavior of all of his employees. John is engaging in which of these reinforcement schedules? A. fixed interval B. variable ratio C. continuous D. fixed ratio E. variable interval

C

) Which of the following statements about the effects of learning on performance and commitment is false? A. Learning has a moderate positive effect on performance. B. Employees who gain more knowledge and skill tend to have higher levels of task performance. C. Learning is strongly relevant to citizenship behavior and counterproductive behavior. D. Employees who gain more knowledge and skill tend to have slightly higher levels of affective commitment. E. Learning has a weak positive effect on commitment.

C

For experts who possess high levels of explicit and tacit knowledge, many decisions they face are: A. nonprogrammed decisions. B. nonroutine decisions. C. programmed decisions. D. unstructured decisions. E. surface decisions.

C

If you do your homework and assignments for your OB class just to avoid being yelled at by your professor, you have learned this behavior through the use of A. punishment. B. extinction. C. negative reinforcement. D. heuristics. E. positive reinforcement.

C

Organizations use four specific consequences to modify employee behavior. They are known as the: A. attribution biases. B. communities of practice. C. contingencies of reinforcement. D. climates of transfer. E. heuristics.

C

Susan always focuses on demonstrating her ability so that her co-workers think favorably of her. Susan can be said to have a(n): A. projection bias. B. availability bias. C. performance-prove orientation. D. self-serving bias. E. performance-avoid orientation.

C

Terms used to describe tacit knowledge are all of these except: A. intuition. B. mental models. C. consensus. D. practical intelligence. E. insight.

C

The notion that decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision refers to: A. heuristics. B. communities of practice. C. bounded rationality. D. projection bias. E. performance-prove orientation.

C

The tendency to rely too heavily on one trait or piece of information when making decision refers to which of these biases? A. Availability bias B. Confirmation bias C. Anchoring D. Gambler's fallacy E. Halo effect

C

Transfer of training can be fostered if organizations create a _____, an environment that can support the use of new skills. A. locus of control B. communion striving C. climate for transfer D. community of practice E. noncynical climate

C

True learning only occurs when: A. employees forget to mimic the behaviors of experts. B. experts play the role of novices'. C. changes in behavior become relatively permanent. D. the first time an employee makes the right decision. E. learning is not that easy.

C

When BJ Radio pays all of its advertising sales representatives on a commission basis, it is using which of these reinforcement schedules? A. Continuous B. Fixed interval C. Variable ratio D. Variable interval E. Fixed ratio

C

When Jeff asked Joanna how to fix the error message he keeps getting on his computer, Joanna wrote the step-by-step instructions down for Jeff so that he can take care of the problem relatively easily. The type of knowledge described in this situation is called A. consensus-based knowledge. B. tacit knowledge. C. explicit knowledge. D. intuition knowledge. E. inherent knowledge.

C

Which of these occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior? A. Heuristics B. Negative reinforcement C. Punishment D. Extinction E. Positive reinforcement

C

Which of these represent the first step in the behavior modeling process? A. Reinforcement B. Production processes C. Attentional processes D. Retention processes E. Attribution processes

C

) From an organization's perspective, the _____ knowledge its employees accumulate may be the single most important strategic asset a company possesses. A. consensus-based B. book-based C. explicit D. tacit E. popular

D

) Information that is not easily communicated but could very well be the most important aspect of what we learn in organizations is: A. consensus-based knowledge. B. book-based knowledge. C. explicit knowledge. D. tacit knowledge. E. unambiguous knowledge.

D

) Janell, a newly promoted manager at Island Properties, Inc. (IPI) is interested in learning about what she can do to increase desired behaviors at IPI. Which two contingencies of reinforcement she should focus on? A. Punishment and extinction B. Positive reinforcement and punishment C. Punishment and negative reinforcement D. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement E. Negative reinforcement and extinction

D

) The belief that others think, feel, and act the same way as you do refers to: A. availability bias. B. anchoring. C. bandwagon effect. D. projection bias. E. halo effect.

D

) The tendency to assume that individual random events are influenced by previous random events is: A. anchoring. B. the recency effect. C. the halo effect. D. gambler's fallacy. E. the false consensus effect.

D

A biased prediction, due to the tendency to focus on the most salient and emotionally charged outcome, is the: A. projection bias. B. choice-supportive bias. C. self-serving bias. D. availability bias. E. hindsight bias.

D

A new, complex, and not recognized situation calls for: A. performance-avoid orientation. B. programmed decisions. C. performance-prove orientation. D. non-programmed decisions. E. irrational decisions.

D

A supervisor walking around at different points of time every day is a good example of a: A. variable ratio schedule. B. fixed interval schedule. C. continuous schedule. D. variable interval schedule. E. fixed ratio schedule.

D

Eric, a professor at Teach All University, has applied for Teacher of the Year award eight years in a row. He feels that he has been turned down so many times that he is bound to win the award sooner or later. This is an example of which of these biases? A. Availability bias B. Confirmation bias C. Anchoring D. Gambler's fallacy E. Halo effect

D

Learning has _____ effect on performance and _____ effect on commitment. A. a moderate negative; a moderate positive B. a strong positive; a moderate negative C. a weak negative; a strong positive D. a moderate positive; a weak positive E. a weak positive; a moderate negative

D

When you read a textbook, the authors are communicating which of the following knowledge to you? A. Popular B. Tacit C. Intuition D. Explicit E. Inherent

D

Which of the following is a characteristic of explicit knowledge? A. Highly personal in nature B. Very difficult to articulate to others C. Typically job-and/or situation-specific D. Always conscious and accessible information E. Based on experience

D

Which of the following is not a characteristic of explicit knowledge? A. Easily transferred through written communication B. General information C. Can be learned through books D. Highly personal in nature E. Always conscious and accessible information

D

Which of these is the simplest schedule of reinforcement? A. Variable ratio B. Variable interval C. Fixed ratio D. Continuous E. Fixed interval

D

Which of these occurs when the knowledge, skills, and behaviors used on the job are maintained by the learner once training ends and generalized to the workplace once the learner returns to the job? A. Heuristics B. Communities of practice C. Illusion of control D. Transfer of training E. Attribution anchoring

D

Which schedule reinforces behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited? A. Continuous B. Variable interval C. Variable ratio D. Fixed ratio E. Fixed interval

D

_____ occurs when there is the removal of consequences following an unwanted behavior. A. Heuristics B. Negative reinforcement C. Punishment D. Extinction E. Positive reinforcement

D

_____ refers to when decision makers select the first acceptable alternative considered. A. Heuristics B. Communities of practice C. Rational decision making D. Satisficing E. Stereotyping

D

) In general, _____ and _____ should be the most common forms of reinforcement used by managers to create learning among their employees. A. Punishment; extinction B. negative reinforcement; extinction C. punishment; negative reinforcement D. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement E. positive reinforcement; extinction

E

) Information that is relatively easily communicated and a large part of what companies teach during training sessions is: A. inherent knowledge. B. inferred knowledge. C. implicit knowledge. D. tacit knowledge. E. explicit knowledge.

E

Bounded rationality says that we are likely to: A. pick the alternative that minimizes value. B. evaluate each alternative as soon as we think about it. C. use accurate information to evaluate alternatives. D. develop an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions. E. pick the first acceptable alternative.

E

Chris has consistently tried to demonstrate his ability so that his colleagues will not think poorly of him. Chris appears to have a(n) A. projection bias. B. availability bias. C. performance-prove orientation. D. self-serving bias. E. performance-avoid orientation.

E

Clothing International operates two factories where employees sew different garments. Employees are paid on a piece-rate pay basis. Number of completed pieces by each employee determines their pay. Clothing International uses which of these reinforcement schedules? A. Continuous B. Fixed interval C. Variable ratio D. Variable interval E. Fixed ratio

E

In the second step of behavioral modeling, the learner actually needs to remember exactly what the model's behavior was and how they did it. This is the: A. fabrication process. B. production process. C. attentional process. D. attribution process. E. retention process.

E

Jack recently received a $100 gift certificate and the quarterly attendance award at Dri-Fit Manufacturers. Jack's award can be described as which of these contingencies of reinforcement? A. Heuristics B. Negative reinforcement C. Punishment D. Extinction E. Positive reinforcement

E

Research shows that the differences between experts and novices are almost always a function of: A. intelligence. B. consensus. C. heuristics. D. gender. E. learning.

E

The second step in rational decision making is to: A. choose the solution that maximizes value. B. identify the criteria that are important in making the decision. C. evaluate the alternatives. D. implement the alternative. E. generate a list of all available alternatives.

E

When assumptions are made about someone based on their membership in a social group, which of these occurs? A. Availability bias B. Bandwagon effect C. Self-fulfilling prophecy D. Projection bias E. Stereotype

E

Which of the following happens when a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behavior? A. Fixed interval schedule B. Variable ratio schedule C. Fixed ratio schedule D. Variable interval schedule E. Continuous reinforcement schedule

E