MGMT 3720 Test 2 Review

________ explains the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we assign to a given behavior. A) Attribution theory B) Equity theory C) Object relations theory D) Attachment theory E) Cultural schema theory

A) Attribution theory

________ refers to bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person. A) Core self-evaluation B) Authoritarianism C) Self-monitoring D) Machiavellianism E) Agreeableness

A) Core self-evaluation

________ refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong. A) Escalation of commitment B) Fundamental attribution error C) Randomness error D) Risk aversion E) Availability bias

A) Escalation of commitment

Jeanne Edwards works as a campaign manager at Rainforest Alliance Trust, a forest protection organization in Indonesia. She is currently working on the Palm Oil Campaign, which aims to establish stringent laws against companies which aggravate deforestation by extracting palm oil for commercial use. Her role is to establish allies with other forest protection organizations and companies which use eco-friendly products that set good examples for other companies to follow. Jeanne allied with Griffin and Powell, a large multinational company, which, unknown to Jeanne, also has strong ties with local logging groups in Jakarta. Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that Jeanne had an availability bias while establishing an ally with the company? A) Griffin and Powell ensures that all their CSR initiatives on forests are regularly and substantially publicized. B) Jeanne has adequate experience in leading such campaigns. C) Jeanne is well acquainted with various research techniques. D) Jeanne has access to environmental records maintained by the Information Ministry. E) Rainforest Alliance Trust has strong networks with local environmental research

A) Griffin and Powell ensures that all their CSR initiatives on forests are regularly and substantially publicized.

With reference to the Big Five Model, which of the following is a difference between highly agreeable and less agreeable people? A) Highly agreeable people tend to do better in interpersonally oriented jobs than less agreeable people. B) Highly agreeable people are less compliant and less rule abiding than less agreeable people. C) Highly agreeable people tend to be less satisfied in their jobs than less agreeable people. D) Highly agreeable people engage in less organization citizenship behavior than less agreeable people. E) Highly agreeable people have more tendency to engage in organizational deviance than less agreeable people.

A) Highly agreeable people tend to do better in interpersonally oriented jobs than less agreeable people.

Why do people who perceive themselves as victims of interactional injustice often blame their immediate supervisor rather than the organization at large? A) Interpersonal justice or injustice is intimately tied to the conveyer of the information. B) Interactional injustice usually occurs during face-to-face encounters. C) When people are not treated with respect, they tend to retaliate against those closest at hand. D) Interactional injustice is in the eyes of those who perceive they are disrespected. E) Interactional injustice is most often the result of the impersonal policies of the organization.

A) Interpersonal justice or injustice is intimately tied to the conveyer of the information.

Johanna Murray, a climate campaigner at The National Footprint Foundation, is known in her organization to be a campaigner of caliber and high performance. She has strong networks with the Ministry of Environment and allies with several environmental organizations in the country. Over the years, she has gained substantial knowledge on the issue of climate change. However, recently when she prepared a consolidated report on a conference she attended on climate change, it reflected major loopholes and limited information from the conference. Which of the following, if true, substantiates that Johanna had an anchoring bias? A) Johanna was moved by the arguments put forth by the first speaker. B) Johanna participated actively in the interactive session conducted at the end. C) The speakers at the conference consisted of renowned environmental scientists and activists. D) Johanna has attended several conferences where the panel consisted of eminent scientists. E) Johanna was shocked by the startling facts shown during the concluding session.

A) Johanna was moved by the arguments put forth by the first speaker.

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Kate's chances of being selected? A) Kate is socially inept and tends to display her true disposition and attitude in every situation. B) Kate behaves differently in different situations and occasionally presents striking contradictions between her public persona and her private self. C) Kate has a strong sense of independence and often gets work done without any support from others. D) Kate is often in agreement with others' ideas and opinions. E) Kate is gregarious and comfortable in changing contexts and ambiguous situations.

A) Kate is socially inept and tends to display her true disposition and attitude in every situation.

________ are predesigned packages, or modules of benefits, each of which meets the needs of a specific group of employees. A) Modular plans B) Employee stock ownership plans C) Profit-sharing plans D) Merit-based plans E) Flextime plans

A) Modular plans

The ________ is a personality assessment consisting of 100 questions where respondents are classified as extraverted or introverted, sensing or intuitive, thinking or feeling, and judging or perceiving. A) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator B) Birkman Method C) Karolinska Scales of Personality D) Keirsey Temperament Sorter E) Taylor-Johnson Temperament Analysis

A) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Which of the following statements is true about people with positive core self-evaluations? A) They are committed to their goals and set ambitious goals. B) They view themselves as powerless over their environment. C) They tend to question their capabilities and capacities. D) They lack persistence to achieve goals. E) They tend to be disliked by superiors and co-workers.

A) They are committed to their goals and set ambitious goals.

Which of the following statements is true regarding an employee stock ownership plan (ESOP)? A) Under this plan, employees acquire company shares, often at below-market prices. B) There exists a strong correlation between ESOPs and employee performance. C) The financial stake in the company is adequate to use ESOPs as an effective means to motivate employees. D) ESOPs are effective because, like bonuses, they reward recent performance. E) ESOPs are also called competency-based pay plans.

A) Under this plan, employees acquire company shares, often at below-market prices.

According to the attribution theory, which of the following behaviors is most likely to be attributed to an external cause? A) a behavior that scores high on consensus B) a behavior that scores low on distinctiveness C) a behavior that scores high on consistency D) a behavior that scores low on traceability E) a behavior that scores high on rigidity

A) a behavior that scores high on consensus

71) Self-inside, one of the four referent comparisons in the equity theory, refers to ________. A) an employee's experiences in a different position inside the employee's current organization B) an employee's experiences in a different position outside the employee's current organization C) another individual or group of individuals inside the employee's organization D) an employee's experiences in a similar position outside the employee's current organization E) another individual or group of individuals outside the employee's organization

A) an employee's experiences in a different position inside the employee's current organization

Which of the following represents a pay plan that rewards employees for recent performance rather than historical performance? A) bonus B) flexible benefits C) modular plans D) cafeteria plans E) base salary

A) bonus

The job characteristics model describes five dimensions of a job. A job can be enriched by modifying one or more of these five dimensions. Which of the following methods of job enrichment involves modifying skill variety and task identity dimensions of a job? A) combining tasks B) forming natural work units C) establishing client relationships D) expanding jobs vertically E) opening feedback channels

A) combining tasks

Self-determination theory proposes that in addition to being driven by a need for autonomy, people seek ways to achieve ________. A) competence and positive connections B) high rewards C) recognition and status D) career growth E) power and control

A) competence and positive connections

Anne Warner, a climate campaigner at an environmental organization, is in charge of implementing a campaign activity where she needs to increase the use of renewable energy in the villages of Vietnam. For her project, she uses the rational decision-making model to implement activities. She has just completed identifying an appropriate criteria for decision making and has allocated weights to the criteria. Which of the following is Warner most likely to undertake next according to the model? A) develop options of wind, solar, and hydro energy B) analyze the problems of the project C) determine goals of the project D) select hydro energy as the best option E) weigh advantages between solar and wind energy

A) develop options of wind, solar, and hydro energy

According to the attribution theory, ________ is one of the three main factors which attempt to determine an individual's behavior. A) distinctiveness B) perverseness C) flexibleness D) resilience E) timorousness

A) distinctiveness

Which of the following dimensions of the Big Five model indicates a person's ability to withstand stress? A) emotional stability B) extraversion C) openness to experience D) agreeableness E) conscientiousness

A) emotional stability

Which of the following is a component of the three-component model of creativity? A) expertise B) logical thinking skills C) extrinsic task motivation D) intuition E) analytical skills

A) expertise

Beyond redesigning the nature of the work itself and involving employees in decisions, another approach to making the work environment more motivating is to alter work arrangements to meet employee needs. Which of the following is designed to give employees greater control of their schedule? A) flextime B) gainsharing C) job rotation D) job enlargement E) job enrichment

A) flextime

Which of the following terms best describes the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others? A) fundamental attribution error B) bandwagon effect C) contrast effect D) emotional dissonance E) self-fulfilling prophecy

A) fundamental attribution error

Milton Rokeach created the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS), which consists of two sets of values, namely ________ values and ________ values. A) instrumental; terminal B) fluid; stable C) flexible; essential D) unique; general E) flexible; enduring

A) instrumental; terminal

When we rank an individual's values in order of their ________, we obtain the person's value system. A) intensity B) content C) context D) fluidity E) flexibility

A) intensity

Which of the following is a factor present in a perceiver which may affect perception? A) interest B) similarity C) sound D) proximity E) background

A) interest

Managers at Flavors, a restaurant chain, train their employees such that in the absence of employees, someone trained in the same skills can step in and do the job equally well. Thus, many modules in training are extensive as they provide employees with details of the skill sets required for different jobs. In practice, this lengthy training program does help the company as a well-trained and flexible workforce is at their disposal at all times. The managers at Flavors use ________. A) job rotation B) vertical enhancement C) telecommuting D) job sharing E) flextime

A) job rotation

Which of the following is the distinct characteristic of participative management programs? A) joint decision making B) representative participation C) performance norms D) establishment of work councils E) autocratic decision making

A) joint decision making

Tracy Winter works at a publishing firm in London and recently received an e-mail from the human resource department of her company asking her to study the behavior of a colleague, Cindy Camp, including her attention toward her work, without Camp's knowledge. Winter now needs to scrutinize Camp's behavior and notice if she is free from distractions and pays sufficient attention to her tasks. Which of the following is Winter conducting? A) observer-ratings survey B) informational interview C) knowledge survey D) participant observation E) focus group survey

A) observer-ratings survey

7) In ________, a co-worker or another observer does an independent assessment of personality, with or without the subject's knowledge. A) observer-ratings surveys B) paid surveys C) knowledge surveys D) deviation surveys E) cadastral surveys

A) observer-ratings surveys

When two people witness something at the same time and in the same situation yet interpret it differently, factors that operate to shape their perceptions reside in the ________. A) perceivers B) target C) timing D) context E) situation

A) perceivers

Oscar is looking for a new job. He used to be the company's top sales representative and was eagerly expecting to be promoted. However, one of the regional manager's friends was promoted to district manager instead. According to the expectancy theory, Oscar's dissatisfaction with his current job stems from a breakdown in the ________ relationship. A) performance-reward B) effort-performance C) reward-personal goal D) satisfaction-effort E) personal goal-self actualization

A) performance-reward

MBO provides individual employees with ________. A) personal performance objectives B) greater work supervision C) predefined targets D) generalized feedback E) clear-cut growth paths

A) personal performance objectives

A(n) ________ refers to a discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state. A) problem B) decision C) instinct D) intuition E) perception

A) problem

Which of the following is a decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome? A) rational decision-making model B) flexible decision-making model C) distributive decision-making model D) associative decision-making model E) integrative decision-making model

A) rational decision-making model

Jack Holmes is a middle-aged, lower-level employee at an automobile service center. Though he is not paid very well, he loves his job. His supervisor speaks to him with respect, and he is the favored candidate for mentoring new employees because of the vast experience he holds in the job. Based on this information, which of the following is most likely to be the reason Jack likes his job? A) recognition B) prospects of growth C) salary D) flextime E) job sharing

A) recognition

Harriet Kirby, a fund raising manager at a women's rights organization, experienced a bad incident last year with the public relations manager of a banking company who had committed to sponsor a charity event. The bank backed out at the last minute. This year, when a renowned international bank executive showed interest in sponsoring the organization's upcoming annual event, Kirby rejected their participation. She felt that banks have a casual approach toward charity events and it is risky to involve them in the event. Which of the following best characterizes Kirby's decision? A) selective perception B) cognitive dissonance C) self-serving bias D) bandwagon effect E) self-fulfilling prophecy

A) selective perception

Individuals engage in ________ because it is impossible for them to assimilate everything they see and can take in only certain stimuli. A) selective perception B) cognitive dissonance C) self-serving bias D) emotional labor E) self-fulfilling prophecy

A) selective perception

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the ________ type are practical and prefer routine and order and focus on details. A) sensing B) extraverted C) feeling D) perceiving E) intuitive

A) sensing

What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification of S versus N stand for? A) sensing/intuitive B) social/perceiving C) stable/negligent D) sympathetic/thinking E) shrewd/feeling

A) sensing/intuitive

Which of the following needs would most likely motivate Josephine? A) social B) esteem C) physiological D) self-actualization E) safety

A) social

MBO emphasizes goals that are ________. A) tangible, verifiable, and measurable B) achievable, controllable, and profitable C) inspirational, verifiable, and creative D) tangible, rewarding, and assigned E) profitable, attainable, and self-set

A) tangible, verifiable, and measurable

Individuals low in self-monitoring ________. A) tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation B) are pragmatic, maintain emotional distance, and believe ends can justify means C) have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and are arrogant D) are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable E) tend to dislike themselves and view themselves as powerless over their environment

A) tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation

Which of the following is Theory X consistent with? A) the autocratic style of managing people B) the principles of participative management C) the vertical enhancement of jobs to enhance autonomy D) the use of recognition and achievements to motivate employees E) the reduced need of supervision and direction from managers

A) the autocratic style of managing people

With reference to the job characteristics model, which of the following defines task identity? A) the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work B) the degree to which work activities generate direct and clear information about performance C) the degree to which a job provides the worker freedom in scheduling and procedure D) the degree to which a job has an impact on the lives or work of other people E) the degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities

A) the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work

According to the expectancy theory, the performance-reward relationship is the degree to which ________. A) the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to desired outcomes B) organizational rewards satisfy an individual's personal goals or needs C) organizational rewards are perceived as attractive by the individual D) the individual believes that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance E) organization rewards correspond with the individual's level of effort

A) the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to desired outcomes

According to the concept of ________, decisions are made solely on the basis of their outcomes, ideally to provide the greatest good for the greatest number. A) utilitarianism B) selective perception C) self-fulfilling prophecy D) halo effect E) contrast effect

A) utilitarianism

Which of the following terms describes basic convictions that "a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct"? A) values B) attitudes C) emotions D) feelings E) traditions

A) values

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, introverted-intuitive- thinking-judging type of people are ________. A) visionaries B) organizers C) conceptualizers D) executors E) methodists

A) visionaries

Which of the following is an example of a piece-rate plan? A) $20 for each hour of work B) $2 for each unit produced C) stock options at cheaper prices D) straight commission plan E) spot bonuses

B) $2 for each unit produced

Which of the following is an example of externally caused behavior? A) An employee postpones a meeting because he overslept. B) An employee is late to work because of a punctured tire. C) An employee was fired because he violated a company policy. D) An employee was promoted when he achieved more than the assigned objectives. E) An employee closed a sale with an important corporate client because of his excellent

B) An employee is late to work because of a punctured tire.

Which of the following does the heredity approach state? A) An individual's personality is determined by the social background one is brought up in. B) An individual's personality is determined by molecular structure of the genes. C) An individual's personality is influenced by the economic settings he/she is surrounded by. D) A person's personality traits are created by the company he/she keeps i.e., his/her friends and family. E) A person's personality traits are largely influenced by global trends and characteristics.

B) An individual's personality is determined by molecular structure of the genes.

________ bias refers to the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easily accessible. A) Anchoring B) Availability C) Overconfidence D) Confirmation E) Hindsight

B) Availability

The ________ is a personality assessment model that taps basic dimensions encompassing most of the significant variation in human personality, namely extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience. A) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator B) Big Five model C) Birkman method D) Keirsey Temperament Sorter E) Forté Profile

B) Big Five model

Johanna Murray, a climate campaigner at The National Footprint Foundation, is known in her organization to be a campaigner of caliber and high performance. She recently worked on a campaign against global warming during which she worked extremely hard to achieve project milestones. However, the campaign failed as it could not achieve the desired objective. Due to this, her manager, Brenda Owens, gave her a poor performance appraisal. In the appraisal, Brenda said that Johanna was not motivated and failed to reach out to 25,000 people through Internet media to spread awareness about climate change. Which of the following, if true, weakens Brenda's statement? A) Johanna lacks experience in publicizing campaigns using Internet media. B) Brenda was unable to make time for Johanna to brief her on the tasks involved in carrying out the campaign's media strategy. C) Johanna recently moved from the agriculture campaign to the climate campaign. D) Johanna's previous job involved an extensive amount of researching on environmental issues. E) Brenda is known in the organization to be a fair and unbiased manager.

B) Brenda was unable to make time for Johanna to brief her on the tasks involved in carrying out the campaign's media strategy.

________ refers to the evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics. A) Halo effect B) Contrast effect C) Confirmation bias D) Stereotyping E) Anchoring bias

B) Contrast effect

Which of the following statements is true regarding employee recognition? A) Employee recognition is an extrinsic reward. B) Critics argue that employee recognition programs are highly susceptible to political manipulation by management. C) Employee recognition programs are expensive. D) Centralized programs across multiple offices in different countries can hinder the process of employee recognition programs. E) Employee stock option is a more powerful workplace motivator than recognition.

B) Critics argue that employee recognition programs are highly susceptible to political manipulation by management.

35) ________ is not a benefit of flextime. A) Reduced absenteeism B) Decreased work/life balance C) Increased productivity D) Reduced tardiness E) Increased autonomy

B) Decreased work/life balance

________ is a participative process that uses employees' input to increase their commitment to the organization's success. A) Job enrichment B) Employee involvement C) Vertical integration D) Groupshifting E) Job sharing

B) Employee involvement

Which of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive evaluation theory? A) People need extrinsic rewards in order to be motivated. B) Extrinsic rewards tend to reduce intrinsic interest in a task. C) Intrinsic rewards are almost as effective as extrinsic rewards. D) Externally imposed standards of work largely improve intrinsic motivation. E) Extrinsic rewards, including verbal praise, significantly decrease intrinsic motivation.

B) Extrinsic rewards tend to reduce intrinsic interest in a task.

________ is a formula-based group incentive plan that uses improvements in group productivity from one period to another to determine the total amount of money allocated. A) Employee stock ownership plan B) Gainsharing C) Profit sharing D) Piece-rate pay plan E) Merit-based pay plan

B) Gainsharing

What is the major problem with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a measure of personality? A) It has an excess of classifications, which tends to confuse a person. B) It forces a person to be categorized as either one type or another. C) It does not have a clear demarcation between different personality types. D) It tends to overemphasize intuitive traits over analytical traits. E) It indicates results related exclusively to job performance.

B) It forces a person to be categorized as either one type or another.

Naomi Fisher, a sales manager at Pure, a water purifier company, had a new member, Leah Marshall, join her team. Though during Leah's interview, Naomi felt she would be a productive sales executive, her performance has often been below the mark. Consistently in the past three months, Leah has been unable to reach her targets and is falling substantially behind on her annual targets. Naomi assumes that Leah is not determined and motivated enough to do what it takes. Which of the following, if true, weakens Naomi's assumption? A) Leah has often arrived late for team meetings conducted in the morning. B) Leah has been assigned a sales territory where consumers are from low income groups. C) Leah has good interpersonal skills and gets along well with her customers. D) Research showed that the company's largest competitor had a lower turnover than they did. E) Naomi recently received feedback from other team members that Leah is often uncooperative.

B) Leah has been assigned a sales territory where consumers are from low income groups.

Which of the following personality traits indicates the degree to which a person is unemotional and pragmatic and believes that ends can justify means? A) extraversion B) Machiavellianism C) agreeableness D) self-concordance E) narcissism

B) Machiavellianism

Woodworth & Baines is a retail chain that has taken up numerous measures to improve employee attitude, motivation, and organizational performance. New training programs, employee engagement initiatives, and an employee welfare council were the three main strategies implemented as part of the employee empowerment program. Norman Kilner was one of twenty employees nominated to the employee welfare council where they were required to interact with the management to promote the interests of the employees. Additionally, the job roles of these twenty employees were vertically enhanced to give them more autonomy in the organization. However, six months into the employee empowerment program, a survey by HR revealed no actual change in employee attitudes. Similarly, a survey conducted by the production manager revealed that work productivity had not increased by any substantial measure either. Which of the following, if true, would best explain this outcome? A) Management strengthened the regulations relating to employee absenteeism in this period. B) Management retained the degree of control they had in the organizational affairs. C) The company moved from a merit-based to a piece-rate pay system in the last quarter. D) The employees performed poorly because of the lack of training and development programs. E) Management implemented a 360-degree feedback system for performance appraisals.

B) Management retained the degree of control they had in the organizational affairs.

Laura Simpson, a campaign manager at a child rights organization in Jakarta, planned a marathon for celebrities to raise money for underprivileged children. Though all arrangements for the event had been made, a few days before the event she realized that on the same day there was a political rally happening in the city which would block access to the route on which the marathon was supposed to be undertaken. In such a situation, what is Simpson, who suffers from a self-serving bias, most likely to say? A) I did not do sufficient research on public events in the city. B) My colleagues did not inform me about the rally. C) The director had warned me of this. I should have known better. D) I should have weighed feasibility options for the event. E) I should have established better contacts to know about this update.

B) My colleagues did not inform me about the rally.

The best way for a manager to use verbal persuasion is through the ________, a form of self- fulfilling prophecy in which believing something can make it true. A) confirmation bias B) Pygmalion effect C) anchoring bias D) framing effect E) Electra complex

B) Pygmalion effect

49) ________ bias indicates the tendency of an individual to attribute his or her own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors. A) Status quo B) Self-serving C) Distinction D) Congruence E) Anchoring

B) Self-serving

Based on the equity theory, which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that Megan is trying to gain a sense of equity by distorting her perception of herself? A) She thinks that her colleague is paid more because she is an Ivy League graduate. B) She believes that she is less capable than her colleague. C) She assumes that her colleague received a higher package due to changes in industry standards. D) She believes that her salary is not commensurate with her skills and experience. E) She believes that she is doing a lot better career-wise compared to the people with whom she graduated.

B) She believes that she is less capable than her colleague.

Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument in favor of adopting job rotation? A) The company is currently facing numerous budget constraints. B) The company can enhance productivity of existing employees in various areas for different projects. C) Two front-level managers have resigned in the last quarter as they were not promoted. D) The company has launched a new brand which is cannibalizing one of its existing products. E) The company has recently given employees new responsibilities by combining their routine tasks into natural work units.

B) The company can enhance productivity of existing employees in various areas for different projects.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the job characteristics model? A) The operation of the model is universal and unaffected by cultural factors. B) The operation of the model is relatively individualistic in nature. C) The operation of the model requires employees to have similar skill sets. D) The operation of the model cannot be quantitatively measured. E) The operation of the model fulfills only extrinsic motivational needs.

B) The operation of the model is relatively individualistic in nature.

Alex was sent to Beijing to help local managers solve the problem of growing worker dissatisfaction at their manufacturing facility located in the city. As part of his visit, he decided to have a town hall meeting with the workers to understand the problems that they were facing and the reasons for their discontent. The turnout at the meeting was substantial; however, when asked for their opinions and suggestions, the crowd fell silent. As a result, Alex was unable to determine the reason for employee dissatisfaction. Which of the following, if true, best explains this situation? A) A small portion of the workers at the facility belong to the baby boomers generation. B) There is an unequal distribution of power in the company. C) The employees are genuinely concerned about improving their lot. D) Alex was sent to Beijing as he was one of the few employees who were conversant in the local language. E) On previous occasions, the company has yielded to employee demands.

B) There is an unequal distribution of power in the company.

Why is Maslow's theory criticized? A) The concept of self-actualization was unfounded. B) There is little evidence that needs are structured or operate in the way it describes. C) The esteem need is a more powerful motivator than self-actualization. D) Its terminology tends to alienate those to whom it is applied. E) It does not adequately describe how an organization can satisfy higher-order needs.

B) There is little evidence that needs are structured or operate in the way it describes.

________ bases a portion of an employee's pay on some individual and/or organizational measure of performance. A) Guaranteed pay program B) Variable-pay program C) Flexible benefits program D) Modular plans program E) Base pay program

B) Variable-pay program

McClelland's theory is based on which of the following needs? A) stability, growth, and security B) achievement, power, and affiliation C) self-actualization, stability, and safety D) hygiene, control, and security E) control, status, and self-actualization

B) achievement, power, and affiliation

With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the investigating type prefer ________. A) activities that involve helping and developing others B) activities that involve thinking, organizing, and understanding C) physical activities that require skill, strength, and coordination D) ambiguous and imaginative activities that allow creative expression E) activities in which there are opportunities to influence others

B) activities that involve thinking, organizing, and understanding

Which dimension of the Big Five model refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others? A) conscientiousness B) agreeableness C) extraversion D) openness to experience E) emotional stability

B) agreeableness

27) One of the methods of job enrichment is to expand jobs vertically. This method involves modifying the ________ dimension of the job. A) task significance B) autonomy C) feedback D) task identity E) skill variety

B) autonomy

A manager doing performance appraisals gives more weight to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of six or nine months earlier. This shows that the manager's perception is affected by a(n) ________ bias. A) self-serving bias B) availability C) impact D) distinction E) hindsight

B) availability

For employee stock ownership plans to be effective in improving performance, they must ________. A) be based solely on productivity like gainsharing plans B) be implemented such that employees psychologically experience ownership C) be determined on the basis of performance appraisals and recent performance D) be planned such that they are unaffected by company profitability E) be based on the market compensation philosophy

B) be implemented such that employees psychologically experience ownership

Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination, however, depends largely on three factors. Which of the following is one of these three factors? A) traceability B) consistency C) verifiability D) relatedness E) affect intensity

B) consistency

Jessica recently joined a new company and was first introduced to Michelle, her cubicle neighbor. Michelle came across as amiable and cheerful. During lunch she met another colleague, Carrie, who did not come across as friendly as Michelle. In this situation, Jessica's interpretation of Carrie's personality is most likely to be affected by ________. A) confirmation bias B) contrast effect C) fundamental attribution error D) self-serving bias E) bandwagon effect

B) contrast effect

Which of the following terms refers to choices made from among two or more alternatives? A) inquiry B) decision C) perception D) intuition E) rationalization

B) decision

What is the first step in the rational decision-making model? A) developing alternatives B) defining the problem C) identifying the decision criteria D) weighing the decision criteria E) evaluating the alternatives

B) defining the problem

53) Which of the following sources of increasing self-efficacy involves gaining relevant experience with a particular task or job? A) verbal persuasion B) enactive mastery C) vicarious modeling D) arousal E) cognitive learning

B) enactive mastery

The proponents of reinforcement theory view behavior as ________. A) the result of a cognitive process B) environmentally caused C) a reflection of the inner state of the individual D) a function of one's power need E) a product of heredity

B) environmentally caused

Job enrichment is the process of ________. A) periodic shifting of an employee from one task to another with similar skill requirements at the same organizational level B) expansion of jobs by increasing the degree to which the worker controls the planning, execution, and evaluation of the work C) redistribution of power within the organization through work councils and board representations D) distribution of a significant degree of power between subordinates and supervisors E) evaluation of an employee wherein subordinates, peers, and managers provide comprehensive feedback

B) expansion of jobs by increasing the degree to which the worker controls the planning, execution, and evaluation of the work

An advantage of the ________ plan is that because benefits accrue to groups of workers, high-performing workers pressure weaker performers to work harder, improving performance for the group as a whole. A) modular B) gainsharing C) skill-based pay D) flexible benefits E) profit sharing

B) gainsharing

At Dortix, a manufacturing company, at the end of every quarter, the total production of each department is calculated and compared with the predetermined targets; the rewards for each set of divisional employees are determined this way. Dortix uses a ________ plan to incentivize its employees. A) profit sharing B) gainsharing C) core-plus D) modular E) bonus

B) gainsharing

Which of the following terms refers to factors such as one's biological, physiological, and inherent psychological makeup determined at conception? A) social identity B) heredity C) behavioral contagion D) self-concordance E) social loafing

B) heredity

David Myers is of the opinion that people who drive SUVs are rash drivers. He feels that people driving SUVs do not respect road rules and always violate traffic regulations. What personal factor is most likely to be affecting Myers' perception of SUV drivers? A) his financial background B) his expectations C) his interest D) his motive E) his personality

B) his expectations

To be effective, an employee involvement program must ________. A) rightsize the company by eliminating obsolete positions B) incorporate the unique demands of different cultures C) mandatorily establish work councils in the company D) eliminate the influence of employees in managerial decision making E) implement autocratic ways of handling its employees

B) incorporate the unique demands of different cultures

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people with an ENTP personality type are most likely to be ________. A) illogical B) innovative C) intuitive D) skeptical E) stubborn

B) innovative

The three-component model of creativity proposes that individual creativity essentially requires expertise, creative thinking skills, and ________. A) external locus of control B) intrinsic task motivation C) emotional intelligence D) positivity offset E) selective perception

B) intrinsic task motivation

Elaine Chamberlain works as a research executive at an environmental organization. Though her colleagues are helpful and friendly, because of her shy nature, she often eats her lunch at her desk and has limited interactions with them. She is glad that her nature of work does not require her to interact with her co-workers to a high extent. Which of the following types is Chamberlain most likely to be characterized as according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification? A) social B) introverted C) exhibitionist D) gregarious E) extraverted

B) introverted

Phyllis Stintson needs to decide whether to start a campaign against deforestation in Indonesia. Though her research team has provided substantial information on the high feasibility of the project, Stintson does not go ahead with the project. If Stintson made her decision by drawing unconscious references from several different experiences in the past, her decision is most likely influenced by which of the following? A) optimization B) intuition C) fundamental attribution error D) framing effect E) anchoring bias

B) intuition

An arrangement that allows two or more individuals to split a traditional 40-hour-a-week job is called ________. A) flextime B) job sharing C) gainsharing D) telecommuting E) job rotation

B) job sharing

A(n) ________ pay plan pays for individual performance based on performance appraisal ratings. A) piece-rate B) merit-based C) employee stock ownership D) profit-sharing E) gainsharing

B) merit-based

The ________ dimension of motivation measures how long a person can maintain effort. A) direction B) persistence C) intensity D) knowledge E) experience

B) persistence

Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs deals with satisfying one's hunger, thirst, and other bodily needs? A) safety B) physiological C) social D) esteem E) psychological

B) physiological

Those with a ________ personality identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs, compared to others who passively react to situations. A) high self-monitoring B) proactive C) high Mach D) type A E) narcissist

B) proactive

According to the two-factor theory proposed by Herzberg, which of the following is considered a hygiene factor? A) promotional opportunities B) quality of supervision C) achievement D) recognition E) responsibility

B) quality of supervision

Which of the following is a motivational factor according to Herzberg's two-factor theory? A) quality of supervision B) recognition C) pay D) relationships with others E) company policies

B) recognition

A(n) ________ is any consequence immediately following a response that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated. A) conclusion B) reinforcer C) goal D) objective E) referent

B) reinforcer

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is a lower-order need? A) social B) safety C) esteem D) self-actualization E) recognition

B) safety

Emily Boyce, a project manager at an insurance firm, regularly satisfices while making decisions. She often comes across complicated problems which would take a long time to resolve. Due to the pressing deadlines, she often meets project goals by satisficing a large number of her decisions. Which of the following is Boyce most likely to do? A) seek complete information while making decisions B) search for solutions that are reasonable C) identify all possible options to solutions D) analyze each alternative in an unbiased manner E) choose the optimal solution to each problem

B) search for solutions that are reasonable

If we consider Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the context of Japan, Greece, and Mexico, where uncertainty-avoidance characteristics are strong, then ________ needs would be on top of the hierarchy. A) self-actualization B) security C) social D) esteem E) growth

B) security

With reference to decision making, which of the following does satisficing involve? A) weighing each criteria before making a decision B) seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient C) scrutinizing and evaluating each alternative in detail D) selecting the best option with the highest utility E) finding optimal solutions to problems

B) seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient

Which of the following needs in Maslow's hierarchy refers to the drive to become what one is capable of becoming? A) social B) self-actualization C) physiological D) esteem E) safety

B) self-actualization

95) Sarah Covington, a sales manager at Synergy Corporation Bank, often keeps low expectations of her team. She feels that they are underqualified for their job and do not have substantial experience to sell a large number of accounts. Covington's team does not feel motivated enough and invariably underperforms and misses targets on a regular basis. Which of the following concepts best explains Covington's team's poor performance? A) hindsight bias B) self-fulfilling prophecy C) confirmation bias D) contrast effect E) bandwagon effect

B) self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following terms refers to a situation in which a person inaccurately perceives another person and the resulting expectations cause the other person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception? A) confirmation bias B) self-fulfilling prophecy C) attribution theory D) contrast effect E) bandwagon effect

B) self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following is the most common means of measuring personality? A) in-depth interviews B) self-report surveys C) career portfolio D) reference interviews E) stress interviews

B) self-report surveys

Which of following needs, as detailed by Maslow's hierarchy of needs, best corresponds to McClelland's need for affiliation? A) safety B) social C) esteem D) self-actualization E) physiological

B) social

Judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which the person belongs is called ________. A) confirmation bias B) stereotyping C) framing effect D) self-serving bias E) bandwagon effect

B) stereotyping

Erika wants to become the head of the HR department. Although the role comes with a generous salary hike and will put her in charge of several subordinates, she is mainly pursuing this position because she believes she can do the job better than anyone else and wants people to know this. According to McClelland's theory of needs, which of the following needs is Erika primarily driven by in this case? A) the need for stability B) the need for achievement C) the need for security D) the need for affiliation E) the need for power

B) the need for achievement

Job design is defined as the ________. A) degree to which the job rewards competence B) way the elements in a job are organized C) degree to which the job contributes to profit margins D) degree of decision-making power with the immediate superiors E) way the job is evaluated in terms of its relative worth to other jobs

B) way the elements in a job are organized

The two most common forms of representative participation are ________ and board representatives. A) quality circles B) work councils C) employee unions D) task teams E) cross-functional teams

B) work councils

After the training and development manager at Add Worth, Nicole Hayes, resigned, the CEO has made it a priority that the position be filled soon by someone of equal expertise and experience as Nicole. To locate the right candidate, Jennifer Ray, the HR manager, has been contacting recruitment firms, checking job sites, and pushing for referrals from the employees. However, she has only found candidates with little or no experience in the field who were willing to work full time for the position. At the next meeting with the CEO, Jennifer proposes an alternative strategy; she suggests hiring two experienced candidates who are open to the idea of handling the training needs on a part-time basis as a team. The CEO listens to her proposal but is not too convinced by it. Which of the following, if true, would strengthen Jennifer's proposal to use job sharing for the vacant position? A) Trainers are exempted from the requirement of being at the office throughout the common core period of the workday. B) The employees of the company on the work council have planned to demand the flextime option. C) A good proportion of the company's prized workforce comprises employees from the baby boomer generation who are set to retire in the impending future. D) The headhunting firms that Jennifer contacted are usually helpful in generating a good pool of potential candidates. E) A rival firm recently adopted telecommuting to reduce administrative costs cutting into its bottom line.

C) A good proportion of the company's prized workforce comprises employees from the baby boomer generation who are set to retire in the impending future.

Which of the following is an example of internally caused behavior? A) An employee was late for a team meeting because of a heavy downpour. B) An employee was laid off because the company was attempting to cut costs by laying off employees. C) An employee was fired from work because he violated a company policy. D) An employee could not attend an interview because of a delayed flight. E) An employee could not come to work because he met with an accident.

C) An employee was fired from work because he

Alicia Akers works as a marketing executive. She always talks in a high pitch and often draws a lot of attention wherever she is. Which of the following statements best explains the reason behind people noticing Akers? A) Perception of reality depends on the perceiver's past experiences. B) Perception of reality depends on the perceiver's personality. C) Characteristics of the target affect people's perception. D) The time at which we observe behavior affects perception. E) Motives and interests of the perceiver affects perception of behavior.

C) Characteristics of the target affect people's perception.

________ has been found to be more important than other traits in the success of CEOs of private equity companies. A) Extraversion B) Agreeableness C) Conscientiousness D) Emotional stability E) Openness to experience

C) Conscientiousness

The Pygmalion effect is also called the ________ effect. A) halo B) self-concordance C) Galatea D) self-determination E) pseudocertainty

C) Galatea

Who defined personality as the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine a person's unique adjustments to his/her environment? A) Leon Festinger B) Dr. Sigmund Freud C) Gordon Allport D) Abraham Maslow E) Ivan Pavlov

C) Gordon Allport

Jim is a salaried employee whose job is to develop content for online Web sites. He discovers that he is paid substantially more than his colleagues even though their jobs and levels of performance are very similar. According to the equity theory, what impact is this discovery most likely to have on his behavior and performance? A) He will reduce the amount of work that he does on a daily basis. B) He will compare his earnings to those of another group of employees. C) He will increase his productivity and/or the overall quality of his work. D) He will seek a position within the company commensurate with his pay. E) He will begin to look for a position outside of the company.

C) He will increase his productivity and/or the overall quality of his work.

________ is an unconscious process created from distilled experience. A) Process consultation B) Action research C) Intuitive decision making D) Active selection E) Emotional intelligence

C) Intuitive decision making

Which of the following statements is true regarding job sharing? A) It expands jobs by increasing the degree to which the worker controls the planning, execution, and evaluation of the work. B) It is also called cross-training. C) It allows two or more individuals to split a traditional 40-hour-a-week job. D) It involves periodic shifting of an employee from one task to another with similar skill requirements at the same organizational level. E) Job sharing is a method of job enrichment.

C) It allows two or more individuals to split a traditional 40-hour-a-week job.

Which of the following statements is true regarding job rotation? A) It decreases the flexibility with which an organization can adapt to a change. B) It decreases employee motivation. C) It decreases productivity in the short run. D) It decreases supervisory workload. E) It decreases the flexibility in scheduling work.

C) It decreases productivity in the short run.

Which of the following statements is true regarding a contrast effect? A) It attributes success to internal factors and blames failure on external factors. B) It involves judging a person on the basis of perception of the group to which he or she belongs. C) It involves evaluation of a person's features based on comparison with another person. D) It indicates a tendency to draw a general conclusion about a person on the basis of one feature. E) It indicates a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to accept subsequent data.

C) It involves evaluation of a person's features based on comparison with another person.

Janice is late for work each day by about ten minutes. How would attribution theory describe this behavior? A) It shows consensus. B) It shows similarity. C) It shows consistency. D) It shows reliability. E) It shows distinctiveness.

C) It shows consistency.

Following this discovery, Megan starts coming to work late and her productivity begins to suffer. Which of the following is most similar to the scenario mentioned above based on the equity theory? A) Dawn starts coming to work early and stays late once she learns that the mid-term review is around the corner. B) Greg believes he works harder than any of the other members in his department as they often leave the office before him. C) Lisa starts working longer hours after learning that her co-workers earn less than she does for the same work. D) Myrtle produces a higher number of units to compensate for the lower quality of her output. E) Beth submits her resignation after she was passed over for promotion for the second time.

C) Lisa starts working longer hours after learning that her co-workers earn less than she does for the same work.

Which of the following statements is true regarding perception? A) Perception of reality is independent of one's personality. B) Our perception of a target is not affected by the context of the situation in which the perception is made. C) Our perception of reality can be different from the objective reality. D) Our perception of reality is independent of our past experiences. E) We form a perception of a target by looking at it in isolation.

C) Our perception of reality can be different from the objective reality.

51) ________ refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task. A) Emotional contagion B) Affect intensity C) Self-efficacy D) Self-determination E) Reinforcement

C) Self-efficacy

If Alberta is categorized as a Theory X manager, which of the following behaviors is she most likely to exhibit? A) She will empower her subordinates. B) She will trust her employees to use their discretion in most matters. C) She will strictly control all the details of any project she is managing. D) She will delegate authority extensively to junior managers. E) She will let her employees choose their own goals.

C) She will strictly control all the details of any project she is managing.

Which of the following is true about narcissists? A) They go out of their way to be helpful to colleagues. B) They have an inferiority complex about themselves. C) They are more likely to emerge as leaders. D) They do not require admiration or importance of people. E) They are meek, timid, and shy in nature.

C) They are more likely to emerge as leaders.

Which of the following is most likely to be a drawback of highly conscientious people according to the Big Five model? A) They engage in numerous risky behaviors, such as smoking and drinking. B) They tend to indulge in irresponsible behavior and be disorganized. C) They do not adapt well to changing contexts. D) They focus on learning instead of performing a job efficiently. E) They excessively emphasize being creative.

C) They do not adapt well to changing contexts.

Which of the following is true regarding the baby boomer generation? A) They lead lives shaped mainly by globalization. B) They are more questioning and entrepreneurial than other generations. C) They give high importance to achievement and material success. D) They give the highest importance to flexibility and life options. E) They rate highest in friendship and pleasure on the RVS.

C) They give high importance to achievement and material success.

Which of the following is true regarding values? A) They are void of a judgmental element. B) They are invariably fluid and flexible in nature. C) They have content and intensity attributes. D) They never change irrespective of external factors. E) They are always established in a person's later years.

C) They have content and intensity attributes.

Which of the following statements is true regarding a merit-based pay plan? A) It bases pay levels on how many skills employees have or how many jobs they can do. B) It is also called competency-based pay plan. C) Unions typically resist merit-based pay plan. D) It distributes compensation based on an established formula designed around a company's profitability. E) A typical merit-based pay plan provides no base salary and pays the employee only for what he or she produces.

C) Unions typically resist merit-based pay plan.

Extremely attractive or unattractive individuals are most likely to be noticed in a group. Which of the following statements best describes the reason behind this? A) Our perception of reality depends on our past experiences. B) Our perception of reality depends on our personality. C) We don't look at targets in isolation. D) The time at which we see an object can influence our perception of the object. E) Our motives and expectations affect our perception of a target.

C) We don't look at targets in isolation.

Sally Peterson, who works as an entry-level editor, wants to go for dental reconstruction surgery and sent a query to her HR department asking for a list of preferred hospitals. The HR looked through her healthcare plan, which provides only a minimum coverage for routine drugs and vision care. Consequently, the HR manager informed her that if she wishes to carry on with the dental procedure, she will have to pay for it on her own. Which of the following benefits plans should she choose to meet her needs? A) a basic modular plan B) a standardized benefits package C) a core-plus plan D) a fringe benefits plan E) a 401k plan

C) a core-plus plan

According to the job characteristics model, autonomy is defined as the degree to which ________. A) a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work B) a job generates direct and clear information about performance C) a job provides the worker freedom, independence, and discretion D) a job has an impact on the lives or work of other people E) a job requires a variety of different activities

C) a job provides the worker freedom, independence, and discretion

Telecommuting is an option that suits professionals like ________. A) trainers B) nurses C) analysts D) receptionists E) sales representatives

C) analysts

The ________ bias is a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information. A) hindsight B) overconfidence C) anchoring D) availability E) self-serving

C) anchoring

According to the equity theory, there are four referent comparisons. The referent comparison known as other-inside refers to ________. A) an employee's experiences in a different position inside the employee's current organization B) an employee's experiences in a different position outside the employee's current organization C) another individual or group of individuals inside the employee's organization D) an employee's experiences in a similar position outside the employee's current organization E) another individual or group of individuals outside the employee's organization

C) another individual or group of individuals inside the employee's organization

When individuals observe another person's behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Which of the following attempts to explain this phenomenon? A) Pygmalion effect B) emotional dissonance C) attribution theory D) two-factor theory E) framing effect

C) attribution theory

With reference to the four sources of self-efficacy as proposed by Albert Bandura, verbal persuasion involves becoming more confident ________. A) because you have gained relevant experience with the particular task or job B) because you see someone else doing the particular task or job C) because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful D) because you are rewarded for performing a similar task well E) because you get energized or "psyched up" to perform the particular task or job

C) because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful

A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity is known as ________. A) optimal decision making B) intuitive decision making C) bounded rationality D) active selection E) incremental decision making

C) bounded rationality

Which dimension of the Big Five model is a measure of reliability? A) extraversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) openness to experience E) emotional stability

C) conscientiousness

39) According to the attribution theory, if everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say the behavior shows ________. A) distinctiveness B) tractability C) consensus D) consistency E) manageability

C) consensus

People with an ESTJ personality type are characterized as ________ according to the Myers- Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification. A) irrational B) perplexed C) decisive D) disoriented E) emotional

C) decisive

Which of the following is the major drawback of job sharing from management's perspective? A) increase in supervisory workload B) increased costs for providing supporting infrastructure (such as desk and computer) to two employees instead of one C) difficulty in finding compatible partners D) difficulty in designing the reward structure E) difficulty in coordinating schedules

C) difficulty in finding compatible partners

Karen graduated from college four years ago and has been working at Betaphy Inc. ever since. She has consistently received good performance evaluations for the quality of her work. She recently found out that her company hired a fresh college graduate with no experience at a salary higher than hers. Which of the following theories will Karen most likely use to evaluate this situation? A) reinforcement B) goal setting C) equity D) expectancy E) operant conditioning

C) equity

Ellen Athers works as a communication executive at a travel house. She is known to be friendly with her colleagues and interacts with them regularly to build strong work relationships. She knows that her rapport with her co-workers is a crucial part of her work and invests time in these relationships. In addition, she is assertive in making decisions, and colleagues take her decisions seriously. Which of the following types is Athers most likely to be characterized as according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification? A) perceiving B) brooder C) extraverted D) introverted E) solitary

C) extraverted

What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification of "E or I" stand for? A) enthusiastic/ingenious B) emotional/impulsive C) extraverted/introverted D) emotive/illustrative E) empathetic/innovative

C) extraverted/introverted

According to the job characteristics model, ________ indicates the degree to which carrying out work activities generates direct and clear information about your own performance. A) task significance B) autonomy C) feedback D) task identity E) skill variety

C) feedback

Johanna Springer, who works as a sales executive at Pascal's Bank, is upset at the way her manager, Emma Womack, always calls her in for one-on-one meetings to discuss her underperformance. Though Springer makes a higher number of sales calls and works longer hours than last year, her sales figures are still low. She knows that the main reason behind her underperformance is the recent economic meltdown in the country. However, her manager feels that Springer's underperformance is the result of her laid-back attitude and has nothing to do with external factors. In this situation, Womack's behavior is characterized by a(n) ________. A) anchoring bias B) contrast effect C) fundamental attribution error D) self-fulfilling prophecy E) Pygmalion effect

C) fundamental attribution error

With reference to the Hofstede's framework, a class or caste system that discourages upward mobility is more likely to exist in a nation that scores ________. A) high on individualism B) low on masculinity C) high on power distance D) low on uncertainty avoidance E) high on long-term orientation

C) high on power distance

According to the Rokeach Value Survey, ________ values refer to preferable modes of behavior. A) terminal B) critical C) instrumental D) essential E) flexible

C) instrumental

The main drawback of representative participation as an employee involvement measure is that ________. A) it is a time-consuming process B) it is able to exert its impact only in the short run C) it is primarily symbolic in its impact D) it is consistent with the Theory Y view of motivation E) it is likely to require a major change in organizational roles

C) it is primarily symbolic in its impact

The investment of an employee's physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance is called ________. A) vicarious modeling B) self-determination C) job engagement D) management by objectives E) job analysis

C) job engagement

The periodic shifting of an employee from one task to another with similar skill requirements at the same organizational level is defined as ________. A) job enlargement B) job analysis C) job rotation D) job sharing E) job enrichment

C) job rotation

Unlike in the case of goal-setting theory, MBO strongly advocates ________. A) self-generated feedback B) explicit time periods C) jointly set goals D) independent tasks E) specific performance objectives

C) jointly set goals

According to Douglas McGregor's Theory Y, a manager assumes that employees ________. A) need to be directed B) prefer to be controlled C) learn to accept responsibility D) need to be micromanaged E) attempt to avoid work

C) learn to accept responsibility

37) According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to external causes. A) low on distinctiveness B) low on adaptability C) low on consistency D) high on stability E) low on consensus

C) low on consistency

According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to internal causes. A) low on consistency B) high on rigidity C) low on distinctiveness D) high on consensus E) low on conformity

C) low on distinctiveness

With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the realistic type will be most suitable for the job of a(n) ________. A) economist B) teacher C) mechanic D) lawyer E) biologist

C) mechanic

According to social learning theory, which of the following processes demonstrates whether an individual is capable of performing the modeled activities? A) attentional process B) retention process C) motor reproduction process D) reinforcement process E) motivation process

C) motor reproduction process

According to the Big Five model, the ________ dimension addresses a range of interests and fascination with novelty. A) emotional stability B) extraversion C) openness to experience D) agreeableness E) conscientiousness

C) openness to experience

103) Logan is an employee who processes health insurance forms. Initially he was criticized by his supervisor for sloppy work, but thereafter he improved considerably. Now he consistently processes his forms without errors and even does more than his fair share of work. However, Logan's supervisor has not responded to the extra effort he has put in, giving him no praise or monetary benefits. This leads Logan to believe that his supervisor is biased against him. According to the expectancy theory, in this situation, there is a problem in the ________ relationship. A) rewards-personal goals B) performance-awareness C) performance-reward D) performance-objectives E) performance-achievement

C) performance-reward

Which of the following is an instrumental value according to the Rokeach Value Survey? A) economic success B) social recognition C) personal discipline D) world peace E) meaning in life

C) personal discipline

According to Gordon Allport, ________ is defined as the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine a person's unique adjustments to his/her environment. A) cognitive dissonance B) heredity C) personality D) descent E) genealogy

C) personality

Which of the following needs would most likely motivate Joanna? A) social B) esteem C) physiological D) self-actualization E) safety

C) physiological

The ________ pay plan has long been popular as a means of compensating production workers by paying a fixed sum for each unit of production completed. A) competency-based B) gainsharing C) piece-rate D) profit-sharing E) merit-based

C) piece-rate

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the judging type ________. A) are quiet, shy and introverted B) rely on unconscious processes C) prefer their world to be ordered D) are flexible and spontaneous E) rely on personal values and emotions

C) prefer their world to be ordered

A prerequisite condition for job rotation is the ________. A) presence of high level of autonomy among workers B) presence of high need for affiliation among workers C) presence of employees with similar skill sets and requirements D) presence of alternative work arrangements for employees to avail E) presence of employee involvement programs

C) presence of employees with similar skill sets and requirements

Which of the following are characteristics of the intuitive type of people according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification? A) prefer routine and order and focus on details B) outgoing, sociable, and assertive in nature C) rely on unconscious processes and look at the overall picture D) use reason, rationality, and logic to handle problems and situations E) rely on their personal values and emotions to make decisions

C) rely on unconscious processes and look at the overall picture

The two major forms of employee involvement are participative management and ________. A) organizational restructuring B) job sharing C) representative participation D) job rotation E) job enlargement

C) representative participation

George is trying to teach his two-year old son to gently caress their cat. George softly strokes the animal and every time his son does the same, he rewards him with kind words like "good job!" The child is very attentive during the process and claps his hands when his father praises him. However, as soon as George leaves, the boy lunges for the cat and grabs it by the tail. Which process of social-learning theory is failing? A) attentional processes B) justification processes C) retention processes D) motor reproduction processes E) reinforcement processes

C) retention processes

Mark is an excellent technical writer. He has never missed a deadline and all his projects are of superior quality. He now wants to telecommute two days a week, so that he can spend more time with his family. He feels that he has proven his reliability. However, his boss is unable to comply with his request and gives him a substantial raise instead. According to the expectancy theory, Mark's disappointment demonstrates a breakdown in the ________ relationship. A) performance-reward B) effort-performance C) rewards-personal goals D) effort-satisfaction E) performance-achievement

C) rewards-personal goals

The concept of ________ considers how strongly people's reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values. A) self-serving bias B) self-fulfilling prophecy C) self-concordance D) self-actualization E) self-efficacy

C) self-concordance

In which of the following variable-pay programs is the pay level based on how many skills employees have or how many jobs they can do? A) bonuses B) piece-rate pay C) skill-based pay D) gainsharing E) merit-based pay

C) skill-based pay

The job characteristic model fails to consider the role ________ plays in employee motivation. A) job design B) meaningfulness C) social support D) growth need E) responsibility

C) social support

Which of the following is a shortcut used in judging others by making generalizations? A) hindsight bias B) randomness error C) stereotyping D) illusory superiority E) telescoping effect

C) stereotyping

Employee involvement and participation (EIP) management is a method of management where ________. A) representatives of workers form work councils and these councils must be consulted when management makes decisions about employees B) few representatives of workers sit on a company's board of directors C) subordinates share a significant degree of decision-making power with their immediate superiors D) low-level workers meet occasionally with the CEO to discuss problems within their department E) low-level workers are responsible for making corporate policy decisions

C) subordinates share a significant degree of decision-making power with their immediate superiors

Amanda McPherson is a working mother with one child and an ailing parent to look after in addition to her duties as a wife and job responsibilities as a legal consultant. Since Amanda always feels pressed for time, the news that the consultancy she works for would allow her to work from home two days a week came as a great relief to her. She now feels more motivated to work for the company, as the company has taken into account her personal and professional needs. The company has allowed Amanda to use the option of ________. A) gainsharing B) offshoring C) telecommuting D) homeshoring E) job sharing

C) telecommuting

An MNC in a developing country is operating amidst severe space constraints, and the infrastructural conditions in the city are bad, causing a lot of lost man-hours. Anticipating rapid growth in the months to come, the company has created a recruitment plan based on its revenue expectations. However, it wants to manage this expansion without undertaking an expensive physical expansion. Which of the following could be a solution for the company? A) profit sharing B) groupshifting C) telecommuting D) gainsharing E) codetermining

C) telecommuting

Valerie Sinclair, a climate campaigner at an environmental organization, invariably uses rationale to make decisions for project implementation. She believes that the right decisions can be made only through scrutiny and analysis. Each time she needs to make a decision, she weighs all options before taking action. Which of the following is a characteristic of Sinclair's personality type according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification? A) intuitive B) introverted C) thinking D) feeling E) perceiving

C) thinking

Which of the following theories proposes the idea of a dual continuum? A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory B) self-determination theory C) two-factor theory D) cognitive evaluation theory E) McClelland's theory of needs

C) two-factor theory

Internal equity refers to the ________. A) list of the knowledge, skills, and abilities required in a particular job B) arrangement of the elements of different jobs in the organization C) worth of the job to the organization D) organization's pay relative to pay elsewhere in its industry E) framework of tasks, duties, and responsibilities that the job involves

C) worth of the job to the organization

Adam Sears is an assembly line employee with Swenson Motors. Though Adam is popular among his supervisors and colleagues, Adam experiences low morale and lack of motivation. He feels frustrated that his job is restricted to fixing nuts and bolts on the car parts. He fears that he has no chances of advancing in his career as he cannot completely assemble a car. Which of the following is true with regard to Adam? A) Adam's job has high task complexity. B) Adam's job has a high span of control. C) Adam's job has low role definition. D) Adam's job has low task identity. E) Adam's job has high task significance.

D) Adam's job has low task identity.

Which of the following, if true, would reduce the likelihood that Bryan will be selected? A) Bryan has had little exposure to Chinese culture. B) Bryan is proficient in Chinese. C) Bryan traveled to Beijing last year on a different assignment. D) Bryan does not cope very well in ambiguous situations. E) Bryan sometimes displays striking contradictions between his public persona and his private

D) Bryan does not cope very well in ambiguous situations.

Which of the following statements is true regarding flexible benefits? A) Flexible benefits are awarded through uniform packages to cover the requirements of a married couple with two children. B) Flexible benefits are in accordance with the belief that employees have identical needs that must be rewarded identically. C) Gainsharing and profit-sharing plans are two major types of flexible benefits. D) Flexible benefits can be altered to meet employee needs based on age, marital status, and number and age of dependents. E) Flexible benefits are given based on an employee's skills, competence, and productivity.

D) Flexible benefits can be altered to meet employee needs based on age, marital status, and number and age of dependents.

63) ________ refers to the tendency of people to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. A) Confirmation bias B) Self-serving bias C) Randomness error D) Halo effect E) Hindsight bias

D) Halo effect

John Hardley recently joined as marketing director of H2O, a water sports gear company. Though in the last five years the company has had a drastic dip in sales, ever since Hardley has joined he has turned the figures around. In addition to revamping the look of the brand, he has initiated several marketing campaigns through broadcast media to increase customer base for the company. Over the past six months, Hardley has managed to get the company to an all-time high peak of sales. Which of the following statements best describes Hardley? A) Hardley is a low self-monitor. B) Hardley is a narcissist. C) Hardley scores high in Machiavellianism. D) Hardley has a proactive personality. E) Hardley is a low risk-taking person.

D) Hardley has a proactive personality.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the rational decision-making model? A) It takes into consideration the limited information-processing capability of individuals. B) It involves constructing simplified models without capturing all their complexity. C) It deals with satisficing decisions by seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient. D) It assumes that an individual is able to identify all relevant options in an unbiased manner. E) It is an unconscious decision-making process created from distilled experience.

D) It assumes that an individual is able to identify all relevant options in an unbiased manner.

Amanda Winter worked as a public engagement coordinator at Safe Food Alliance until three months ago when her manager, Laura Morris, promoted her to the position of a sustainable food campaigner. However, soon after this, Laura noticed that Amanda was facing major difficulties in achieving campaign milestones and the project was falling behind schedule due to her lack of performance. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument that Laura was influenced by the halo effect in her decision to promote Amanda? A) Laura is known to micromanage most of her projects. B) Laura uses cultural stereotyping in order to speed up the process of decision making. C) Laura has made good hiring decisions in the past and is known to be an unbiased judge of character. D) Laura sat in on only one of Amanda's presentations prior to giving her the promotion. E) Laura worked closely with Amanda over a period of eight months.

D) Laura sat in on only one of Amanda's presentations prior to giving her the promotion.

________ refers to the tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement. A) Asceticism B) Stoicism C) Cynicism D) Narcissism E) Machiavellianism

D) Narcissism

________ argues that people learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they don't want. A) Theory Y B) Theory X C) Social cognitive theory D) Operant conditioning theory E) McClelland's theory of needs

D) Operant conditioning theory

Which of the following statements is true regarding goal-setting theory? A) Goal commitment is more likely when individuals have an external locus of control. B) Externally generated feedback is more powerful than self-generated feedback. C) Generalized goals produce a higher level of output than specific goals. D) People do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals. E) Assigned goals generate greater goal commitment in low rather than high power-distance cultures.

D) People do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals.

Which of the following statements is true about personality? A) Personality is free from the influence of the environment. B) Personality remains constant over time. C) Personality can be measured solely through personal interviews. D) Personality is influenced by hereditary factors. E) Parents highly influence the development of their offspring's personality.

D) Personality is influenced by hereditary factors.

Based on the equity theory, which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that Megan is trying to gain a sense of equity by changing her inputs? A) She asks her boss for a raise, citing her years of experience with the company. B) She claims that extrinsic rewards make work seem like a chore and less enjoyable. C) She accepts additional responsibilities but fails to carry them out effectively. D) She takes long breaks from work and shirks her responsibilities. E) She constantly interrupts her colleague, refusing to let her get any work done.

D) She takes long breaks from work and shirks her responsibilities.

Which of the following statements is most likely to be true regarding people with proactive personalities? A) They react passively to situations. B) They tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation. C) They tend to be selfish and exploitive and believe others exist for their benefit. D) They are more likely than others to be seen as leaders. E) They are narcissistic in nature and require constant admiration.

D) They are more likely than others to be seen as leaders.

Rachel's parents used to pay her an allowance every week to feed the cats and to do a few other chores around the house. However, once her mother lost her job, her parents stopped giving her an allowance. Although Rachel quit making her bed every morning, she still continued to feed the cats. Which of the following best explains why Rachel continues to feed the cats? A) Without the extrinsic reward, the task itself is eliminated. B) With the extrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on internal motivation. C) Without the intrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on external motivation. D) Without the extrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on internal motivation. E) With the intrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on external motivation.

D) Without the extrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on internal motivation.

According to the job characteristics model, task significance is the degree to which ________. A) a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work B) a job generates direct and clear information about performance C) a job provides the worker freedom in scheduling work and determining its procedure D) a job bears an impact on the lives or work of other people E) a job requires a variety of different activities

D) a job bears an impact on the lives or work of other people

Which of the following types of biases is most likely to play a significant role during a negotiation? A) impact bias B) normalcy bias C) distinction bias D) anchoring bias E) status quo bias

D) anchoring bias

Other-outside is a referent comparison that refers to ________. A) an employee's experiences in a similar position outside the employee's current organization B) another individual or group of individuals inside the employee's organization C) an employee's experiences in a different position inside the employee's current organization D) another individual or group of individuals outside the employee's organization E) an employee's experiences in a different position outside the employee's current organization

D) another individual or group of individuals outside the employee's organization

As compared to high self-monitors, low self-monitors ________. A) tend to be more adaptable to external situations B) pay closer attention to the behavior of others C) have low consistency between personalities and actions D) are less likely to emerge as leaders E) show less commitment to their organizations

D) are less likely to emerge as leaders

The concept of operant conditioning is a part of the broader concept of ________, which argues that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner. A) equity theory B) expectancy theory C) cognitive behavioral therapy D) behaviorism E) humanism

D) behaviorism

With reference to the Hofstede's Framework for Assessing Cultures, ________ emphasizes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them. A) uncertainty avoidance B) long-term orientation C) masculinity D) collectivism E) power distance

D) collectivism

During team meetings Amber Downing always notices that Rhona Law tends to ask innumerable questions and suggest ideas at each discussion. However, Law stands out in the meetings only because she is the only one making suggestions. If both of them were part of team meetings where almost all members made suggestions and asked questions, Law would not have drawn as much attention from Downing. Which of the following factors has most likely influenced Downing's perception of Law? A) expectation B) interest C) past experience D) context E) motive

D) context

Jackie thinks that she is paid a lot less than other employees in her division and feels extremely resentful. She starts taking long breaks and generally wastes time. Her actions resulted from a perceived lack of ________ justice. A) interactional B) interpersonal C) procedural D) distributive E) associative

D) distributive

Which of the following describes the halo effect? A) attributing our own successes to internal factors and failures to external factors B) judging someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which he or she belongs C) interpreting a person's behavior in comparison to others recently encountered D) drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic E) underestimating the influence of external factors when making judgments about people

D) drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

Among the Big Five model traits, ________ is most strongly related to life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and low stress levels. A) extraversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) emotional stability E) openness to experience

D) emotional stability

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward? A) bonus B) profit-sharing plan C) employee stock option D) employee recognition E) gainsharing

D) employee recognition

At Esco Retail, all employees are constantly driven to work hard. The company places maximum emphasis on stocking high quality goods and providing high quality service to retain the edge they have in the retail industry. To promote organizational commitment further, the company incentivizes employees by enabling them to purchase company shares at below-market prices as a part of their benefits. This mode of providing incentives represents the use of ________. A) flexible benefits plans B) merit-based plans C) modular plans D) employee stock ownership plans E) core-plus plans

D) employee stock ownership plans

According to Albert Bandura, the most important source of increasing self-efficacy is ________. A) arousal B) vicarious modeling C) verbal persuasion D) enactive mastery E) cognitive learning

D) enactive mastery

With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the ________ type prefer verbal activities in which there are opportunities to influence others and attain powers. A) realistic B) conventional C) artistic D) enterprising E) investigative

D) enterprising

Monica Walden feels that people who use plastic bags are insensitive toward the environment. She believes that people have a certain obligation toward their environment and should take it upon themselves to protect and preserve it. Which of the following factors has most likely influenced Walden's perception of plastic bag users? A) location B) time C) characteristic of the target D) expectation E) context

D) expectation

The external competitiveness of an organization's pay relative to elsewhere in the industry is measured by its ________. A) external benefit B) external rotation C) external costs D) external equity E) external liability

D) external equity

People scoring high on the ________ dimension of the Big Five model are more likely to be absent from work and engage in risky behavior than those who score low. A) agreeableness B) conscientiousness C) openness D) extraversion E) emotional stability

D) extraversion

Amber Downing, a human resource executive, is in charge of the recruitment process in her organization. During the hiring process, she often needs to coordinate with prospective employees. The organizational process does not require her to inform employees who do not get through the selection process. However she believes that it is rude not to give them an update. She thus makes sure that she sends them e-mails informing them about the selection process. Which of the following types is Downing characterized as according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification? A) sensing B) judging C) thinking D) feeling E) introverted

D) feeling

To get the best results while using reinforcement theory, rewards should be ________. A) small and given only once B) large and given at irregular intervals C) given prior to the desired behavior response D) given immediately following the desired behavior E) presented publicly with a large number of witnesses

D) given immediately following the desired behavior

William Davies, a guest relations executive at a five star deluxe hotel, regularly interacts with bureaucrats, politicians, celebrities, and other prosperous individuals. He feels that all rich people are kind, hardworking, and friendly. Which of the following best characterizes Davies' perception? A) confirmation bias B) self-serving bias C) randomness error D) halo effect E) hindsight bias

D) halo effect

Janice Yoder works in an environmental campaigning organization and often needs to interact with a large team for project implementation activities. However, she always finds it difficult to work as a part of a team. She always seems to have major disagreements with team members which lead to antagonistic relations between them. Though she has moved from one team to another, her relations with colleagues always seem to be hostile and cold. How would the attribution theory describe this behavior? A) low on consensus B) high on reliability C) high on adaptability D) high on consistency E) low on distinctiveness

D) high on consistency

66) Individuals scoring ________ have a strong ability to adjust their behavior to external, situational factors and can behave differently in different situations. A) low on openness B) high on narcissism C) low on agreeableness D) high on self-monitoring E) low on conscientiousness

D) high on self-monitoring

The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome is known as a(n) ________ bias. A) self-serving B) confirmation C) impact D) hindsight E) anchoring

D) hindsight

The ________ element of motivation describes how hard a person tries. A) intelligence B) experience C) direction D) intensity E) persistence

D) intensity

Which of the following factors represents the influence of social aspects of the work environment on motivation? A) task identity B) autonomy C) feedback D) interdependence E) skill variety

D) interdependence

John Holland's personality-job fit theory presents six personality types. Which of the following is one of these six types? A) analytic B) imaginative C) practical D) investigative E) intuitive

D) investigative

Janice and Shane are both senior software analysts. They have worked together on projects for six years and get along very well. Janice is anticipating the arrival of her first child and will not be able to work on a full-time basis in the future. Shane is contemplating opening his own business as a home media installation consultant and does not want to continue to work full time. They both need some income. Which of the following alternative job structures would be best for Janice and Shane? A) job enlargement B) telecommuting C) job rotation D) job sharing E) job enrichment

D) job sharing

Megan Cardova, who works as a sales executive at Orbit Bank, has been failing to meet her sales targets for the last 10 months. Recently, she had a face-to-face discussion with her manager where she said that the unrealistic targets were the reason for her underperformance. The manager, however, noticed that all the other team members were achieving their targets and sometimes were even achieving more than the set numbers. Which of the following is Cardova's behavior most likely to be characterized as according to the attribution theory? A) low distinctiveness B) high rigidity C) high traceability D) low consensus E) low consistency

D) low consensus

Samantha is never late for work, but last Monday she arrived an hour late because of heavy traffic. According to the attribution theory, Samantha's behavior on that day scores ________. A) high on reliability B) low on distinctiveness C) high on traceability D) low on consistency E) high on stability

D) low on consistency

Daichi Inc. is a Japanese software development firm known for its high quality products. Recently, the company held its annual conference and awarded all those employees who were in the top five percent with substantial monetary rewards. Their performance was evaluated on the basis of target achievement, client feedback, and quality ratings. Employees whose performance had not changed drastically were given a minor raise and those who fared badly received no incentives. Many employees blamed the company for creating differences among employees because they felt that it would harm the company in the long run, but Daichi Inc. truly believes that to retain and motivate its best performers, a large incentive is a good step. Daichi Inc. is using a(n) ________ here. A) piece-rate plan B) employee stock ownership plan C) modular plan D) merit-based plan E) flexible benefits plan

D) merit-based plan

The core dimensions of the job characteristics model can be combined into a single predictive index called ________. A) extrinsic motivation score B) personal outcome score C) job diagnostic score D) motivating potential score E) potential development score

D) motivating potential score

64) During an annual review, Michel Godfrey made the following assertion: "When I look at myself and my performance, I see that what I have achieved is outstanding and something no one in the organization has the capacity to undertake. Surprisingly, it has not won me the admiration of my colleagues like it should have. I also believe that I do not just deserve a raise, but need one, since without me, let's face it, the place would simply fall apart." Which of the following personality traits best describes Michel's personality? A) minimalism B) monasticism C) stoicism D) narcissism E) Machiavellianism

D) narcissism

Which of the following is a factor present in a target which may affect a person's perception? A) attitude B) motive C) interest D) novelty E) experience

D) novelty

Marina Lyon works as a reservation executive at a travel and tourism company. Though her job requires her only to efficiently book flight tickets for customers, she has also opted to undergo training to learn the process of hotel reservations. In addition, every evening she reads travelogues to be aware of upcoming travel destinations and trends. She loves the industry she works in and is eager to learn as much as she can. Considering the information given in this case, which dimension of the Big Five model best describes Lyon's personality? A) extraversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) openness to experience E) emotional stability

D) openness to experience

In equity theory, individuals assess the ________. A) cost-benefit ratio B) efficiency-effectiveness trade-off C) quantity-quality trade-off D) outcome-input ratio E) quality of outcome

D) outcome-input ratio

Flexible spending plans consist of ________. A) a core of essential benefits and a menu-like selection of others from which employees can select B) no base salary; the employee is paid only for what he or she produces on the basis of a fixed sum for each unit of production completed C) a fraction of a company's profit margins determined on the basis of an established formula D) pretax dollars up to the dollar amount offered in the plan that an employee sets apart to pay for particular benefits E) modules of benefits, each of which meets the needs of a specific group of employees

D) pretax dollars up to the dollar amount offered in the plan that an employee sets apart to pay for particular benefits

Edith believes that the methods for determining salary hikes and bonuses in her company are extremely unfair. In this case, Edith perceives a lack of ________ justice. A) interpersonal B) distributive C) associative D) procedural E) interactional

D) procedural

Which of the following types of justice relates most strongly to job satisfaction, employee trust, withdrawal from the organization, job performance, and citizenship behaviors? A) associative justice B) interactional justice C) distributive justice D) procedural justice E) integrative justice

D) procedural justice

A ________ plan distributes compensation based on some established formula designed around revenue of the company. A) piece-rate B) merit-based C) skill-based D) profit-sharing E) competency-based

D) profit-sharing

According to the Big Five model, a highly conscientious person is most likely to be ________. A) distracted, disorganized, and unreliable B) calm, self-confident, and secure C) cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic D) responsible, organized, and dependable E) reserved, timid, and quiet

D) responsible, organized, and dependable

If a manager incorrectly assumes that all employees want the same thing, then according to the expectancy theory, it is most likely to result in a weak ________ relationship. A) performance-achievement B) effort-performance C) performance-reward D) rewards-personal goals E) effort-satisfaction

D) rewards-personal goals

You are more likely to notice a car like your own due to ________. A) stereotyping B) self-serving bias C) halo effect D) selective perception E) contrast effect

D) selective perception

Which of the following needs would most motivate Jonathan? A) social B) esteem C) physiological D) self-actualization E) safety

D) self-actualization

Which of the following theories proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation? A) self-serving theory B) motivation-hygiene theory C) two-factor theory D) self-determination theory E) goal setting theory

D) self-determination theory

The ________ theory is also known as the social cognitive theory or the social learning theory. A) two-factor B) self-determination C) goal-setting D) self-efficacy E) reinforcement

D) self-efficacy

Which of the following is a terminal value according to the Rokeach Value Survey? A) personal discipline B) self-reliance C) goal-orientation D) social recognition E) self-improvement

D) social recognition

Rose Buffay needs to give a presentation to the board of directors of her organization next week. She knows that her presentation will play an important role in her performance appraisal in the next quarter. However, she knows that two of her colleagues, John Roy and Keith Mathews, will also be giving a presentation on the same issue. She is nervous because she believes that men have a better flair for giving presentations. Buffay's perception of Roy and Mathews is most likely characterized by ________. A) a halo effect B) a contrast effect C) a hindsight bias D) stereotyping E) a confirmation bias

D) stereotyping

Samantha Barnes is an emergency medical technician. Recently, during an emergency call, she was able to resuscitate a man who had a cardiac arrest. Subsequently, she spent some time calming the 12-year-old daughter of the patient and looked after her until the rest of the patient's family arrived at the hospital. Based on this description, it can be concluded that Samantha's job is high in ________. A) task identity B) feedback C) extrinsic rewards D) task significance E) job rotation

D) task significance

The option of working at home at least twi days a week on a computer linked to the employer's office is termed as ________. A) job sharing B) social loafing C) offshoring D) telecommuting E) homeshoring

D) telecommuting

According to the two-factor theory, ________. A) there exists a hierarchy of needs within every human being, and as each need is satisfied, the next one becomes dominant B) most employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it C) employees view work as being as natural as rest or play, and therefore learn to accept, and even seek, responsibility D) the aspects that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction E) achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation

D) the aspects that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction

Which of the following is a factor present in a situation which may affect a person's perception? A) similarity B) size C) expectation D) time E) experience

D) time

According to Hofstede's framework, ________ indicates the degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations. A) collectivism B) power distance C) long-term orientation D) uncertainty avoidance E) individualism

D) uncertainty avoidance

One of the sources of self-efficacy is ________, becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task. A) arousal B) enactive mastery C) visualization D) vicarious modeling E) verbal persuasion

D) vicarious modeling

Individuals who report unethical practices by their employer to outsiders are known as ________. A) change agents B) boundary spanners C) early adopters D) whistle-blowers E) free riders

D) whistle-blowers

Employees who use the flextime option have to ________. A) work from the office for three days of the week B) work from home on a relatively permanent basis C) work from the office based on a schedule fixed with the compatible partner they function with D) work from the office during the common core period and put in the extra hours per their convenience E) work from home only two days a week

D) work from the office during the common core period and put in the extra hours per their convenience

With reference to the expectancy theory, which of the following examples indicates a weak rewards-personal goals relationship? A) An employee lacks the skills required to reach the desired performance level. B) An organization's appraisal system assesses nonperformance factors such as creativity and initiative. C) An organization rewards its employees based on factors such as seniority and skill level. D) An employee believes that his manager does not like him and hence expects a poor appraisal. E) An employee works hard in order to be relocated to the Paris office but instead is transferred to Beijing.

E) An employee works hard in order to be relocated to the Paris office but instead is transferred to Beijing.

Which of the following, if true, would increase the likelihood that Bryan will be selected? A) Bryan's application was rejected the last time he applied for an international assignment. B) Bryan has trained several employees in the last six months. C) Bryan has had little exposure to Chinese culture. D) Bryan displays striking contradictions between his public persona and his private self. E) Bryan is quite sociable and can "think on his feet."

E) Bryan is quite sociable and can "think on his feet."

What is an advantage of bonuses over merit-based pay plan? A) Employees don't view bonuses as a part of their salary. B) Bonuses improve flexibility of the workforce. C) Bonuses are paid based on a formula. D) Bonuses improve performance of the group as a whole. E) Employees are rewarded for recent performance.

E) Employees are rewarded for recent performance.

Which of the following statements is true regarding gainsharing? A) Gainsharing focuses on productivity gains rather than profits. B) Gainsharing involves paying employees based on the number of new skills acquired by them in a specific time period. C) Gainsharing does not distribute profits, only gains in profits. D) Employees working under gainsharing plans have a greater feeling of psychological ownership. E) Gain sharing encourages social loafing.

E) Gain sharing encourages social loafing.

Which of the following differentiates introverts from extraverts? A) Introverts tend to be happier in their jobs in comparison to extraverts. B) Introverts express feelings more freely compared to extraverts. C) Introverts experience more positive emotions than extraverts. D) Introverts are generally more assertive than extraverts. E) Introverts are less impulsive than extraverts.

E) Introverts are less impulsive than extraverts.

What is the limitation of reinforcement theory in explaining changes in behavior? A) It does not adequately describe the original behavior. B) It places too much emphasis on feelings and attitudes. C) Most behavior is, in fact, environmentally caused. D) It ignores the effect of rewards and punishments on behavior. E) It does not recognize the effect of cognitive variables.

E) It does not recognize the effect of cognitive variables

Which of the following is true about intuitive decision making? A) It is a slow process of decision making. B) It is devoid of emotions. C) It is the most rational way of making a decision. D) It occurs within conscious thought. E) It involves making decisions based on distilled experience.

E) It involves making decisions based on distilled experience.

Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen Kate's chances of being selected? A) Kate generally considers herself to be better than her colleagues. B) Kate is a go-getter—she is prepared to go to any length to get ahead. C) Kate has a conventional mindset and focuses on being efficient at her work. D) Kate often conforms to others' ideas and opinions rather than come up with her own. E) Kate is enterprising and adept at interacting with diverse groups of individuals.

E) Kate is enterprising and adept at interacting with diverse groups of individuals.

________ is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. A) Leadership B) Management C) Learning D) Emotional labor E) Motivation

E) Motivation

Which of the following statements is true according to McClelland's theory of needs? A) People with a high achievement need prefer tasks that have a high level of risk. B) People with a high achievement need are interested in motivating others to do well. C) People with a high need for power and affiliation often make good managers in large firms. D) People with a high achievement need experience great satisfaction from success that comes by luck. E) People with a high need for power and a low need for affiliation often make the best managers.

E) People with a high need for power and a low need for affiliation often make the best managers.

1) ________ is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. A) Sensation B) Impression C) Apprehension D) Attribution E) Perception

E) Perception

________ is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others. A) Talent B) Skill C) Knowledge D) Heredity E) Personality

E) Personality

Helen, a high school teacher, wants her students to actively participate more in class. She has decided to use reinforcement theory to get the required results. Which of the following methods is she most likely to use? A) She is going to call on students who never participate. B) She is going to yell at students, telling them that they are not making good grades. C) She is going to ask the students that always participate to allow the others to have a chance. D) She is going to model what active participation should look like at the beginning of class. E) She is going to give students an extra mark each time that they contribute.

E) She is going to give students an extra mark each time that they contribute.

Which of the following, if true, would weaken the argument of adopting job rotation? A) The employees of the company have similar skill sets which are suited to transfer of learning. B) The company has been conducting professional training programs to keep all employees up- to-date with the developments in the field. C) AmWeb, one of the major rival firms, witnessed a substantial rise in profits following its cross-training program for employees. D) The research evidence favoring job rotation has rarely used samples from the service industry. E) The company is now entering its busiest business season with multiple project deadlines.

E) The company is now entering its busiest business season with multiple project deadlines.

Which of the following is a drawback of self-report surveys? A) They can hold only a limited number of questions. B) They involve a large number of people in the evaluation process. C) They may have biased results if the surveyor's judgment is biased. D) They comprise a large number of complex statistical data. E) They may result in the respondent lying to create a good impression.

E) They may result in the respondent lying to create a good impression.

A high Mach would be most productive in which of the following positions? A) a manager who leads team members in different geographic locations B) an executive who has to follow stringent rules while closing a sale C) a legal liaison who works from home and coordinates with people through the phone D) a freelance researcher whose work is free from interpersonal communication E) a sales person whose major part of the salary consists of sales commission

E) a sales person whose major part of the salary consists of sales commission

The tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgments is known as a(n) ________ bias. A) distinction B) omission C) impact D) confirmation E) anchoring

E) anchoring

Representative participation is characterized by ________. A) joint decision making by employees and management B) democratic leadership behaviors C) open and honest two-way communication D) a significant positive impact on employee morale and performance E) compliance with the legal need to redistribute power within organizations

E) compliance with the legal need to redistribute power within organizations

With reference to the attribution theory, which of the following terms indicates the extent to which an individual displays different behaviors in different situations? A) flexibility B) integrity C) consensus D) consistency E) distinctiveness

E) distinctiveness

Core-plus plans consist of ________. A) predesigned packages of benefits that an employee must accept as a whole B) monetary benefits which are linked to one's performance appraisals C) fractions of a company's profit margins determined on the basis of an established formula D) pretax dollars up to the dollar amount offered in the plan that an employee sets apart to pay for particular benefits E) essential benefits and a menu-like selection of other benefits that an employee can choose from

E) essential benefits and a menu-like selection of other benefits that an employee can choose from

Individualized rewards that allow each employee to choose the compensation package that best satisfies his or her current needs and situation are called ________. A) variable pay programs B) standardized benefits packages C) employee recognition programs D) employee involvement programs E) flexible benefits plans

E) flexible benefits plans

Which of the following variable pay programs is free from dependence on company profits? A) profit sharing B) job sharing C) bonuses D) employee stock ownership plans E) gainsharing

E) gainsharing

According to Herzberg, when ________ are adequate, people won't be dissatisfied, but they will also not be satisfied. A) achievement needs B) affiliation needs C) motivational factors D) power needs E) hygiene factors

E) hygiene factors

Which of the following alternative work arrangements enables the organization to draw on the talents of more than one individual in a given job? A) telecommuting B) flextime C) gainsharing D) profit sharing E) job sharing

E) job sharing

For management, the major downside of telecommuting is ________. A) decreased productivity B) increased turnover C) reduced morale D) difficulty in scheduling work E) less direct supervision of employees

E) less direct supervision of employees

According to the Big Five model, a person who scores ________ is easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable. A) low on emotional stability B) low on openness to experience C) high on agreeableness D) high on extraversion E) low on conscientiousness

E) low on conscientiousness

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the ________ type are flexible and spontaneous. A) thinking B) judging C) introverted D) sensing E) perceiving

E) perceiving

Esther Lugo has gone for an interview at an advertising firm in Manhattan and has been asked to complete a self-report survey to help interviewers understand if she is the right candidate for the job. From the interview, they have found that she is extroverted, empathic, scrupulous, and cooperative in nature, which are key characteristics needed for the job. These characteristics about Lugo indicate her ________. A) talent B) skill C) knowledge D) genealogy E) personality

E) personality

Jane Allen, a campaign manager at a non-profit organization, often takes full credit for project successes even when her team members' contributions play a big role in achieving milestones. However, when projects receive setbacks, she blames her team members and sometimes states that the situation was beyond her control. Allen's behavior is an example of a(n) ________ bias. A) impact B) anchoring C) confirmation D) distinction E) self-serving

E) self-serving

Which of the following series of dimensions of the job characteristics model (JCM) combine to create meaningful work? A) autonomy, task identity, and feedback B) skill variety, autonomy, and task significance C) skill variety, autonomy, and feedback D) feedback, task identity, and task significance E) skill variety, task identity, and task significance

E) skill variety, task identity, and task significance

Help Aid, a non-profit organization in Indonesia, works at providing education in underdeveloped countries. They are now looking to hire a teacher who can educate children in Namibia and prepare them for jobs which will enable them to sustain themselves. According to Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to which of the following personality types will best suit Help Aid's requirement? A) conventional B) realistic C) enterprising D) artistic E) social

E) social

A manager believes that he should not hire older workers because they can't learn new skills. This belief is an example of ________. A) an anchoring bias B) a fundamental attribution error C) a confirmation bias D) a self-serving bias E) stereotyping

E) stereotyping

According to goal-setting theory, goals are more likely to have a stronger impact on performance when ________. A) goals have long time frames for completion B) tasks are complex rather than simple C) tasks are novel rather than well learned D) goals are easy rather than difficult E) tasks are independent rather than interdependent

E) tasks are independent rather than interdependent

90) According to the Rokeach Value Survey, ________ values refer to desirable end-states. A) essential B) instrumental C) critical D) flexible E) terminal

E) terminal

With reference to the job characteristics model, which of the following defines skill variety? A) the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work B) the degree to which work activities generate direct and clear information about performance C) the degree to which a job provides the worker freedom in scheduling and procedure D) the degree to which a job has an impact on the lives or work of other people E) the degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities tapping different abilities

E) the degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities tapping different abilities

If a person responds to a particular situation in the same way over a long time period, then the attribution theory states that the behavior demonstrates ________. A) distinctiveness B) consensus C) consistency D) discontinuity E) traceability

E) traceability

The ________ theory is also called motivation-hygiene theory. A) hierarchy of needs B) goal-setting C) self-determination D) cognitive evaluation E) two-factor

E) two-factor

Which of the following ways of increasing self-efficacy is generally used by motivational speakers? A) arousal B) enactive mastery C) focused training D) vicarious modeling E) verbal persuasion

E) verbal persuasion

T/F: A candidate is likely to receive a more favorable evaluation if preceded by mediocre applicants and a less favorable evaluation if preceded by strong applicants. This is an example of the halo effect.

False

T/F: A flexible benefits package is designed for a male with a wife and two children at home.

False

T/F: A focus on utilitarianism creates an environment that hinders productivity and efficiency.

False

T/F: A person's tendency to believe he or she can predict the outcome of random events is known as the self-serving bias.

False

T/F: According to Herzberg, the opposite of "satisfaction" is "dissatisfaction."

False

T/F: According to Hofstede's framework, individualism describes the degree to which people in a country accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.

False

T/F: According to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, individuals belonging to the conventional type prefer ambiguous activities that allow creative expression.

False

T/F: According to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, individuals belonging to the realistic type are disorderly, impractical, and emotional.

False

T/F: According to Maslow, lower-order needs are satisfied internally while higher-order needs are satisfied externally.

False

T/F: According to attribution theory, the more consistent a behavior, the more we are inclined to attribute it to external causes.

False

T/F: According to the Big Five model, a drawback of introverts is that they tend to be more impulsive than extraverts and engage in risky behavior.

False

T/F: According to the Big Five model, a person who scores high on the openness to experience dimension is conventional and finds comfort in the familiar.

False

T/F: According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores high on consensus and distinctiveness, we tend to consider it as an internally caused behavior.

False

T/F: As compared to observer-ratings surveys, self-reporting surveys are a better predictor of success on the job.

False

T/F: Goal-setting theory strongly advocates participation in decision making, whereas MBO demonstrates that managers' assigned goals are usually just as effective.

False

T/F: Goal-setting theory takes a behavioristic approach, whereas reinforcement theory takes a cognitive approach.

False

T/F: Job enrichment improves employees' skills by periodically shifting an employee from one task to another with similar skill requirements at the same organizational level.

False

T/F: John Dunker is one of the best firefighters in his squad, and he recently received an award for his outstanding performance. From this information, it may be concluded that John's job has low task significance.

False

T/F: McClelland's theory of needs proposes that the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction.

False

T/F: Men make better decisions than women.

False

T/F: On an organizational level, job design and by the extrinsic rewards of pay and benefits are the only ways to motivate employees.

False

T/F: Participative management is characterized by the symbolic representation of employees in work councils and board meetings.

False

T/F: People with positive core self-evaluations feel that they are powerless over their environment.

False

T/F: The Pygmalion effect is not a form of self-fulfilling prophecy in which believing something can make it true.

False

T/F: The degree to which norms, cues, or standards dictate appropriate behavior is known as consistency.

False

T/F: The job characteristics model describes any job in terms of five core job dimensions, and these five dimensions are skill variety, task significance, recognition, reward, and feedback.

False

T/F: The major advantage of flextime is that it can be used for all categories of jobs.

False

T/F: The perception of a target is unaffected by the perceiver's personality or past experiences.

False

T/F: The rational decision-making model takes into consideration the fact that all information pertaining to a problem might not be available to the decision maker.

False

T/F: The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors is known as the confirmation bias.

False

T/F: The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic is known as the contrast effect.

False

T/F: The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others is known as the randomness error.

False

T/F: To enhance the amount of autonomy employees enjoy, a company must provide its employees with tasks combined into natural work units.

False

T/F: To stop lie-detection for written communications we can look in e-mail messages as liars omit personal pronouns, use noncommittal expressions, change tenses, skip topics, provide too much detail, or add qualifying statements.

False

T/F: Under Theory Y, managers believe that employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it.

False

T/F: Underpayment and overpayment, according to equity theory, tend to produce similar reactions to correct the inequities.

False

T/F: When the profits of Emm Corp rose steadily over two quarters three years back, the employees of the company were given the offer of purchasing the company's shares at subsidized rates. Many of the employees who bought the shares have become extremely rich after the phenomenal growth Emm Corp has had in the following years. This is an example of a bonus.

False

T/F: Workers around the world prefer rewards based on seniority over rewards based on performance and skills.

False

T/F: A drawback of self-report surveys is the level of accuracy.

True

T/F: A flextime arrangement requires all employees to be at their jobs during the common core period.

True

T/F: A variable-pay program bases a portion of an employee's pay on some individual and/or organizational measure of performance.

True

T/F: According to Hofstede's five value dimensions of national culture, people in a culture with long-term orientation look to the future and value thrift, persistence, and tradition.

True

T/F: According to McClelland's theory of needs, when jobs have a high degree of personal responsibility and feedback and an intermediate degree of risk, high achievers are strongly motivated.

True

T/F: According to goal-setting theory, a specific goal will produce a higher level of output than a generalized goal.

True

T/F: According to the Big Five model, a person who scores high on the openness to experience dimension is conventional and finds comfort in the familiar.

True

T/F: According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the judging type prefer control and like their world to be ordered and structured.

True

T/F: An individual's value system is obtained by ranking the person's values in terms of their intensity.

True

T/F: An organization in a dynamic and changing environment that needs employees who can easily change tasks and teams should seek individuals with personalities that fit with the organization's overall culture rather than with a specific task.

True

T/F: An overly high level of engagement can lead to a loss of perspective and, ultimately, burnout.

True

T/F: Attribution theory tries to explain the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior.

True

T/F: Consumers increasingly choose to purchase goods and services from organizations with effective corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives.

True

T/F: Employee involvement and participation (EIP) is a process that uses employees' input to increase their commitment to organizational success.

True

T/F: Escalation of commitment refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong.

True

T/F: Expectancy theory predicts employees will exert a high level of effort if they perceive a strong relationship between effort and performance, performance and rewards, and rewards and satisfaction of personal goals.

True

T/F: Feedback influences self-efficacy.

True

T/F: Feedback is the degree to which carrying out work activities generates direct and clear information about one's own performance.

True

T/F: Flexible spending plans allow employees to set aside pretax dollars up to the dollar amount offered in the plan to pay for particular benefits, such as healthcare and dental premiums.

True

T/F: High Mach employees win in the short term, but lose the gains in the long term because they are not well liked.

True

T/F: In an interview, information elicited early from an interviewee carries greater weight than information elicited later.

True

T/F: Internal equity refers to the worth of the job to the organization.

True

T/F: Interpersonal justice refers to an individual's perception of the degree to which he or she is treated with dignity, concern, and respect.

True

T/F: Job rotation can be applied in any setting where cross-training is feasible, from manufacturing floors to hospital wards.

True

T/F: Jobs with high autonomy give workers a feeling of personal responsibility for the results.

True

T/F: Managers today are less interested in an applicant's ability to perform a specific job than with his or her flexibility to meet changing situations and commitment to the organization.

True

T/F: Millennials have high expectations, seek meaning in their work, and have life goals oriented toward becoming rich and famous.

True

T/F: Motivation is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

True

T/F: One problem with the MBTI is that the model forces a person into one type or another; that is, you're either introverted or extraverted. There is no in-between.

True

T/F: Organizations influence their employees to volunteer.

True

T/F: People are usually not aware of the factors that influence their view of reality.

True

T/F: People who pursue goals for intrinsic reasons are more likely to attain their goals and are happy even if they do not.

True

T/F: People's behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.

True

T/F: Personality assessments have been increasingly used in diverse organizational settings.

True

T/F: Practicing managers and scholars have become interested in facilitating job engagement, believing factors deeper than liking a job or finding it interesting drives performance.

True

T/F: Recent studies indicate that employee recognition programs are associated with self-esteem, self-efficacy, and job satisfaction and the broader outcomes from intrinsic motivation are well documented.

True

T/F: Research suggests that personality traits better predict behavior in weak situations than in strong ones.

True

T/F: Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.q

True

T/F: Stereotyping helps individuals make quick decisions through generalizations.

True

T/F: The chief concern of both individual and team piece-rate workers is financial risk.

True

T/F: The most widely used and best known personality frameworks are the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the Big Five Personality model. Both describe a person's total personality through exploration of the facets of personality.

True

T/F: The term virtual office describes working from home on a relatively permanent basis.

True

T/F: Values contain a judgmental element in which they carry an individual's ideas as to what is right, good, or desirable.

True

T/F: Women are more likely than men to overanalyze problems before making a decision and to rehash a decision once made.

True