MGMT Test 2 (ch. 7-9)

Organizational authority is traditionally characterized by _______.

chain of command

Which of the following is NOT one of the core job characteristics in the job characteristics model (JCM)?

client relationships

The ______ approach to managing innovation assumes that innovation is a predictable process made up of a series of steps and that reducing the time it takes to complete those steps can speed up innovation.

compression

A(n) ________ is an agreement in which a foreign business owner pays a company a fee for the right to conduct that business in his or her country.

cooperative contract

______ are defined as workplace cultures in which workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed, valued, and encouraged.

creative work environments

A technology ______ begins with the birth of a new technology and ends when that technology reaches its limits and dies as it is replaced by a newer, substantially better technology.

cycle

According to Hofstede's research on cultural dimensions, _______ cultures emphasize the importance of relationships, modesty, caring for the weak, and quality of life.

feminine

Hofstede's research has shown that there are _______.

five consistent dimensions of cultural differences across countries

_______ are two kinds of cooperative contracts.

franchising and licensing

_________ departmentalization can be best defined as a method of subdividing work and workers into separate organizational units that are responsible for particular business functions or areas of expertise.

functional

An expatriate is someone who ______.

lives and works outside his or her own country

The three steps in the basic process of managing organizational change outlined by Kurt Lewin are _______.

unfreezing, change intervention, and refreezing

The chain of command can be best defined as the:

vertical line of authority that clarifies who reports to whom throughout an organization

Clive Motor company sole owns and operates manufacturing plants in Brazil, Chile, Germany, and India. Which of the following should be used in this example?

wholly owned affiliate

Which of the following scenarios is an example of matrix departmentalization?

InsureClef Inc., an insurance company, has departments that focus on major commercials and small businesses and also has departments that focus on the different products the company offers across its clientele

Nearly all technology cycles follow the typical ______ pattern of innovation.

S-curve

According to social psychologist Kurt Lewin, ______ lead to differences in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time.

change forces

It is appropriate to use a(n) ______ approach to manage innovation in more certain environments, in which the goals are lower costs and incremental improvements in the performance and function of an existing technological design.

compression

______ can be best defined as the assignment of direct authority and responsibility to a subordinate to complete tasks for which the manager is normally responsible.

delegation of authority

In _______, the old technology and several different new technologies fight to establish a new technological standard or dominant design.

design competition

Which of the following is a characteristic of discontinuous change?

design competition

Which of the following is NOT a part of the experiential approach to innovation?

design lockout

______ is a method in which a company builds a new business or buys an existing business in a foreign country.

direct foreign investment

_______ is the phase of a technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition.

discontinuous change

The primary disadvantage of geographic departmentalization is ________.

duplication of resources

The most important factor in an attractive business climate is the ______.

easy access to growing markets

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT):

eliminated tariffs in 10 specific industries

Organizational development _______.

emphasizes employee participation in diagnosing, solving, and evaluating problems

Disadvantages of ______ include difficulty in cross-departmental coordination, slow decision making, and managers and workers with narrow experience and expertise.

functional departmentalization

When the first cell phone was released, only a few people could afford to buy it. Over the years, mobile manufacturers improved the phone designs and features and also reduced their cost to make them more affordable. This signaled the shift to the _____ stage of the technology cycle.

incremental change

Organizational ______ is the successful implementation of creative ideas in organization.

innovation

Over the long run, the best way for a company to sustain competitive advantage is to create ________ year after year.

innovation streams

Global business:

is the buying and selling of goods and services to people from different countries

Which of the following statements about resistance to change is true?

it is caused by misunderstanding and distrust

______ is the set of shared values and beliefs that affects the perceptions, decisions, and behavior of the people from a particular country.

national culture

When companies don't anticipate, recognize, neutralize, or adapt to the internal or external pressures that threaten their survival, it results in ______.

organizational decline

Which of the following is NOT one of the components of creative work environments?

organizational impediments

The term ______ can be best defined as the collection of activities that transform inputs into outputs that customers value.

organizational process

Most companies have used the ________ to successfully enter foreign markets.

phase model of globalization

The first step in the compression approach to innovation is _____.

planning

______ is associated with the risk of major changes in governmental regimes that can result from war, revolution, death of political leaders, social unrest, or other influential events.

political uncertainty

The three types of task interdependence are:

pooled, sequential, and reciprocal

________ can be best defined as fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical measures of performance such as cost, quality, service, and speed.

reengineering

______ can be best defined as solving problems by consistently applying the same rules, procedures, and processes.

standardization

Which of the following should be a key issue for a company once it decides to go global?

strike the right balance between global consistency and local adaptation

__________ are long-term, low-interest loans, cash grants, and tax deductions used to develop and protect companies or special industries.

subsidies

A(n) ________ is a direct tax on imported goods.

tariff

The two general kinds of trade barriers are _______.

tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers

_______ occurs when customers purchase new technologies to replace older technologies.

technological substitution

______ is defined as the knowledge, tools, and techniques used to transform inputs into outputs.

technology

The term ______ is used by Hofstede to describe the degree to which people in a country are uncomfortable with unstructured, ambiguous, and unpredictable situations.

uncertainty avoidance

When managers delegate work, three transfers occur. The three transfers are responsibility, authority, and _______.

accountability

The term ________ can be best defined as a feeling of intrinsic motivation, in which workers perceive their work to have meaning and perceive themselves to be competent, having an impact, and capable of self-determination.

empowerment

The ______ approach to innovation assumes that innovation is occurring within a highly uncertain environment.

experiential

_______ occurs when a company sells domestically produced products to customers in foreign countries.

exporting

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of the phase model of globalization?

exporting; cooperative contracts; strategic alliances; wholly owned affiliates

Which of the following is true of global business?

it is the buying and selling of goods and services by people from different countries

A technology can become a dominant design if:

it solves a practical problem

_______ is the number, kind, and variety of tasks that individual workers perform in their jobs.

job design

The job design approach associated with ______ involves increasing the number of different tasks that a worker performs within one particular job and gives workers the authority and control to make meaningful decisions about their work.

job enrichment (and enlargement)

A _______ is a strategic alliance in which two existing companies collaborate to form a third, independent company.

joint venture

Which of the following is the key difference between line authority and staff authority?

line authority is the right to command immediate subordinates, whereas staff authority is the right to advise but not command others who are not subordinates

A(n) ______ can be best defined as an activity that contributes directly to creating or selling a company's products.

line function

Which of the following is a characteristic of the inaction stage of organizational decline?

managers wrongly assume that they can easily correct the problems, so they don't feel the situation is urgent

With ________, most employees report to two bosses.

matrix departmentalization

A(n) _______ is an organization that is characterized by specialized jobs and responsibilities; precisely defined, unchanging roles; and a rigid chain of command based on centralized authority and vertical communication.

mechanistic organization

Functional departmentalization can be most accurately defined as:

organizing work and workers into separate units responsible for particular business operations or areas of expertise

Managing global joint ventures can be difficult because they:

represent a merging of four cultures

The phases of a technology cycle within an innovation stream begins with:

technological discontinuity

The primary disadvantage of customer departmentalization is:

that it leads to duplication of resources

Which of the following is a common factor of global new ventures?

the development and communication of a company's global vision from inception by the founders.

Which of the following approaches to job redesign entails more than simply providing variety in job tasks?

the job characteristics model

______ is the most important factor in determining the success or failure of an international assignment.

the willingness of an expatriate's spouse and family to adjust to a foreign culture.

Which of the following statements about mechanistic organizations is true?

they work best in stable, unchanging business environments