MGT 2010 Quiz 1

proposed a hierarchy of human needs

Abraham Maslow

The human relations movement suggested that better human relations could increase worker productivity. Among its pioneers were...

Abraham Maslow Douglas McGregor

Emphasized the importance of understanding human behavior and motivating employees toward achievement

Behavioral viewpoint

"Father of African-American Management"

Charles Clinton Spaulding

o Proposed "Fundamental Necessities" of Management o Proposed eight "necessities" or management o Suggested considerations such as: - The need for an authority - Division of labor - Adequate capital - Proper budgeting - Cooperation - Teamwork

Charles Clinton Spaulding

Three historical management viewpoints/approaches

Classical, Behavioral, and Quantitative

consists of a formal written set of ethical standards guiding an organization's actions

Code of ethics

type of organization that offers services to all clients within their jurisdiction (military services, US Postal Service, fire/police department)

Commonweal organization

Skills Exceptional Managers Need - The ability to think analytically, to visualize an organization as a whole, and understand how the parts work together

Conceptual skills

o Emphasizes that a manager's approach should vary according to the individual and the environmental situation o Most practical because it addresses problems on a case-by-case basis

Contingency viewpoint

Three types of managerial roles · Use information to make decisions to solve problems or take advantages of opportunities · entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator

Decisional roles

The General Environment / Macro Environment (which force) - Influences on an organization arising from changes in the characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, or ethnic origin - Ex: marriage rates are down, interracial and same-sex marriages are increasing, one-person households are growing

Demographic

from Greek word for "people" (demos) and deals with statistics relating to human populations

Demographics

more efficient workers earn higher rates of pay

Differential rate system

A person or an organization that helps another organization sell its goods and services to customers · Ex: magazines, concert ticket, movie theaters

Distributors / "middle man"

Theory X versus Theory Y was proposed by

Douglas McGregor

proposed a Theory X (managers have a pessimistic view of workers) and Theory Y (managers have a positive view of workers)

Douglas McGregor

________ - the means to use resources - people, money, raw materials, and the like - wisely and cost-effectively

Efficient

In the late 1920s, Mayo led a Harvard research group to conduct worker productivity studies ________ ______ Employees worked harder if they received added attention, and thought that managers cared about their welfare and that supervisors paid special attention to them

Elton Mayo

hypothesized a so-called Hawthorne effect, suggesting that employees worked harder if they received added attention from managers

Elton Mayo

How the Organization Can Promote Ethics: Instituting ______ _____ ___ _____ ______ - Most codes offer guidance on how to treat customers, suppliers, competitors, and other stakeholders - Purpose: to clearly state top management's expectations for all employees - Codes prohibit: bribes, kickbacks, misappropriation of corporate assets, conflicts of interest, and "cooking the books" (false accounting statements and other records) - Companies provide ethics training and include ETHICAL BEHAVIOR AS A MEASURE OF EMPLOYEE EVALUATIONS

Ethics Codes and Training Programs

translating principles based on best evidence into organizational practice, bringing rationality to the decision-making process

Evidence-based management

types of organization that makes money (profits) by offering products or services

For-Profit Organizations

Classical viewpoint: scientific & administrative management - Pioneered by Frederick W. ____ and the _____ in the early 1900s, scientific management

Frederick W. Taylor & Gilbreths

· Responsible for just one organizational activity · For example, director of finance, vice president of production

Functional Manager

Questions asked by ______ ______: · Is thus a belief worth challenging? Is it debilitating? Does it get in the way of an important organizational attribute that we'd like to strengthen? · Is this belief universally valid? Are there counterexamples? If so, what do we learn from those cases? · How does this belief serve the interests of its adherents? Are there people who draw reassurance or comfort from this belief? · Have our choices and assumptions conspired to make this belief self-fulfilling? Is this belief true simply because we have made It true - and, if so, can we imagine alternatives?

Gary Hamel

· Responsible for several organizational activities · For example, executive vice president, an executive director for a nonprofit

General Manager

o Concerned with managing the total organization o French engineer and industrialist o First to identify the major functions of management - Planning - Organizing - Leading - Controlling - Coordinating

Henri Fayol

"Father of Industrial Psychology"

Hugo Munsterberg

suggested that psychologists could contribute to studying jobs, identifying the psychological conditions for employees to do their best work

Hugo Munsterberg

suggested that psychologists could contribute to the industry in 3 ways - Study jobs and determine which people are best suited to specific jobs - Identify the psychological conditions under which employees do their best work - Devise management strategies to influence employees to follow management's interests

Hugo Munsterberg

Early behaviorism had three pioneers

Hugo Munsterberg Mary Parker Follett Elton Mayo

o Proposed that better ______ _______ could increase worker productivity o Pioneered by Abraham Maslow (1908 to 1970) and Douglas McGregor (1906 to 1964)

Human relations

Skills Exceptional Managers Need - The ability to work well in cooperation with other people to get things done; the ability to motivate, to inspire trust, to communicate with others - Interpersonal "people" skills needed for success at all levels

Human skills (soft skills)

Three types of managerial roles · Receive and communicate information · Monitor, disseminator, spokesperson

Informational roles

Three types of managerial roles · Interact with people inside and outside their work units · Figurehead, leader, liaison

Interpersonal roles

came up with the idea that... evidence-based management is based on the belief that "facing the hard facts about what works and what doesn't, understanding the dangerous half-truths that constitute so much conventional wisdom about management, and rejecting the total nonsense that too often passes for sound advice will help organizations better perform"

Jeffrey Pfeffer & Robert Sutton

- Applied some ideas for improving efficiency to raising their 12 children - Identified 17 basic motions and applied them to work processes (bricklaying, for example) to determine whether the tasks could be done more efficiently - Demonstrated they could eliminate motions while reducing fatigue for some workers

Lillian and Frank Gilbreth

· The pursuit of organizational goals efficiently AND effectively · Integrating the work of people · Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the organization's resources

Management

A social worker and social philosopher, one of the most important women America has yet produced in the fields of civics and sociology

Mary Parker Follett

Thought organizations should become more democratic, with managers and employees working cooperatively - the following ideas were among her most important · Organizations should be operated as communities · Conflicts should be resolved by managers and workers talking over differences and finding solutions that would satisfy both parties · The work process should be controlled by workers with relevant knowledge; managers are facilitators

Mary Parker Follett

Why is ______ _____ ______ important? - Follet anticipated some of today's concepts of "self-managed teams", "worker empowerment", and "inter-departmental teams" (members of different departments working together on joint projects)

Mary Parker Follett

thought organizations should be democratic, with employees and managers working together

Mary Parker Follett

· German sociologist and philosopher · Identified 5 positive bureaucratic features in a well-performing organization · Believed that bureaucracy was a rational, efficient, ideal organization based on the principles of logic o A well-defined hierarchy of authority o Formal rules and procedures o A clear division of labor o Impersonality o Careers based on merit

Max Weber

broke down each worker's jobs into basic physical motions and then trained workers to use the methods of their best-performing co-workers

Motion Studies

type of organization that offers services to some clients, not to make a profit (for example, hospitals, colleges, social-welfare agencies)

Nonprofit organizations

The General Environment / Macro Environment (which force) - Changes in the way politics shape laws and laws shape the opportunities for and threat to an organization - Ex: the currently dominant political view may be reflected in the way the government addresses environmental and sustainability issues (climate change, coal mining)

Political-legal

Rewards of _________ Management - You and your employees can experience a sense of accomplishment - You can stretch your abilities and magnify your range - You can build a catalog of successful products or services - You can become a mentor and help others

Practicing Management

How the Organization Can Promote Ethics: _______ Ethical Behavior - ______ Whistle-Blowers - Companies must punish bad behavior, managers must also reward good ethical behavior, as in encouraging (or at least not discouraging) whistle-blowers - Workers do not have to know whether a specific OSHA standard has been violated in order to file a complaint, but it must be clear why you are doing it

Rewarding; Protecting

How the Organization Can Promote Ethics: ______ _____ _____ - Companies try to screen out dishonest, irresponsible employees by checking applicants' resumes and references. - Some check for illegal immigrants - Some use personality and integrity tests to identify potentially dishonest people

Screening prospective employees

Rewards of ________ Management - You will understand how to deal with organizations from the outside - You will understand how to relate to your supervisors - You will understand how to interact with co-workers - You will understand how to manage yourself in the workplace

Studying Management

Skills Exceptional Managers Need - The job-specified knowledge needed to perform well in a specialized field

Technical skills

- Respecting Fundamental Rights Shared by Everyone - guided by respect for the fundamental rights of human beings, such as those expressed in the US Constitution's Bill of Rights - Ex: life, liberty, privacy, health and safety, and due process is unethical

The Moral-Rights Approach

o Established requirements for proper financial record keeping for public companies and penalties of as much as 25 years in prison for non-compliance o Administered by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and requires a company's chief executive officer and chief financial officer to personally certify the organization's financial reports, prohibits them from taking personal loads or lines of credit, and makes them reimburse the organization for bonuses and stock options when required by restatement of corporate profits.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Reform Act of 2002 / SarbOX / SOX

·Consists of 10 groups that present you with daily tasks to handle -customers -competitors -suppliers/vendors -distributors/"middle man" -strategic allies -Employee organizations: Unions and Associations -local communities -financial institutions -government regulators -special interest groups

The Task Environment

Theory ___ o Represents a pessimistic, negative view of workers o Workers are irresponsible, resistant to change, lack ambition, hate work, and want to be led

Theory X

Theory ___ o Represents an optimistic, positive view of workers o Workers are considered capable of accepting responsibility, self-direction, self-control, and being creative

Theory Y

- An organization has a responsibility to its employees and to the wider community (people) - Is committed to sustainable (green) environmental practices (planet) - Includes the costs of pollution, worker displacement, and other factors in its financial calculations (profit)

Triple bottom line

The success of this in these areas can be measured through a social audit, a systematic assessment of a company's performance in implementing socially responsible programs, often based on predefined goals

Triple bottom line

representing people, planet, and profit (the 3 Ps) - measures an organization's social, environmental, and financial performance

Triple bottom line

-for the Greatest Good -guided by what will result in the greatest good for the greatest number of people - "cost vs benefit" analysis

Utilitarian approach

an employee, or even an outside consultant, who reports organizational misconduct to the public, such as health and safety matters, waste, corruption, or overcharging of customers

Whistle-blower

Concerned with managing the total organization

administrative management

o Relies on scientific research for developing theories about human behavior that can be used to provide practical tools for managers o The disciplines of _______ ________ include psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics

behavioral science

Max Weber believed that a ________ was a rational, efficient, ideal organization based on the _______ ____ _____

bureaucracy; principles of logic

Why is the contingency viewpoint is important - most practical viewpoint so far because it addresses problems on a ...

case-by-case basis and varies the solution accordingly

job is to make ethical conduct a priority issue

chief executive office

________ viewpoint · Emphasized finding ways to manage work more efficiently, assumed that people are rational. · Two branches: scientific and administrative (each of which with particular pioneering theorists)

classical viewpoint

· People or organizations that compete for customers or resources · Ex: Amazon

competitors

The Management Process monitoring performance, comparing it with goals, and taking corrective actions as needed

controlling

· Those who pay to use an organization's goods or services · First law of business: take care of the customer

customers

Behavioral viewpoint developed over three phases

early behaviorism, human relations movement, behavioral science

The General Environment / Macro Environment (which force) Consist of the general ______ conditions and trends - unemployment, inflation, interest rates, economic growth - that may affect the organization's performance - Ex: increased unemployment - more job applicants but fewer customers - Ex: Productivity growth - rising profits, lower inflation, higher stock prices

economic

The General Environment / Macro Environment (6 forces)

economic technological sociocultural demographic poltical-legal international

________ - the ends to achieve results, to make the right decisions and to successfully carry them out so that they achieve the organization's goals

effective

How the Organization Can Promote Ethics Creating a strong ______ ______ - Foster an ______ ______ - Promote ______ ______ through the policies, procedures, and practices that are used on a daily basis

ethical climate

Millennials are concerned about business _______, _______, and _______

ethics, motives, and methods

In the spirit of the contingency viewpoint is ________-_______ __________, which means translating principles based on best evidence into organizational practice, bringing rationality to the decision-making process

evidence-based management

type of manager that makes short-term operating decisions, directing the daily tasks of nonmanagerial personnel

first-line managers

The manager's roles: Mintzberg's useful findings · A manager's work is characterized by _________, brevity, and variety

fragmentation

You can't control the force in the _______ environment

general

Importance of _______ studies - although faulty and poorly designed with not enough data to support the conclusions, they succeeded in drawing attention to the importance of "social man" (social beings) and how managers using good human relations could improve worker productivity.

hawthorne

Maslow proposed _______ ____ _____ _____ - which studied motivation (physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization)

hierarchy of humans needs

How do forward-looking managers get the ball rolling in management innovation, particularly in a traditional, conventional company?

identify core beliefs that people have above the organization

o Why the classical viewpoint is ________ - Work activity was amenable to a rational approach - Through the application of scientific methods, time and motion studies, and job specialization it was possible to boost productivity - It led to later innovations such as management by objectives, and goal setting

important

for your greatest self-interest long term, which will help others

individual aproach

- Study jobs and determine which people are best suited to specific jobs - Identify the psychological conditions under which employees do their best work - Devise management strategies to influence employees to follow management's interests these ideas led to the field of _______ ______ (the study of human behavior in workplaces)

industrial psychology

The manager's roles: Mintzberg's useful findings · A manager works long hours at an ______ pace

intense

The two main groups of the organization's environments are ....

internal and external stakeholders

_______ stakeholders consist of employees, owners, and the board of directors

internal stakeholders

The General Environment / Macro Environment (which force) - Changes in the economic, political, legal, and technological global system that may affect an organization - Ex: what does UK's impending exit from EU mean for the rest of the world? - US companies that do significant business in Europe are subject to regulation by the European Union - Ex: fewer than 1% of US adults are proficient in a foreign language which can negatively impact business growth - Ex: business behavior in the US may be different than business behavior needed in foreign countries

international

Three types of managerial roles

interpersonal, informational, decisional

- Respecting Impartial Standards of Fairness - Ethical behavior in the ______ _______ - guided by respect for impartial standards of fairness and equity - Ex: do those governing promotions or sexual harassment cases administer impartial and fairly regardless of gender, age, sexual orientation, and the like

justice approach

The Management Process motivating, directing, and otherwise influencing people to work hard to achieve the organization's goals

leading

Individual approach is guided by what will result in the individual's best ____-____ ______, which ultimately are in everyone's self-interest.

long-term interests

the pursuit of organizational goals efficiently, meaning to use resources wisely and cost-effectively, and effectively by integrating the work of people through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the organization's resources

management

The Problem with Classical Viewpoint: Too _______ · Tends to view humans as cogs within a machine, not considering the importance of human needs

mechanistic

type of manager that implements policies and plans of the top managers above them and supervise and coordinate the activities of the first-line managers below them

middle managers

The triple bottom line has particular appeal to many young adults (_______) who are less concerned with finding financial success than with making a difference and achieving a meaningful life

millennials

your influence on the organization is multiplied far beyond the results that can be achieved by just one person acting alone

multiplier effect

types of organization that is a Voluntary collection of members aiding other members in order to advance their interests (for example, political parties, farm cooperatives, labor unions, trade associations, clubs)

mutual-benefit organization

How Organization Can Promote Ethics

o Creating a strong ethical climate o Screening prospective employees o Instituting Ethics Codes and Training Programs o Rewarding Ethical Behavior: Protecting Whistleblowers

- A group of people who work together to achieve some specific purpose - Managers operate within many types of __________

organization

The Management Process arranging tasks, people, and other resources to accomplish the work

organizing

The Management Process setting goals and deciding how to achieve them

planning

The Management Process Involves these 4 steps

planning organizing leading controlling

Gary Hamel: management ideas are not fixed, they're a ______

process

read over assigned reading notes

read over assigned reading notes

Emphasized the scientific study of work methods to improve the productivity of individual workers

scientific management

Taylor's principles of _____ ________ - "_______" · Scientifically study each part of the task · Carefully select workers with the right abilities · Give workers the training and incentives to do the task properly · Use scientific principles to plan the work methods

scientific management - "Taylorism"

Assumption in the individual approach: you will act ethically in the short run to avoid others harming you in the long run · Reality: ______________ · Ex: chemical fertilizers benefits the farmer, but the fishing industries downstream will suffer

short-term self-gain may not be good for everyone in the long run

A systematic assessment of a company's performance in implementing socially responsible programs, often based on predefined goals Ex: businesses known for social and environmental activities such as buying wind-powered electricity, organic produce and humanely raised meat and poultry, sharing ideas with competitors, and opening up its premises for educational forums and speaks

social audit

The General Environment / Macro Environment (which force) - Influences and trends originating in a country's, a society's, or a culture's human relationships and values that may affect an organization or industry - Ex: social media things that are trending, measles/whooping cough/meningitis are coming back because of anti-vaccine movements

sociocultural

the people whose interests are affected by an organization's activities

stakeholders

· A person or an organization that provides supplies - that is raw materials, services, equipment, labor, or energy - to other organizations · Suppliers in turn have their own suppliers · Can significantly affected the financial environments when unanticipated changes happen (price increase from their suppliers or low amounts of a product available)

suppliers/vendors

type of manager responsible for facilitating team activities towards achieving key results

team leader

Skills Exceptional Managers Need

technical skills, conceptual skills, human skills

The General Environment / Macro Environment (which force) - New developments in methods for transforming resources into goods or services - Ex: birth of the internet

technological

key to career growth: doing things you've never done before / ____?

the ability to take risks

Importance of Theory X vs Theory Y - helps managers understand how ______ o Ex: Theory x - managers are more likely to micromanage which leads to employee dissatisfaction because they believe their employees are lazy

their beliefs affect their behavior.

type of manager that makes long-term decisions about the overall direction of the organization and establishing the objectives, policies, and strategies for it

top manager

Four Levels of Management

top managers middle managers first-line managers team leaders

Behavioral viewpoint emphasized the importance of ________ human behavior and of _______ employees towards achievement

understanding human behavior and of motivating employees towards achievement

good managers create ______

value

The manager's roles: Mintzberg's useful findings · A manager relies more on ______ than on ______ communication

verbal; written