MGT 291 - Exam 1

What is information processing capacity?

involves the manner in which individuals process and organize information

What are the current trends in the workforce?

- Aging - Proportion of minorities in the workforce increasing - Talent shortages increasing - Minorities encountering a 'glass ceiling'

How did IBM's management practice diversity (AID)?

- Altered 5-Minute Drill - Included diversity in managers' performance reviews - Diversity training for new managers

What are typical employee recruiting tools?

- Applications/resumes - Employment tests - Interviews - Assessment centers/simulations

How does managing diversity leverage the positive business potential of diversity?

- Creates an inclusive environment - Implements fair organizational policies and practices - Maximizes the performance of all employees

What are the 5 types of diversity? (DDSSV)

- Disparity diversity - Deep-level diversity - Surface-level diversity - Seperation diversity - Variety diversity

What are the business results of managing divesity?

- Diversity fosters creativity and innovation - Diversity awareness enables hiring, retaining and engaging best talent, helping to maximize organizational performance - Diverse teams make better decisions than homogenous teams - Acquiring/managing diversity is an ethical and legal necessity

What can be done to fix a talent surplus?

- Early retirement incentive - Reduce hours - Salary cut - Layoff/temporary layoff (furlough) - Move employees around - Hiring freeze

What are examples of external recruiting sources?

- Employee referrals - Private employment agencies/headhunters - State employment offices - College relationships - Advertising and job postings - Unique recruiting sources

What were the 4 highlighted Acts from the Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Legislation?

- Equal Pay Act (1963) - Civil Rights Act, Title VII (1964) - Age Discrimination in Employment Act (1967) - Americans with Disabilities Act / ADA (1990)

What is power distance? High vs Low? (Hofstede's)

- High power distance: unequal power is accepted; readily comply with authority - Low power distance: expect equality in power.

What is uncertainty avoidance? High vs Low? (Hofstede's)

- High uncertainty avoidance: reject deviant ideas; prefer structure, rules, and procedures to regulate workplace behaviors; avoid uncertainty in careers. - Low uncertainty avoidance: tolerate different and unfamiliar ideas; not afraid to face the unknown.

Cultural Dimension of cultural perception of context: What is the difference between high-context cultures and low-context cultures?

- High-context cultures : derived from nonverbal situational cues; read beyond words; negotiations slow; establish trust first; value personal relations. - Low-context cultures : derived from written or spoken words; negotiation efficient; get down to business first; value expertise and performance.

What can be done to fix a talent shortage?

- Hiring incentives - Better advertising recruitment - Analyze retention skills - Hiring temporary workers - Automate processes - Redesign jobs/outsourcing

Which of Project GLOBE's Cultural Dimensions differ from Hofstede's? What do they mean?

- In-group collectivism = loyalty to small & informal groups (i.e., family or friend circle) - Gender egalitarianism = femininity - Assertiveness = masculinity - Future oriented = long-term orientation - Performance orientation = individuals should be rewarded and respected for performance (vs. tenure, knowledge, family background, etc.) - Human orientation= femininity

What were Hofstede's 5 Cultural Dimensions (I/C, PD, UA, M/F, ST/LT) / (IPUMS vs CPUFS)

- Individualism vs Collectivism - Power Distance - Uncertainty Avoidance - Masculinity vs Femininity - Short-term vs Long-term orientation

What is Individualism vs Collectivism (Hofstede's)

- Individualism: see themselves as individuals; priority is given to individual goals and interest. - Collectivism: see themselves as part of a social group; priority is given to goals and interests of social groups; preferential treatment to in-group members.

How does America align with Hofstede's Cultural DImensions?

- Individualist - Low Power Distance - Low Uncertainty Avoidance - Masculine (moderately) - Short-term

What are the 2 options for recruiting?

- Internal candidates - External sources

What is masculinity vs femininity? High vs Low? (Hofstede's)

- Masculinity: materialism; value achievement, material success, assertiveness, & competitiveness; de-emphasis on caring for others; Gender inequality. - Femininity: concern for the welfare of others. values interpersonal relationships, cooperation, and subjective indicator of life quality; Gender equality.

Cultural dimension of cultural perception of time: What is the difference between Monochronic time and Polychronic time?

- Monochronic time: time is limited; precisely segmented; emphasize on schedule, deadline, and promptness - Polychronic time: time is flexible; flexibility in scheduled starting time; arriving late for social party is the norm

Which of Project GLOBE's Cultural Dimensions are the same as Hofstede's?

- Power distance - Uncertainty avoidance - Societal collectivism

What are other HR processes that can support diversity? How?

- Recruiting (consider different sources) - Selection (ensure tools are free of bias) - Compensation (equity) - Benefits (to support diverse work/family needs) - Communications - Training/Development (inclusive participation) - Mentor programs (entry to political networks) - Community involvement / Philanthropic activities - Policies/procedures

What are the 4 principles of Taylor's scientific management?

- Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on scientifically studying tasks using time-and-motion studies - Scientifically select, train, and develop all workers rather than leaving them to passively train themselves - Managers provide detailed instructions and supervision to workers to ensure that they are following the scientifically developed methods - Divide work nearly equally between workers and managers. Managers should apply scientific management principles to planning the work, and workers should actually perform the tasks

What is short-term vs long-term orientation? (Hofstede's)

- Short-term: focus on here and now; commitment to others are seen as flexible as circumstances change. - Long term: focus on the future; value thrift & persistence; anticipate long-term payoff for their loyalty.

What were the 6 potential solutions for lessening the impact of bias outlined in the video "Creating a Level Playing Field" (TVSHEE)?

- Transparency - Vouch for competence of female leaders - Scrutinize need for criteria - Hold decision-makers accountable - Educate about stereotypes - Establish clear criteria for evaluation

What are the 6 barriers to inclusion that managers face (USTEPP)?

- Unequal Access to Organizational Networks - Stereotypes - The "Like Me" bias - Ethnocentrism - Prejudice - Perceived threat of loss

What were the 5 main points of the Pfeffer article (COVID-19 Changes Everything - And Nothing)

- Unleash People's Creative Energy - Try to Avoid Layoffs - Recognize and embrace the connection between work and family - Assess how people are doing - Prioritize wisely, define urgency and provide back-up support so people feel supported

What must the Affirmative Action Plans of federal contractors contain?

- Utilization Analysis - Goals and Timetables - Action Plan

What were the 3 problems discussed in the video "Creating a Level Playing Field"

- Women held to different standards - Stereotypes shift the criteria for selection - Women less influential in groups

What did the author (Thomas) suggest regarding factors key to change? (Diversity as Strategy)

- strong support from company leaders - engage employees as partners - integrate diversity and management practices - link diversity to business goals

What was the Supreme Court's ruling regarding rights of transgender workers? What was the explanation?

- workers cannot be fired for being gay or transgender (June 2020) - The ruling was: "An individual's homosexuality or transgender status is not relevant to employment decisions,"..."That's because it is impossible to discriminate against a person for being homosexual or transgender without discriminating against that individual based on sex."

What was the Equal Pay Act? What year was it?

1963 - Requires men and women to be paid equally for performing equal work

What was the Civil Rights Act, Title VII? What year was it?

1964 - Prohibits discrimination in all employment practices on basis of race, color, religion, national origin and sex

What was the Age Discrimination in Employment Act? What year was it?

1967 - Prohibits discrimination against employees older than 40 years

What was the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)? What year was it?

1990 - Prohibits discrimination against essentially qualified employees with physical or mental disabilities; requires "reasonable accommodation" to be provided so they can perform duties

What is disparate impact?

A form of discrimination in which there is a condition in which employment practices are seemingly neutral yet disproportionately exclude a protected group from employment opportunities

What is disparate treatment?

A form of discrimination in which there is differing treatment of individuals based on the individuals' race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, or disability status, etc....

Bona Fide Occupational Qualification (BFOQ) is an exception to disparate treatment. What is it?

A necessary (not merely preferred) qualification for performing a job

What is The "Big Five" Framework? What are the "Big Five" (ACOINE)

A set of five fundamental traits that are especially relevant to organizations - Agreeableness - Conscientiousness - Openness - Introversion - Neuroticism - Extraversion

What is neuroticism?

characterized by a person's tendency to experience unpleasant emotions such as anger, anxiety, depression, and feelings of vulnerability

What is self-efficiency?

a person's confidence in his or her ability to organize and execute the courses of action necessary to accomplish a specific task

What is affirmative action?

Intentionally seeking and hiring qualified employees from racial, sexual, and ethnic groups that are underrepresented in the organization

What is the "Four-fifths rule"

Rule of thumb that finds evidence of discrimination if an organization's hiring rate for a minority group is less than four-fifths the hiring rate for the majority group

Where does organizational behavior come from?

Scientific Management

What was an issue that arose regarding scientific management?

Scientific management left no room for individual preferences or initiative, and was not always accepted by workers

What is a stereotype?

a belief about an individual or a group based on the idea that everyone in that particular group will behave the same way

What is unequal access to organizational networks?

all organizations have formal/informal networks, but women and minorities often excluded from informal organizational networks, which can be important to job performance, mentoring opportunities, and being seen as a candidate for promotion

What is emotional intelligence (EI)?

an interpersonal capability that includes the ability to perceive and express emotions, to understand and use them, and to manage emotions in oneself and other people

What is a perceived threat of loss?

as voluntary efforts are made by companies to promote inclusion, members of groups who traditionally have been the predominant employees of a particular workforce or occupation may grow anxious or angry

What is Variety diversity?

differences in a certain type or category, including group members' expertise, knowledge, or functional background

What is Separation diversity?

differences in position or opinion among group members reflecting disagreement or opposition - dissimilarity in an attitude or value, for example, especially with regard to group goals or processes

What is Disparity diversity?

differences in the concentration of valuable social assets or resources - dissimilarity in rank, pay, decision-making, authority, or status, for example

What did Lou Gerstner do while CEO at IBM? (Diversity as Strategy)

established 8 task forces: - Asians - blacks - the gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered community - Hispanics - white men - Native Americans - people with disabilities - women

What is Deep-level diversity?

individual differences that cannot be seen directly EX: goals, values, personalities, decision-making styles, knowledge, skills, abilities, and attitudes

What is scientific management?

management based on the belief that productivity is maximized when organizations are rationalized with precise sets of instructions based on time-and-motion studies

What is reciprocal mentoring?

matching senior employees with diverse junior employees to allow both individuals to learn more about a different group

What is Surface-level diversity?

observable differences in people EX: race, age, ethnicity, physical abilities, physical characteristics, and gender

What is self-esteem?

our feelings of self-worth and our liking or disliking of ourselves

What was the Hawthorne Effect?

people improve some aspect of their behavior or performance simply because they are being assessed - EX: Lighting Test (Both brighter and dimmed lighting increased productivity, which almost always improved after a lighting change, but would ultimately return to normal levels)

What is the changing environment of business? What are the 5 important environmental forces faced? (GDENT)

presents both opportunities and challenges for managers today. - globalization - diversity - ethics and corporate governance - new employment relationships - technology

What is conscientiousness?

refers to an individual being dependable and organized

What is ethnocentrism?

reflects the belief that one's own language, native country, and cultural rules and norms are superior to all others - Has less to do with prejudice and more to do with inexperience or ignorance about other people and environments

What is multiple intelligences?

suggests that there are a number of distinct forms of intelligence that each individual possesses in varying degrees

What is the "Like Me" bias?

tendency to associate with others whom we perceive to be like ourselves

What is agreeableness?

the ability to get along with others

What is authoritarianism?

the belief that power and status differences are appropriate within hierarchical social systems such as organizations

What is openness?

the capacity to entertain new ideas and to change as a result of new information

What is general mental ability?

the capacity to rapidly and fluidly acquire, process, and apply information

What is Locus of Control?

the extent to which one believes one's circumstances are a function of either one's own actions or of external factors, beyond one's control

What is extraversion?

the quality of being comfortable with relationships

What is personality?

the relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguish one person from another

What is introversion?

the tendency to be less comfortable in new relationships and social situations

What is diversity?

the variety of observable and unobservable similarities and differences among people

What was the human relations movement?

views organization as cooperative systems and treats workers' orientations, values, and feelings as important parts of organizational dynamics

What is general self-efficiency?

your generalized belief that you will be successful at whatever challenges or tasks you might face