MGT 305 Final Exam Ch. 1-16

The interactional perspective states that behavior is a function of individual, group, and organizational factors.

False

The acronym that helps you to remember the factors in addressing difficult conversations is STATE.

true

Which of the following is not a step of the TED protocol for effective presentations?

Evaluate your presentation.

_________ are the dimensions of situational control in Fiedler's model.

Leader-member relations, task structure, and position power

Which of the following interpersonal traits has research shown to have a negative relationship with leadership effectiveness?

Machiavellianism

The final step of the three-step approach of the organizing framework is

Make recommendations

___________ represents an individual's general tendency to think, feel, and behave in ways associated with ethical and unethical behavior.

Moral character

Neal has asked Liz, who has the office next to him, to watch him practice the presentation he will be giving to his bosses next week. What step of the TED protocol for effective presentations is Neal in?

Put it together.

Situations and people are both dynamic—they change.

True

The term glass ceiling identifies an invisible but absolute barrier that prevents women from advancing to higher-level positions.

True

Unethical behavior erodes trust, and also negatively affects cooperation in organizations.

True

What cultural types represent competing values?

adhocracy and hierarchy

Which of the following are the 3 Cs of team players?

committed, collaborative, competent

Rosario and Pamela work together. They are also friends outside of work. Rosario and Pamela are constantly texting each other. Their supervisor comments that, while this might be fine outside of work, it's inappropriate to constantly text each other in the office. This is an example of

context of interaction.

What phase of the mentoring process lasts two to five years?

cultivation

A(an) _______ tree is a graphical representation of the process underlying decisions.

decision

Twenty-first-century leaders face unique challenges to address critical new competencies, which include all of the following except

defining roles.

Which of the following is a traditional organizational design?

divisional

Experiencing boredom inhibits the creativity process.

false

Which of the following is not an advantage of group decision making?

less pressure to conform

Which of the following is not one of the basic dimensions of the Big Five personality dimensions?

locus of control

Which of the following is not a symptom of groupthink?

overestimation of opponents

Manuel works for ABC Corporation. He feels quite comfortable expressing his opinions about a wide variety of issues facing the company without fear of reprisal. This reflects ABC's

psychological safety.

The socialization tactic that ranges from a newcomer being socialized over time with the help of an experienced member, to the newcomer not being provided with a role model, is

serial versus disjunctive.

Job crafting may involve changing task boundaries, the relational nature of a job, or cognitions about the job.

true

Motivation explains why we do the things we do.

true

________ is the extent to which a job enables an individual to experience freedom, independence, and discretion.

Autonomy

________ is the conflict-handling style that is passive withdrawal from the problem and active suppression of the issue.

Avoiding

When Martin has a perceived conflict with a coworker, he will send them emails that are taunting or insulting. This is an example of

CWB

________ is the process of interpreting and making sense of a message.

Decoding

Which of the following is Step 1 in the three steps of the applied approach to problem solving?

Define the problem

What kind of a response is a manager completing when he or she eliminates the situation in which the problem occurs?

Dissolving

Which of the following tips should be used by employees having a personality conflict with another employee?

Emphasize problem solving and common objectives.

A clan culture has an internal focus and values stability and control.

False

According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, hygiene factors are more frequently associated with the content of the task being performed.

False

Acting unethically also means that the person is participating in illegal activity.

False

Job involvement represents the extent to which an individual is personally involved with his or her work role. This has nothing to do with job satisfaction.

False

Organizational commitment exists to the degree that the person is satisfied with his or her job.

False

Research has shown that despite the assumption many managers make, proactivity is unrelated to work performance.

False

Self-esteem is a broad personality trait composed of self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability.

False

Spatial intelligence is likely to be most valuable to a

Fighter pilot

Which of the following statements about incivility is false?

Incivility results from interactions with coworkers, but not from bosses or subordinates.

Which of the following statements about innovation is true?

Innovation can be motivated by profit.

________ programs help employees to integrate, assimilate, and transition to new jobs.

Onboarding

________ conflict is defined as interpersonal opposition based on individual dislike or disagreement.

Personality

Which of the following is not an element of an effective social media policy?

Prepare everyone to be a spokesperson for the company's online policies.

________ teams are assembled to tackle a particular problem, task, or project.

Project

___________ focuses on clarifying employees' role and task requirements and providing followers with positive and negative rewards contingent on performance.

Transactional leadership

A manager should use Schwartz's model to understand employees and assign them tasks that are consistent with their values.

True

A problem is a gap between an actual and a desired situation.

True

According to the acquired needs theory, we are not born with our needs but instead learn them as we go about living our lives.

True

Attitudes have three components: affective, cognitive, and behavioral.

True

Clan and market cultures are more likely to deliver higher customer satisfaction and market share.

True

Cognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort a person experiences when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions.

True

Emotions change over time and from situation to situation; therefore, they can be altered more easily.

True

Hard skills are the technical expertise and knowledge required to do a particular task or job function, such as financial analysis, accounting, or operations.

True

In the self-serving bias, employees attribute their success to controllable internal factors and their failures to uncontrollable external factors.

True

Intentions are influenced by the three general motives in Ajzen's model: attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control.

True

Linguistic intelligence is the potential to learn and use spoken and written languages.

True

Most people have the technical skills to succeed at higher-level jobs. However, as you rise through the hierarchy, your job generally will require a more developed set of soft skills, such as communication, emotional intelligence, ethics, and stress management.

True

People with an external locus of control generally earn lower salaries than those with an internal locus of control.

True

Schwartz's model suggests that

Values may conflict with each other

Different motivators are needed for employees working at small firms. These include all of the following except

a "one style fits all" approach.

A(n) ________ culture encourages being adaptable, creative, and fast to respond to changes in the marketplace.

adhocracy

Which of the following is not an example of a hygiene factor in Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model?

advancement

What form of diversity management is an organization adopting when it assumes that all diverse people will learn to fit in or become like the dominant group?

assimilation

An individual who enjoys working with others and enjoys social interactions in which opinions are openly exchanged exhibits which decision-making style?

behavioral

Team ________ describes the collection of jobs, personalities, knowledge, skills, abilities, and experience levels of team members.

composition

In the _________ bias, a decision maker subconsciously decides something even before investigating, and then seeks information that supports the decision.

confirmation

Forms of trust include all of the following except

constructive.

An _______ is the person who promotes greater understanding through examples or exploration of implications for a group.

elaborator

In the encounter phase of organizational socialization,

employees' values, skills, and attitudes start to shift as the new recruit discovers what the organization is truly like.

The ________ model suggests that managers should monitor employees' perceptions of fairness.

equity

Which of the following is not a content theory of motivation?

equity theory

Managers use ________ in three different ways: to make a decision, to inform a decision, and to support a decision.

evidence or data

Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of ________ outcomes.

expected

If a person views a situation as having high consensus, high distinctiveness, and low consistency, he or she is likely to make an attribution of

external causes.

Linguistic style includes all of the following except

eye contact.

During "norming," members tend to be anxious and uncertain.

false

In an organization, coordination of effort is achieved through the unity of command principle.

false

In the change and acquisition phase of organizational socialization, the newcomer's values, skills, and attitudes start to shift as the new recruit discovers what the organization is truly like.

false

LMX focuses on the quantity of relationships between managers and subordinates.

false

Managers should use the goal accomplishment approach to measuring effectiveness when organizational performance is strongly influenced by specific processes.

false

Mechanistic organizations are rigid bureaucracies with strict rules, narrowly defined tasks, and top-down communication, and generally have a horizontal or hollow structure.

false

Members of both groups and teams have tasks and responsibilities that are independent from each other.

false

Nonverbal communication includes your facial expressions and body movements, but not how you dress or how close you stand to other people.

false

In a __________ structure, teams or workgroups, either temporary or permanent, are created to improve collaboration and work on common products.

horizontal

The making of new mental connections regarding the creative task or problem at hand is represented in the _________ stage of the creative performance process.

idea generation

Which of the following is an organizational function of a group?

implementing complex decisions

Sources of noise affect all the links in the communication process. Which of the following is not a source of noise?

in-person, face-to-face conversation

In the ___________ subprocess, a learning organization makes sense of the information it has acquired.

information interpretation

Which of the following is the most fixed of a person's individual differences?

intelligence

When a leader is resolving disputes, he or she is engaging in ________ behaviors.

interaction-facilitation

Companies often adopt continuous improvement programs in pursuit of the _________ approach.

internal processes

Core self-evaluations represent a broad personality trait comprised of all of the following except

interpersonal intelligence.

The potential to understand and regulate yourself is ________ intelligence.

intrapersonal

Which of the following is not an element of emotional intelligence?

intrapersonal intelligence

Self-determination theory focuses on the needs that drive ________ motivation.

intrinsic

Which of the following is not an example of a crucial conversation?

inviting a friend to dinner

The need for belonging is part of the need for

love

Humble leaders display all of the following key qualities valued by employees except

low self-awareness.

P-O fit stands for _________ fit.

person-organization

Stage 1 of social perception is

selective attention/comprehension.

With only five years left until his planned retirement, Edward was quite upset when he was removed from a project team comprised mostly of Millennials. It is quite possible that the Millennials were reacting to a __________ of older workers.

stereotype

A global mind-set is an increasingly valued _________ trait.

task-oriented

A distributive negotiation usually involves a single issue in which one person gains at the expense of another.

true

A key variable in Fiedler's model is situational control, which is composed of leader-member relations, task structure, and the leader's position power.

true

Abusive supervision is the sustained display of hostile verbal and nonverbal behavior by managers.

true

Gatekeeper is a maintenance role in groups.

true

Inspirational motivation involves establishing an attractive vision, the use of emotional arguments, and exhibition of optimism and enthusiasm.

true

Danny is convinced that the new recycling program implemented at his company is worth the extra effort of sorting his waste. He believes in this so strongly that he reminds everyone in the department that they should all get on board and gives an extensive presentation at the monthly meeting. Danny values

universalism

When making attributions about a worker's performance, people can assign responsibility to either internal or external factors.

True

The organizational dimensions of diversity include all of the following except

income

Linguistic style refers to a person's characteristic speaking pattern.

true

Women are expected to communicate less aggressively than men and to interrupt others less.

true

Diversity refers to age, gender, and religion, but does not include personality.

False

Intelligence cannot be modified or altered.

False

Evidence should never be used to make a decision, only to inform or support one.

false

The last step in Bagley's decision tree is, "Does the proposed action maximize shareholder value?"

false

Interpersonal skills involve all of the following except

teamwork

________ is the extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and commits to its goals.

Organizational commitment

Personal attitudes affect ________ via ________.

behavior; intentions

Deidra was turned over for a recent promotion that her best friend at work received instead. Now she is focused on moving to a different department and is completely ignoring her best friend. Deidra is demonstrating the dominating conflict-handling style.

false

Restricting employees' use of social media at work generally leads to gains in productivity.

false

The strategic contingencies' satisfaction approach to organizational assessment relates to inputs rather than outputs.

false

Unlike other elements of OB, leadership is not influenced by situational factors.

false

Examples of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) include all of the following except

not expressing interest in the work of others.

The levels of organizational culture are

observable artifacts, espoused values, and basic underlying assumptions.

Which of the following is not a soft skill?

operations

If your goal is to do well in school and graduate on time and with honors, you are likely to experience __________ emotions such as joy, gratitude, pride, satisfaction, contentment, and relief.

positive

A major drawback of _________ is that "winning the debate" may overshadow the issue at hand, leading to a less than desired conclusion.

the dialectic method

High group cohesiveness can actually work against a team.

true

The ________ principle specifies that each employee should report to only one manager.

unity of command

According to the contingency approach there is always a single way to manage people, teams, or organizations.

False

An employee who values tradition and conformity over achievement will be more than happy to work on a holiday or to miss a child's soccer game.

False

Taylor senses other's emotions, understands their perspectives, and takes active interest in their concerns. This demonstrates her self-management competence.

False

Ethnocentrism is based on the feeling that our cultural rules and norms are superior to or more appropriate than the rules and norms of another culture.

True

Christopher, a department manager, is attending the monthly budget planning meeting where all the department managers report on their current status. Both before and after his own presentation, he sits forward in his chair and makes eye contact with all the other managers as they present. He asks questions and nods his head after their responses. He is exhibiting the ________ style of listening.

active

In the ________, organizations tend to be more effective when they are structured to fit the demands of the situation.

contingency approach

Emotional intelligence has been shown by research to have a large, positive, and significant association with leadership effectiveness.

false

Organizational climate is defined as the set of shared, taken-for-granted, implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, thinks about, and reacts to its various environments.

false

Strategic skills are the most important to managers at middle levels of the organization.

false

One of the "pros" of _________ organizations is clear roles and responsibilities.

functional

A ________ is a set of expected behaviors for members of the group as a whole.

group role

In a(n) ___________ culture, improving profitability and meeting strategic goals are often prioritized over employee satisfaction.

market

Assimilation and denial are options for action to address diversity issues in an organization; however, they are not among the preferred options.

true

Communication begins when a sender encodes an idea or thought.

true

The two types of roles that are very important to effective group functioning are forming and storming.

false

The goal of the job characteristics model is to promote low extrinsic motivation.

False

The four phases of mentoring are initiation, cultivation, socialization, and definition.

false

The more members of different groups interact, the more intergroup conflict they will experience.

false

The most important part of stage presence is your physical movement around the area where you are presenting.

false

The obliging style of conflict handling involves low concern for self and low concern for others.

false

The rational model of decision making explains how managers actually make decisions.

false

To become a team, a group must be composed of members with similar skills and personalities.

false

Today, we consider that the three main categories of organizational design are internal, hybrid, and external.

false

A person who ___________ is relatively unconstrained by situational forces and effects environmental change.

has a proactive personality

The person-situation distinction allows you to consider unique individual factors as well as situation factors that might be the source of the problem. If an employee leaves because his or her job has become boring and less meaningful, this reflects a(n) ________ factor.

individual

Which of the following is not a situation that commonly produces workplace conflict?

individual needs being met

Devon enjoys the job that he's been at since graduating from college three years ago. He has a friend who just took a similar position at another firm and the company has an opening that would fit Devon's experience. The company is offering a 20 percent wage increase, as well a leadership role after a three-month training program. When considering this offer, Devon is thinking about ________ factors.

situation

Conflict is the energy created by the perceived gap between what we want and what we're experiencing.

true

In Maslow's need hierarchy, the most basic need (and the one that must be met first) is physiological.

true

It is suspected that judgmental heuristics are partly to blame for inaccurate diagnoses and treatment by physicians and other health care professionals because they don't have the time to consider all of a patient's symptoms.

true

Often, decision makers select the most readily available ideas or solutions. Therefore, they are advised to evaluate a broader set of alternatives.

true

One of the employee characteristics in House's path-goal model is need for achievement.

true

One of the important functions of organizational culture is to facilitate collective commitment.

true

Research has shown that the use of uncooperative styles (dominating and avoiding) actually increases conflict.

true

The sources of creative behaviors are both person and situation factors.

true

Female entrepreneurs looking for funding for their start-ups have an easier time than their male counterparts in obtaining venture capital due to gender bias on the part of investors.

False

Wesley's boss at the Chuck Wagon restaurant expects that he will stay late to clean up the bar areas on Friday and Saturday nights. However, Wesley needs to be home to take over babysitting from his wife, who works a night shift. This is a work-life conflict.

true

Teams composed of specialists from different areas are called virtual teams.

false

________ occurs when an individual is "turned on to one's work because of the positive internal feelings that are generated by doing well."

Intrinsic motivation

________ refers to how long we focus on an activity.

Persistence

__________ is a control mechanism in which organizations make sure that the right people do the right things at the right time.

The hierarchy of authority

To reduce groupthink, someone should be given the role of devil's advocate.

true

Transformational innovations are targeted at creating new markets and customers.

true

The first step in the Reina model for rebuilding trust is to acknowledge what caused trust to be compromised.

true

The statement "A world in which all people's basic needs—such as shelter, clean water, sanitation, food and reliable power—are fulfilled in an environmentally sustainable way and a company that improves the quality of the environment and the communities where we live and work" is an example of a company vision.

true

In which stage of the group development process are group members asking, "How can I best perform my role?"

performing

The four stages of stereotype formation, in order, are categorization, expectations, inferences, and maintenance.

False