MGT 3404 Exam 3
A union may ask an employer for official recognition after at least _______ percent of workers have signed authorization cards.
30
A ____ feedback appraisal is one in which employees are appraised not only by their managerial superiors but also by peers, subordinates, and sometimes clients.
360-degree
Susan has selected several people, including her peers, supervisors, and clients to anonymously evaluate her performance. After the results are tabulated by a computer, Susan will go over them with her manager and put into place a long-term plan for performance goals. This is an example of a ______ assessment.
360-degree
A union election was held by the NLRB at Jaxon Industries, and 130 workers cast votes in the election. How many votes must be cast in favor of the union for the union to be certified as the workers' exclusive representative?
39
In which step of the learning and development process does the employer identify if there are gaps in what new employees need to know and if those gaps can be filled by learning and development?
Assessment
Maria, a senior product manager at Impasse Software, recently retired. Since sales of Maria's primary products have been declining for years, the human resource manager decides not to replace her and instead reassigns all of her subordinates to different departments. What is this an example of?
Attrition
When the conversation with her coworker started to get tense, Mariah announced, "I don't want to talk about it" and left the room. Which conflict-handling style does this demonstrate?
Avoiding
Emotional intelligence reflects the ability to:
Carry out accurate reasoning about emotions, use emotions and emotional knowledge to enhance thought, monitor your and others' feelings and to use this information to guide your thinking and actions
What is the psychological discomfort that people experience when their attitudes and behaviors are incompatible?
Cognitive dissonance
Self-efficacy, self-esteem, locus of control, and emotional stability are traits that make up an individual's ______.
Core self-evaluation
________ teams are designed to include members from different areas within an organization, such as finance, operations, and sales.
Cross-functional
Being placed on suspension or temporary leave as a consequence of poor performance is an example of which human resource management action?
Discipline
_____ is defined as an individual's involvement, satisfaction, and enthusiasm for work.
Employee engagement
The model of motivation called equity theory is based on which of the following ideas?
Employees want to see fairness in how they are rewarded for task performance.
What theory asserts that motivation is essentially a decision about how much effort to exert to get what you want in a particular situation?
Expectancy
Salaried executives, administrative, and professional employees are exempt from over time rules as outlined in the _____.
Fair Labor Standards Act
Jeff works at a manufacturing company. Most of the employees are men. He is worried that the women at his company are promoted because of their gender, not because of their skills or accomplishments. Which barrier to diversity is best exemplified by Jeff's feelings?
Fear of discrimination against majority group members
What is the term for the way individuals perceive their ability to perform across a variety of different situations?
Generalized self-efficacy
Which theory suggests that employees can be motivated by objectives that are specific and challenging but achievable and that have rewards tailored to individual needs?
Goal-setting theory
Marie has been given a goal to sell five cars by the end of the weekend. During the workday, she approaches every potential customer and makes an effort to engage with them and make a sale. When customers seem unsure about buying a car, she points out the car's best features and talks about the great deal she can give the customers if they buy. Marie is demonstrating what motivational mechanism of goal setting?
Goals increase your persistence.
_____ management refers to the activities related to planning for, attracting, developing and retaining an effective workforce.
Human Resource
What is the term for the attitudes or beliefs that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner?
Implicit bias
Which of the following focuses on five core job characteristics that affect the psychological states of an employee, which in turn affect work outcomes?
Job characteristics model
Which of the following would provide the detailed minimum qualifications, knowledge, education, skills, and experience an individual requires in order to perform the job?
Job specification
The theory of motivation that asserts that people are motivated by physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs is ______ theory.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory
The theory of motivation that asserts that achievement, affiliation, and power are the major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace is called ______.
McClelland's acquired needs theory
What makes a self-managed team unique?
Members of the team are given administrative oversight for their task area.
According to the Pew Research Center, which statement is accurate regarding predicted trends in the United States during the next few decades?
More women will continue to be hired for top leadership jobs.
How does McClelland view needs?
Needs are something that we learn from our culture.
Which statement about incentive compensation plans is true?
No one plan will boost the performance of all employees.
During which stage of group development would group cohesiveness be a factor?
Norming
Which of these requires organizations to provide employees with nonhazardous working conditions?
OSH Act
Trisha and her co-worker are making plans about where to go for lunch. Since they are having trouble making a decision, Trisha says, "Look, let's just go wherever you'd like." What conflict-handling style is Trisha demonstrating?
Obliging
What interdisciplinary field is dedicated to understanding and management of people at work?
Organizational behavior
______ is characterized by value-adding behaviors such as making constructive statements about the department, taking a personal interest in the work of others, making suggestions for improvements, and mentoring new employees.
Organizational citizenship
What area of equity theory is concerned with the extent to which people believe they are being treated fairly at work?
Organizational justice
When analyzing the pay scale of her staff, Nanci saw that several equivalent positions in the department were paid at various rates. She felt that they needed to be balanced. Which aspect of equity theory is Nanci taking into consideration?
Outputs
Tyler works for a large financial services firm. Each time he earns a professional certification in his field, he is rewarded with an increase in his salary. Which type of compensation plan does this describe?
Pay for knowledge
Matt is one of those consistently upbeat, optimistic people. He always looks on the bright side of things and sees the glass as half-full rather than half-empty. These characteristics describe Matt's _____.
Personality
Sam and Eric don't get along well because Sam is very rigid and goes "by the book," while Eric is much more likely to bend the rules. This is an example of which type of conflict?
Personality
Merilee is a seamstress in a garment factory, and she is paid $10 for each skirt she produces. What compensation plan does this describe?
Piece rate
Which perspectives on motivation are concerned with the thought progression that leads to people deciding how to act?
Process perspectives
What type of incentive compensation plan involves the distribution of a portion of the company's profits to employees?
Profit sharing
"Consequences influence behavior" best describes which theory of motivation?
Reinforcement theory
According to psychologist Daniel Goleman, what is the most essential trait of emotional intelligence?
Self-awareness
Jordan realized that his bad mood was causing other people in his work group to feel negatively about the project. Which aspect of emotional intelligence is Jordan displaying?
Self-awareness
Even though she had never instructed anyone on how to use the new software, Millicent accepted the responsibility of instructing Sherri because she knew she was capable of doing the job. Which aspect of a core self-evaluation does Millicent's belief represent?
Self-efficacy
Learned helplessness is associated with which facet of a core self-evaluation?
Self-efficacy
Which traits are elements of an individual's core self-evaluation?
Self-efficacy, self-esteem, locus of control, and emotional stability
_____ occurs when people's expectations of themselves lead them to behave in ways that make those expectations come true.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
What Tamika loves about her job is that every day brings new challenges, and she can use different talents and abilities to complete her job tasks. This is an example of which core job characteristic?
Skill variety
Which of the following is an example of quid pro quo sexual harassment?
Sondra's boss tells her, "If you don't go out with me, you could be making a career-limiting decision."
What statement about stretch goals is true?
Stretch goals increase willingness to take risks.
Which core job characteristic describes the extent to which a job requires the worker to perform all of the tasks needed to complete the job from beginning to end?
Task identity
Asked to describe what was most meaningful about his job at the senior citizen center, Marc answered, "I make a difference every day to the lives of elderly people in our community." This is an example of which element of the job characteristics model?
Task significance
Which core job characteristic refers to the degree to which the individual perceives that the job affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside of the organization?
Task significance
Which answer best describes flourishing?
The extent to which our lives contain positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement
the Big Five personality dimensions
The personality dimensions of extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness to experience are referred to as _____.
Personality
The stable psychological traits and behavioral attributes that give a person his or her identity.
Why are objective appraisals harder for employees to challenge legally?
They are not subject to personal bias.
What is true of people who are motivated by the need for achievement?
They want fair and balanced feedback, both negative and positive.
adjourning
This is the final stage, where the work has been completed and the team begins to disband.
forming
This is the first stage, where team members meet for the first time to get organized and acquainted.
performing
This is the fourth stage, where the team focuses its collective effort on completing its tasks.
storming
This second stage is where conflicts among personalities and roles emerge.
Why is it important to manage employees as individuals who have different personalities and circumstances?
To influence the way employees behave
A survey showed that while most employees were pleased with the company's advancement opportunities and merit system, they were dissatisfied with factors such as pay scale and sharing an office with someone they disliked. These results exemplify which theory of motivation?
Two-factor theory
Which assumption about the U.S. workforce is true?
Young college graduates are earning less than they used to.
Leslie likes working on tasks that are challenging but still within her abilities. Leslie is most likely motivated by a need for ______.
achievement
Alisha is irritated when she sees students smoking outside the dormitory. This demonstrates the _____ component of her attitude toward smoking.
affective
In order to achieve equality of opportunity within its organization, Clarkson Company has taken steps such as active recruitment, the elimination of prejudicial interview questions, and establishment of minority hiring goals. Clarkson's efforts can be BEST described as _____.
affirmative action
Peter evaluates his sales staff based upon sales volume and gross margin on each sale. This BEST describes _____.
an objective appraisal
Derrik is the manager of a large restaurant. Three times a week, he shadows his servers to observe their flow of work and see how they service the customer. Derrik is understanding the basic elements of the server's job by participating in job
analysis
All job candidates who are interested in working for Devlin Management must first complete an online form that lists their education, work history, and certifications. This is an example of a(n) ____ form.
application
Labor-management disputes can be settled in three ways: grievance procedures, mediation and _____.
arbitration
The decision made by a(n) _____ in a labor dispute, such as the award of damages, must be honored by both labor and management.
arbitrator
A learned predisposition toward a given object is known as a(n) _________.
attitude
Implicit bias is characterized by the
attitudes and beliefs that we unconsciously hold about groups of people
The activity of inferring causes for observed behavior is known as causal _______.
attribution
The first step in the unionization process is to have workers sign _______ which designate a certain union as the workers' bargaining agent.
authorization cards
A college professor who is required by the department chair to use a certain textbook and has no input into the number or types of assignments given to the class would likely have low ______.
autonomy
Self-_____ is the ability to read your own emotions and accurately assess your moods so that you know how you are affecting others.
awareness
People's values and attitudes affect their workplace _____, which includes their actions and judgments.
behavior
"If I see Ethan cheating on this exam, I'm going to report him to the professor." This is an example of the _____ component of an attitude.
behavioral
During her interview at Masters International, Johanna was asked several questions inquiring about her past job performance, such as "Can you describe what you did the last time a customer became angry with you?" This suggests that Johanna participated in a(n) _______ interview.
behavioral-description
In expectancy theory, expectancy represents the
belief that a particular level of effort will lead to a particular level of performance
Nicole receives ______, such as sick-leave days, vacation days, and free parking, from her employer.
benefits
Elaine surpassed her sales goal and earned a small cash award for her strong performance. This is an example of a ______.
bonus program
Cash awards given to employees who achieve specific performance objectives are called ______.
bonuses
Employees who frequently praise their co-workers, show up for work on time, offer helpful suggestions, and take good care of the company's equipment are demonstrating organizational ______.
citizenship
Team ______ reflects the collection of jobs, personalities, values, knowledge, experience, and skills of team members.
cohesion
The "we feeling" that binds group members together is called group ______.
cohesiveness
The process of negotiation between labor unions and management to resolve disputes concerning benefits, compensation, working conditions, and job security is known as ______.
collective bargaining
The process through which the union and management negotiate pay, benefits and other work terms is _____.
collective bargaining
Louisa is a real estate salesperson. When she sells a house, she earns a sales ______ equal to 6 percent of the sales price of the house.
commission
Task roles focus on behavior that
concentrates on getting the team's tasks done
Connie's team members criticize her for being outspoken and for not keeping them informed of her progress as often as they think she should. The criticism she receives is an example of _____.
conflict
Sources of conflict, such as differences between personalities, groups, or cultures, are called ______.
conflict triggers
According to equity theory, when people believe there is equity, they will ______.
continue their current behavior
A community task force consisting of police officers, emergency service personnel, and other support service staff who work with the public is meeting to determine the best response system for the 911 services of a town. This task force is an example of a(n) ______ team.
cross-functional
Dividing work among employees and applying motivational theories to increase employee satisfaction are the two components of job ______.
design
Job analysis
determines, by observation and analysis, the basic elements of a job.
The method of programmed conflict that assigns a person to the role of critic is known as ______.
devil's advocacy
During an office debate, Jan is assigned the job of voicing possible objections to proposals. The goal is to generate critical thinking and reality testing. Jan is playing the role of ______,
devil's advocate
The process of having two people or groups play opposing roles in a debate to better understand a proposal is known as the ______ method.
dialectic
Sonja was not promoted to the position of manager of the road work crew because her boss doesn't feel that a woman can supervise as well as a man. This an an example of _____.
disparate treatment
An organization's ______ climate is the employees' aggregate "perceptions about the organization's diversity-related formal structure characteristics and informal values."
diversity
The ability to monitor your own feelings and those of others and to use this information to guide your thinking and actions is referred to as _____.
emotional intelligence
The extent to which a person is relatively secure and unworried and how likely she or he is to experience negative emotions under pressure is known as _______.
emotional stability
Self- _______ is defined as the extent to which people like or dislike themselves, or their overall self-evaluation.
esteem
Jaleel believes that if he studies hard for the next test, he will earn a high score. In terms of motivation theory, this is an example of ______.
expectancy
Robert believes that no matter how hard he studies, he will never pass the exam. According to Victor Vroom's theory, Robert has low ______.
expectancy
The weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced is referred to as ______.
extinction
When a supervisor no longer gives bonuses for selling a particular product, employees are less likely to try to sell that product. This is a type of reinforcement called ______.
extinction
Raises and other monetary incentives are examples of ______ rewards.
extrinsic
Sam ranks all of his employees against one another and the grades are distributed highest to lowest. Sam is using a ____ in his review process.
forced ranking performance review system
A group established by an organization to accomplish specific goals is called a(n) ______ group.
formal
Within the first stage of team development, called ______, members get oriented and acquainted with each other.
forming
Maintenance roles focus on behavior that
fosters constructive relationships among team members
The ____________ bias is characterized by the tendency to attribute another person's behavior to their personal characteristics rather than to situational factors.
fundamental attribution
The ______ ceiling is a metaphor for an invisible barrier preventing women and minorities from being promoted to top executive jobs.
glass
A(n) ________ is a complaint by an employee that management has violated the terms of the labor-management agreement.
grievance
A ______ is defined as two or more freely interacting individuals who share collective norms and goals and have a common identity.
group
The economic or protective potential of employee experience, actions, and knowledge is referred to as ______.
human capital
According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, ______ are associated with job dissatisfaction.
hygiene factors
Studies have shown that a conflict-free work group tends to be a(n) _____ work group.
inactive
Samantha is employed as a sales engineer in a large medical products firm. The _______ of her job include commission on the sales she generates, quarterly performance bonuses, and stock options.
incentives
Causal attribution is the act of
inferring causes for observed behavior
A group formed by people seeking friendship that has NO official leader or specific organizational goals is known as a(n) ______ group.
informal
In equity theory, the education, experience, and skills that individuals contribute to their organizations are examples of ______.
inputs
Power that is used as a means to further organizational goals is known as ______ power.
institutional
In expectancy theory, the expectation that successful performance of a task will lead to a desired outcome is called ______.
instrumentality
Jerry is confident in his ability to perform a new set of tasks, but he does not think he will be adequately rewarded for mastering the new knowledge. According to expectancy theory, he has low ______.
instrumentality
Keri is confident that, if she exceeds her sales quota for the year, she will be promoted to regional manager. This is an example of the ______ element of the expectancy theory.
instrumentality
Hourly workers at Brite Electroplating have joined an organization to protect their interests by bargaining with management over job-related issues. This organization is a(n) _____.
labor union
Don was temporarily dismissed from his company because sales are slow. When the situation improves at the company, he will likely be brought back as an employee. This is an example of being _____.
laid off
The debilitating lack of faith in your ability to control your environment is referred to as ______.
learned helplessness
The extent to which people believe that they control their fate through their own efforts is called _____.
locus of control
After William's boss asked him to compile sales figures for the past three years, William pulled together the information and turned it over to his boss. After several days of not getting any feedback from his boss, William worried that he hadn't done a good job in presenting the information. William is demonstrating _____.
low self-esteem
The focus of a ______ role is fostering constructive relationships among team members and keeping the team together as a cohesive whole.
maintenance
To be successful, an incentive compensation plan must be ______.
measurable
The process in which a neutral third party listens to both sides in a dispute and makes suggestions toward an agreeable solution is called the _____ process.
mediation
Pay for performance, basing pay on one's results, is also known as ______ pay.
merit
The use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior is called behavior ______.
modification
The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are collectively called ______.
motivation
Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called ______.
needs
"I'll take out the garbage," Jan tells husband. "Just stop bugging me about it." This situation exemplifies ______.
negative reinforcement
According to reinforcement theory, turning in your monthly expense report on time so that your supervisor will not nag you for it is an example of ______.
negative reinforcement
During the ______ stage of team development, conflicts are resolved, close relationships develop, and unity and harmony emerge.
norming
Performance appraisals that are based on facts and are often numerical are referred to as _______ appraisals.
objective
Patrick's company allows employees to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price. This is referred to as a stock ______.
option
When Keisha started her new job, she went through ______ to help her transition and fit smoothly into the job and organization. The company is small so this process consisted primarily of employees welcoming her, "showing her the ropes," and inviting her to the annual picnic that was coming up soon.
orientation
The process of interpreting and understanding one's environment is called ______.
perception
The continuous cycle of improving job performance through defining performance, monitoring and evaluating performance, reviewing performance, and providing consequences is known as _____.
performance management
According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, ______ power is expressed in an individual's desire to dominate others.
personal
Contingency factors refer to the degree to which individuals want ______.
personal and psychological development
A pay-for-performance plan in which employees are paid according to their productivity is referred to as ______.
piece rate
Your professor awards five bonus points for coming to class on time. This is an example of ______.
positive reinforcement
According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, a "control freak" might be described as an individual with normal achievement needs, a low level of affiliation needs, and a very high level of ______ needs.
power
Organizational behavior is a field of study that explains and ______ behavior.
predicts
The distribution to employees of a percentage of the company's profits is known as ______.
profit sharing
Jonathan manages a team that has to decide whether to pursue a new business opportunity in Japan. He splits the team into opposing sides and has them engage in role-playing to help them consider the decision from multiple perspectives. This is an example of ______ conflict.
programmed
The action by which workers vote on whether to accept or reject the terms of the contract negotiated by the union after collective bargaining is called __________.
ratification
As the human resource manager for her firm, Candace is responsible for identifying and attracting qualified applicants for available positions within the organization. This role is known as _____.
recruiting
Sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made from their sales in the form of a ______.
sales commission
When Joe screens job applicants to ensure that he hires the most qualified candidate, he is performing the human resource function known as the ______ process.
selection
Teams with administrative oversight of their task domains are known as ______ teams.
self-managed
An aspect of emotional intelligence that involves the ability to control one's emotions and act with honesty and integrity in reliable and adaptable ways is called _____.
self-management
Jeanine's motto is "Check your bad mood at the office door." Even if she's tired or upset, she makes an effort every day to control her emotions in the workplace. This is an example of which component of emotional intelligence?
self-management
Angela's boss has repeatedly asked her to go out with him and has suggested that her repeated refusals may negatively impact her next performance review. Angela's boss is guilty of _____.
sexual harassment
During his interview, Mike is repeatedly given hypothetical scenarios and asked how he would respond. This is an example of the ________ type of structured interview.
situational
According to the job characteristics model, the extent to which a job requires the job holder to use a wide range of different talents and abilities is known as ______.
skill variety
Job _______ describes the minimum qualifications a person must have to perform the job successfully.
specification
A team in the middle of the ______ stage of team development experiences individual conflicts and the emergence of individual personalities within the group.
storming
Developing a systematic, comprehensive strategy for understanding current employee needs and predicting future employee needs is referred to as ____ human resource planning.
strategic
A goal that goes beyond what a person is actually expected to achieve is a ______ goal.
stretch
The self-serving bias is characterized by the tendency to
take more personal responsibility for success than for failure.
Jakob thought he would enjoy his job as a web designer, but it turns out that he is responsible only for updating web pages and not for creating them, too. According to the jobs characteristics model, Jakob has low ______.
task identity
Within a team, individuals tend to assume either a ______ role based on the expectations of the team, the organization, or themselves.
task or maintenance
A(n) ______ role concentrates on keeping the team on track and getting the work done.
task-oriented
A small group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable is known as a ______.
team
The CEO of Widgets, Inc., must decide whether to take the company public. To better understand the potential advantages and disadvantages of the idea, she divides an upper management team into two groups to play opposing roles in a debate. This process is known as ______.
the dialectic method
Cognitive dissonance is defined as
the psychological discomfort a person experiences between his or her cognitive attitude and incompatible behavior.
When an employee abandons, resigns, retires, or is terminated from a job, we say that _______ has occurred.
turnover
Team performance improves when members demonstrate a high tolerance for ______ during the forming and storming stages.
uncertainty
While it provides a more accurate assessment of an applicant's job-related personality characteristics, the ______ has been criticized as being overly subjective and more prone to interviewer bias. In addition, its format can cause legal trouble because some questions may be unrelated to the job.
unstructured interview
Abstract ideals that guide a person's thinking and behavior in all situations are called ______.
values
According to psychologist Martin Seligman, the combined effect of positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement constitutes ______.
well-being
One survey found that about half of U.S. adults would be willing to take a 10% pay cut if it meant ______.
working at a job they found meaningful