MGT 434 CHAPTER 8 (TECHNOLOGY BASED TRAINING METHODS)

Electronic Performance Support Systems (EPSS)

Electronic infrastructure that captures, stores, and distributes knowledge throughout an organization Enhances performance in the fastest time possible with minimal support

Pros of AR

Employees can interact with experts and specializes They can view live learning feeds They can access real time content while working AR is useful for showing employees what they should do instead of simply telling them Allows employees to have access to the most recent content without having to interrupt their work completely AR can support other learning methods

Technology's Influence...

Employees have greater control over when and where they receive training Employees have increased access to knowledge and expert learning systems Use of avatars, virtual reality, and simulations make training "real" Employees can choose the form of media they like to learn best Administration of training can be conducted electronically Training accomplishments are easily monitored Training can easily be delivered to trainees

Time and Space for Learning

Ensure employees are given time and space for online learning Managers need to give employees time into their schedules from training, and employees need to Schedule training time away from distractions employees should not be required to fit online learning into already busy schedules

Needs Assessment

Evaluate if the organization has the technological infrastructure to deliver training, provide learning resources, and offer technical support Do you have the money to buy the technological infrastructure? Are you committed to the necessary spending to build and support technology infrastructure for these types of learning? Also assess if trainees possess the skills needed for online learning

When should technology be used?

When there is an adequate budget and resources When trainees are geographically dispersed and travel costs would be high When trainees are comfortable with using technology When use of technology fits with the organizational culture and business strategy When employees would have a difficult time attending traditional/classroom/face-to-face training

Games and Simulations

Can facilitate learning in many respects Make learning fun Can have leader boards so users compete Uses competitiveness to increase motivation Can create levels so that users must show their mastery of prerequisite knowledge and skills before they move on to more challenging content

Blended Learning

Combines online learning, face to face instruction, and other methods Offers the positive features of face-to-face instruction and technology based delivery while minimizing the negative features of each

Cons of AR

Companies must put a lot of money towards it (it is $1,000 to $3,000 for each headset or pair of AR glasses) AR uses a bright screen display so it cannot be worn outside AR uses a lot of power so battery life is a concern Users may experience nausea and dizziness problems while using AR

Features of Online Learning

Content may include text, video, graphics, and sound Collaboration and sharing can help reinforce content Resources can be linked to allow trainees to access other training methods/electronic performance support Learners control what, when, and with whom they learn (but trainers should have some control to make sure trainees actually learn and change behavior) delivery methods may include Internet, Intranet (websites controlled by company), distance learning, and CDROM Online administration for enrollment, monitoring, and trainee progress

Pros of MOOCs

Decreased cost Accessible Diverse topics Engaging short lectures combined with interaction Emphasizes application of learning (role place, cases, and projects) May offer college credit and certificate of completion

Cons of using Mobile Technology and Learning

Developers must consider the mobile device operating systems that trainees have access to Trainees may be distracted by texts, phone calls, and alerts on their devices Trainees may be reluctant to use mobile learning if they feel they lack the skills needed Text and video may be hard to see on smart phones

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Development of a system such as a computer, computer-controlled robot, or software that thinks intelligently like humans AI mimics how we reason, make decisions, ask questions, and determine value

Repurposing

Directly translating a face-to-face program to an online format This should be avoided because it decreased interaction and leads to ineffective training This is unfortunately what we have had to do for many UA classes due to COVID

Learner Control...

Do not allow trainees to control the amount of feedback they receive Provide practice repeatedly Allow trainees to control the sequence to receive instruction (but do not allow them to skip instruction) Promote self-check self regulation

What are some Technology based learning methods?

E-Learning Webcasts Podcasts Mobile Learning Blended Learning Wikis Distance Learning Social Media Shared Workspaces RSS Feeds (news feeds) Blogs Microblogs Chat Rooms Discussion Boards MOOCs (massive online courses) Adaptive Training Machine Learning Augmented Reality Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Some Training Statistics

15% of training hours are delivered in a virtual classroom and 31% delivered online 41% of learning hours involve technology based training methods 86% of companies are using learning management systems 54% of large companies deliver training online vs. 27%of small companies

Flipped Classroom

A popular application of Blended Learning Classroom is designed for interaction and application while lecturing occurs online (this is flipped from what normally happens)

Chatbot

AI systems that create automated personalized conversations with human users

Machine Learning

AI systems that learn

Augmented Reality (AR)

Allows trainees to see the physical world around them, but their view includes virtual media AR brings digital elements into the physical world to enhance the information and context that people experience AR is different from VR (Virtual Reality) since AR actually keeps the physical reality

Creating a Learning Environment...

Include visuals and text Explain complex visuals with audio or text but not both Omit extraneous visuals, words, and sounds Engage learners through conversational language agents Explain key concepts prior to full instruction Provide prompt for self-check/self-regulation Provide content in short sequences Connect modules to engage learners Provide exercises that parallel the work environment Distribute exercises within and among modules Provide explanations to responses on quizzes and exercises

Dynamic Learning

Increased interaction between learners and content, trainers, and other learners Trainers serve more as resources and coaches Experts and resources become part of the learning environment Increased training in social media (creative interactive learning sessions) Increased training via games and exercises

Cons of MOOCs

Participation tends to drop off after 2 weeks Completion rates are low (most students who do complete courses don't take credential exam) May not be appropriate for courses where synchronous collaboration is needed

Technology Support is needed when...

Performance is infrequent Task is time consuming and difficult Consequences of errors are severe Information and procedures change frequently Employee turnover is high Little time and few resources for training are present Employees are responsible for their learning and performance

MOOCs

Massive open online courses designed to enroll large numbers of learners which are free and accessible to anyone with internet access Now, there are more companies working with MOOCs to design custom courses

Pros of Games and Simulations

No need for a centralized training location, meaningful and engaging content is present, provides a consistent message, can put employees in situations that would be dangerous in real life, and can yield positive results in a short period of time

Asynchronous

Nonreal time interactions Learners access information and resources when they desire them Ex: MGT 437 online class

Compared to Pure Technology Learning, Blended Learning...

Offers more face to face social interaction Ensures instruction is presented in a dedicated learning environment Provides live feedback (preferred to feedback received only online)

Online Effectiveness...

Online is more effective than face to face (like classroom techniques) for Declarative Knowledge (principles, concepts, facts, textbooks, school) Online and classroom are equally effective for Procedural Knowledge (proving by showing ability to do something that is requested) Learners are equally satisfied with online and classroom instructions Online is better than classroom learning of long courses when the learner can be inc control, and practice, and get feedback when they choose Online and classroom learning are equally effective when using similar methods THOSE WHO BENEFIT MOST ARE THE ONES WHO DEVOT MORE TIME TO LEARNING (ONLINE LEARNING AND LEARNING IN GENERAL WILL NOT BE EFFECTIVE FOR THOSE THAT HAVE LOW SELF EFFICACY OR HAVE LOW MOTIVATION)

Expert Systems

Organize and apply knowledge of experts to specific problems Used when problems and decisions exceed decisions within an employee's skill set Help employees make sense of difficult conditions and keep track of tasks that need to be completed Include a knowledge base of facts, figures, and rules Have decision making capability that draws conclusions from information to solve problems User interface fathers and give information to the user

Uses for Social Media in Training...

Provide links to resources, webinars, videos, and articles Help determine future training needs and issues by using tagging capabilities Reinforce and sustain learning Use as a coaching and mentoring tool Link learners before, during, and after formal training event Engages Gen X, Millennials, and Gen Z Provide content before a face to face learning event Link learners and build communities of learning before, during and after training Share and create videos Allow multiple workers to edit documents at the same time Helps learners identify who has the expertise they need and gain access to SMEs

Compared to Classroom Learning, Blended Learning...

Provides increased learner control Allows for self-directedness Requires learners to take more responsibility Better for teaching Declarative Knowledge

The best type of training for each situation...

Simulations, Games, and Adaptive Processes are best for complex processes Online Training and MOOCs are best to learn facts, figures, cognitive strategies, and interpersonal skills Online Training and Simulations are good for exercising interpersonal skills Mobile Learning helps drill facts Mobile Learning and Social Media help provide supplemental info

Learning Management System (LMS)

Technology platforms that automate the administration, development, and delivery of all a company's training programs Centralizes the management of learning activities, track regulatory compliance, measure training usage, assess employee performance, and determine training needs (Gap Analysis)

Some helpful guidelines for developing a Virtual Classroom...

Test technology before the first class Design short modules and assignments Make learning interactive and interesting Include media such as video and audio Limit classroom size to 25 or less Offer learners multiple ways of interacting with others

Cons of Games and Simulations

There are high costs to develop games and simulations, there is an absence of human contact, it can be difficult for first time users, and not all users will take them seriously

Mobile Technology and Learning

This is phones and tablets You can use this to learn anytime and anywhere It is an easy way to communicate up to date information to employees Useful to enhance transfer of learning by including follow ups Brings training to employees who are mobile Learners complete training on their own time and pace Allows employees to generate content by creating videos, taking photos, or recording an interview and sharing these with others Using mobile devices for learning appeals to the younger Millennial and Gen Z generations

Interactive Spreadsheet

Trainees are given a set of business tools and make decisions with them Ex: like Excel Spreadsheets

Branching Stories

Trainees are presented with a story, make decisions, and progress based on the decision

Virtual Learning

Trainees interact with a computerized representation of the job

Game Based

Trainees play a video game to learn

Synchronous

Trainers, experts, and learners interact live and in real time Ex: our MGT 433 and MGT 434 classes

Adaptive Training

Training that customizes content based on the trainees' learning style, ability, personality, or performance Includes variety, difficulty, and sequencing for different learners Instruction changes based on the trainees' scores on assessments completed

Distance Learning

Used by geographically dispersed companies to train and exchange information Can include Teleconferencing (synchronous exchange of audio, video, and text between 2 or more individuals or groups at 2 or more locations) or Individualized Personal Computer Based Training (trainees participating wherever they have access to a computer)

Rapid Prototyping

Used to design a program An iterative process where initial design ideas are proposed and provided in rough form in an online working prototype (then reviewed and refined over time) The goal is to provide time and space for learners to train and transfer knowledge