MGT414 Exam 3
African American Income
Three tiers: - Middle Class (⅓) - Underclass (⅓); 27% are in poverty (3 times Euro Americans - 10%) - In-Between (⅓) Ratio of African American: White - .64:$1 Median household income: $35, 575 (all races is $52,029) Professional Occupations - 32% of African American Women (5.2% of management) - 22% of African American Men
Asian American / Pacific Islanders under 25000
True
The term 'Latino Americans' refers to:
US residents whose culture
Which groups are considered Southwest Asians:
Vietnamese, Laotians and Cambodians
Asian American subgroup - Korean
Well educated and higher incomes Most of first immigrants were Christian Buddhism, Confucianism, Shamanism Myths: - Koreans belong to Asian religions - Most Korean Americans are rich, stingy, suspicious, store owners Values: - Inner feelings, mood - Non-persons (people that don't follow basic rules of social interaction; "not worthy of much consideration") - Use of names- first name not used casually - Flattery and patience - Strong sense of status-hierarchy, high power distance
Hispanics growth rate
- 60% each decade from 1970-2000 - 43% from 2000-2010 - Younger than average american - Total population numbers is largest of any group (% growth is behind Asian Americans) - Central-South American (16%) - Puerto Rican (9%) - Cuba (3%) - Mexico (68%) - Other (4%)
Slavery history
1615 - 1865: Slavery was occuring 1619: First Slaves 1776: African Americans were designated ⅗ human 1784: Thomas Jefferson tried to abolish 1787: slavery abolished North of Ohio River 1805: Northern movement to abolish slavery began 1808: Importation illegal, still smuggling through Florida 1821: Stopped smuggling through Florida 1830s: Underground Railroad (Harriett Tubman) 1863: Emancipation Proclamation (Abe Lincoln) - abolish slavery 1865: End of slavery (North & South) - 13th and 14th Amendments - African Americans were still discriminated against and disadvantaged
Asian American income
49% management, professional jobs 22% in sales and office 17% in service 10% in production/transportation Average Net worth: $78,000 60% owned own home (higher than other minorities, lower than euro-american) Home value was $200,000 (Euro: $120,000) Poverty Rate: 12% (10% for Euro-American & 15% for America) 4% of business are owned by Asian Americans
African American education
81% - 25+ with high school diploma - High school completion rate rose from 51% (1980) - 79% (2000) 1.4 million - 25+ with advanced degree 3.2 million - College students - College enrollment increased 1.5 times *Intellectual achievement depends on socioeconomic status*
The Black Wall Street
A race riot in Tulsa, OK led to Greenwood (aka "Black Wall Street") being burned to the ground Black man tripped in an elevator and grabbed a white woman to steady himself and she screamed → false rape accusation Brushed under the rug: white people ashamed, black people angry and resentful Reparations not supported, insurance claims denied Took 80 years to even get an official apology from City of Tulsa
AA - Legal
Affirmative Action: Executive Order 11246 - Overseen by the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) - Prohibits any federally funded businesses (contractors and subcontractors) from discrimination on the basis of race, religion, sex, color, and national origin - Federally funded contractors and subcontractors with 50 or more employees who received $50,000 or more in federal funding are required to develop a written AAP Affirmative Action: Section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 - Prohibits federal contractors and subcontractors from discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all aspects of employment including recruitment, hiring, promotions, retention, promotion and hiring practices
Slavery background
African Americans were viewed as breeders During the first 250 years as a nation, Africans were bought and sold as commodities on a slave market This created a caste system that still feels the effects today Most (92%) of African Americans lived in the south (95% were slaves) Slaves provided labor for reasig cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar, and kempt They received no education and were told they couldn't care for themselves
Asian American stereotypes
Asian Americans tend to retain their foreign ways so it's difficult for them to fit in (discriminatory laws were actually what separated them) Asian Americans are unemotional and inscrutable Asian Americans are too passive and polite to be good managers Asian Americans have learned how to make it in American Society by working hard and being thrifty: "model minority" - Sets up unrealistic expectations of performance and assumes they have no social issues, etc. Asian Americans have communication problems Asian Americans are good in technical occupations, but they don't have leadership potential Asian Americans know about all things Asian
Common threads of patterns of Asian American cultures include:
Avoidance of open conflict
Latino American subgroup - Others
Central Americans (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua) South Americans (Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Chile) Dominican Americans (Dominican Republic)
Hispanics values
Closeness to Spiritual World (Catholic, fate, etc.) - Celebrate afterlife - Catholic (62%); Protestant (20%) - more switching lately A Sense of Destiny of Fatalism - Less likely to believe they are in control of future Hierarchy and Status - Accept one's place; upper or lower class - Showing respect - Accepting the powerful superior - Power Distance - Trusting the government Expressing Emotions or the Passion Factor - Fully experience feelings; very important Up Close and Personal Time (Mannana) - Future is indefinite - Focus more on the present moment - In business: time is same as Euro-Americans, but time is different in social interactions (less time focus) Adopting the American Dream - Believe life in US is better than life at home - Follow rules and try to do the right things Others - Speak indirectly, high sensitivity to criticism, saying hello and goodbye to all present, reluctance to self disclose, etc.
Asian American culture
Collectivist Worldview - Confucianism Principles Value context over individual Improvement comes with education, hard work, and and thrift No common language or religion Family, community, and patriotic duty comes before all else
Article: A Report on the Status of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Education: Beyond the "Model Minority" StereotypeBy S.J. Lee and K. Kumashiro
Content: various groups and sub-group, populations, wages/income, education, . Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) one of fastest growing groups in US "Model Minority" stereotype- academic, social, and economic success - Erases differences - Diverts attention away from racial inequities AAPIs face - Used as a political weapon against other groups of color Asian Indians have highest levels of economic and educational attainment, educational attainment for East and South Asians is high, relatively low for Pacific Islanders and Southeast Asians Other main stereotype: "perpetual foreigner" Rigid gender roles in AAPI communities
Asian American subgroup - Hmong Hill Tribes of Laos
Culture: strong family/clan/tribe system, large families, male dominance, veneration of elders Household is the primary unit; 5-10 households = clan; 3-4 clans = tribe Location: California, Minnesota, Wisconsin Education: most challenges, but succeeding fast
Euro Americans justified slavery primarily by:
Denying the humanness of African Americans
Asian American subgroup - Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders
Education: not as great as rest of group From: Hawaii & Pacific Islands (Guam, Samoa) Most difficulty adjusting (from rural to high-tech culture) Common Issues: - Education and skills gap -Loss of status by people who were leaders in the islands - Low wages and high expenses - Role and identity problems - Islander stereotype: exotic, romantic, heavy-drinking revelers - Stereotyped and Asians though very different patterns Values: - Strong family ties - Helping one another
AA misconceptions
Employers are no longer required to submit AA Plan (AAP) when the state banned AA - Employers receiving federal funds or doing business with the federal government are required to adhere Affirmative Action Companies are required to establish quotas - Quotas are illegal, but encouraged to establish goals supporting equal employment opportunities for everyone in workplace
Euro-American Guest Speaker
Euro-Americans are individualists, masculine culture, low power distance Euro-American term encompasses many different cultures Euro-Americans are seen as less welcoming than other people in the workplace
When it comes to expressing their emotions, the Latino culture encourages:
Expressing feelings, especially passion and caring
Hispanics culture
Focus on family, ingroup loyalty and getting along with family and ingroup persons Strong focus on ethnic heritage High power distance Masculinity Risk avoidance
Asian American education
Higher achievement than most 50% had bachelor's degree or higher (28% for all Americans) 20% had graduate or professional degrees (10% for all Americans)
Asian Americans: Doing Business in India Guest Speaker
Hinduism largest religion, Islam largest minority religion, Christianity is minority religion - Religion is part of family and cultural experience India most populous democracy in the world- 1.2 billion people 2 federal languages- Hindi and English; 16 state languages - English language education had a big impact on economy Every state has own federal holidays- impacts economic activity Weddings are a very big deal Growing middle class- spend more money than traditional Asian value of saving/frugality Great income inequality in India IT and agriculture main industries Key Values: traditional caste system, fatalism, collectivism Diverse, hierarchal, patriarchal society Biggest points of a woman's life: marriage, birth of 1st child, death - Widows not treated well - Want a boy because then the wealth stays with the family, no dowry - Divorce- disgrace failure - Arranged marriage Very hard-working people; expected to excel at everything Indian/Asian culture impacting Western culture and vice versa Domestic violence and familial violence an issue Culture: -Relationship over transaction - Concept/value of time- punctuality not valued - Hospitality - Vegetarianism and not drinking alcohol - Family is center of cultural life - Education and marriage Asian American Values: - Self-control/discipline - Obedience to authority - Humility
Asian American subgroup - Chinese American
History: Came for the goldmines; labor was treated unfairly; 1980s move to the suburbs → "miniature Chinatowns" Identity Crisis: 1 group adapting to American culture (educated, affluent); the other continuing on Chinese tradition (largely uneducated, not affluent) Education: Receive many more college and graduate degrees Income: more hold white collar jobs and make more money (69,000:50,000) Largest group of Asian Americans
Hispanics issues
How to overcome segregation and discrimination - Always have menial and dirty jobs in workforce - Rural areas - Don't participate much in elections; doesn't like govt. How to improve their knowledge and skill - Learning English - Getting proper education How to improve their workplace status - Low income; no upward mobility How to overcome immigration backlash
Developemnt of AA Plans
Introduction - Begins with the overall description of the organization, background, history, and the overall mission and vision of the organization as linked to the AAP - Organization develop two separate plans for minorities and women and for veterans - AAP must facilitate inspection upon request during normal business hours to any applicant, employee, or stakeholders Commitment to Equal Employment Opportunity - The organization is required to clearly state its commitment as an equal opportunity employer by listing the organization's policy statement on AA and EEO - The organization defines its commitment to EEO policy and clearly states its plans to disseminate its EEO policy both internally (president, department heads, managers, and HR) and externally (Vendors, suppliers, and subcontractors) Integrated Post secondary Education Data System (IPEDS) - Data that are collected and utilized in the development of the Affirmative Action plans - Data are collected from institutions that participates in the federal student financial aid programs through IPEDS
Asian American Subgroup - Japanese American
Largest group at first, now smallest Location: CA at first, now all over Myths: - Japanese Americans are greedy and acquisitive. - Japanese Americans are prejudiced toward African Americans. Put in concentration camps during WWII Culture: - Self-confidence - Sympathy - Fun-loving - Pride in Work/craftmanship
Asian American Subgroup - Vietnamese
Largest subgroup of Southeast Asian Americans Mainly in California; San Jose, CA has highest proportion Status obtained through age and education more than wealth Worldview: - Humans good, but corruptible - Humans should harmonize with nature - Past orientation - Value attachment to a place, ancestral land - Value process of being/becoming, mutual dependence, connectedness
Hispanics stereotypes
Latino Americans are too passive, polite, and lacking in conviction to be good leaders in the workplace - Focuses on style, not substance Latino Americans are too emotional and excitable to be leaders - They express their emotions differently than Euro-Americans - Focuses on style, not substance Latino American men are macho, the women easily intimidated - These roles are changing - Own brand of patriarchy - quick knife is based off of a gang (a small minority in the culture, not majority) Latino American workers are qualified only for menial jobs (aka: can't speak english well, only menial skills, no productive) - They are diverse; some are more educated than Euro-Americans - Most have a strong "get it done" work attitude - Manana doesn't mean do it tomorrow and procrastinate; means get it done
Asian American subgroup - Cambodian Americans
Location: CA (Long Beach) Most Buddhist Majority arrived in US during early 1980s
Latino American subgorup - Mexican Americans
Location: Los Angeles (1), Houston (2) Income: $38,0000 Poverty Rate: 28% Culture: - Ethnicity is very important (Spanish Language esp) - Family & Ingroup Loyalty - Changing Male-Female Dynamics - Religion (Catholicism, Aztecs, Mayan) Immigrant Issues: - Legal Guestworker Program - Illegal Mexican immigrants - Children of immigrants Workplace Issues: - Autocratic yet paternalistic management style - Greater social and professional distance between supervisors and subordinates - Centralized, undemocratic decision-making - More collectivist than US- team spirit, greater respect and sensitivity - Masculinity: strong work ethic, sexual harassment and discrimination common in Mexico, glass ceiling for Mexican women in managerial roles
Latino American subgroup - Puerto Rican Americans
Location: New York City (1), Philadelphia (2), Florida (3) Education: greater than average Latino Americans Largest group who speaks english well Relatively low incomes and high poverty rates, but improving Issues: - Prejudice and discrimination- mainland US culture very different than Puerto Rican island culture - Breaking out of poverty and gaining skills
Hispanics
Make up 14% of the workforce (2000) - 16% in America Most think of themselves as Mexican Americans or place of origin - From Mexico or one of the 7 Central American nations or 13 South American Nations or 25 Caribbean nations or other islands (pg. 210) Most live in West and South - New York, Los Angeles, San Antonio, Chicago, Phoenix, El Paso, Dallas, San Diego, San Francisco
African Americans
Make up 25% of the population (14% of workplace) 57% live in South; 20% in Midwest; 20% in Northeast; <10% in West
Latino American subgroup - Cuban Americans
Many Cubans came to the US when Fidel Castro came to power 63% foreign born Best educated and most affluent Earn higher incomes generally Location: Miami, FL (1); New York (2) Revitalized Miami- "Little Havana", "new capital city of Latin America"
Asian American subgroup - Southeast Asian
Many political refugees due to Vietnam war Mainly in California (West) Include Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos Education: not as advanced, but working on it Income: generally higher than average Culture: - Need for a cohesive ethnic community - Responsibility, discipline, hard work - Value education and facing adversity with courage and stoicism
Asian american key issues
Model Minority: A mixed blessing - Increased job opportunities - Showcases cultural strengths - Under-represented in mgmt positions as people associate them with technology roles only - They work more hours on average - Overlooks underlying problems - Personal issues of trying to live up to the standards Male-Female Dynamics - Women and men hold similar traditional roles - Women are seen as incapable and lazy (exact opposite) University Education - Getting into top universities Discrimination and Hate Crimes - Asian cultures still see this as a huge problem
African American communication style tends to be:
More animated, interpersonal and confrontational than Euro American style
African American culture
More confrontational - use direct approach to solving problems Focus on rhythms and patterns (better at oral exams) Expression of feelings
African American stereotypes
More violent Less intelligent than others (don't perform well on tests) Lazy and irresponsible Blame everyone else for problems Resentful troublemakers Prefer to live on welfare
Asian American Subgroup - Loation
Most emigrated in 1970s and 1980s because of communist insurgency Ethnic majority: Lowland Lao
Asian American subgroup - Asian Indians
Most highly educated U.S group; highest median income Engineering and technology; managerial-professional employment category Trained in India Predominant Religion: Hinduism Values: - Family and friends - Punctuality - No accidents, all things interrelated - Don't address people by first name - Public displays of affection are inappropriate - Women's status is low
Hispanics income
Most work in lower paying jobs (40%) 15% are in management or professional occupations Men work in lower paying categories (services, etc.) Women work in lower paying categories (services), but ⅓ are in sales jobs, which are better paying Average Income: $38,000 - 28% poverty rate
Hispanics education
Much lower than other groups 63% hold high school diplomas (87% for US) - Drop out is 18% (8% for US) 14% hold university degrees (30% for US) 4% hold graduate degrees (10% for US)
Most Puerto Ricans reside in:
New York
AA Problems and Challenges
Only 15% of the total U.S. faculty in colleges and universities were minority faculties With all things being equal, women make 6% less and minorities make 8% less than white men Higher education institutions are faced with many challenges in recruiting a diverse faculty workforce - Ineffective recruitment efforts - Lack of pipeline and partnerships with the K-12 system - Lack of effective admissions policies - Lack of clear hiring standards Shortage of faculty of color is due to the low numbers of doctoral students in higher education - The lack of academic pipelines is one explanation given for the underrepresentation of minority faculty in higher education - A degree from a prestigious institution is most likely to result in employment at a prestigious institution Even in fields where there is a large pool of faculty of color, faculty demographics are not diverse - Recruitment and hiring policies and procedures are ineffective in reaching out in diverse job posting sources for attracting qualified faculty of color in higher education - Post-secondary institutions have the ultimate control over who eventually makes it to the faculty ranks
LGBTQ Guest Speakers
Passing privilege Trans-inclusive healthcare Take discrimination/harassment/microaggressions seriously in HR Educate yourself before asking people to educate you LGBTQ inclusive leads to better culture Give people benefit of doubt and recognize own biases Hire gay, trans, etc. people despite "good fit" cop-out Unemployment higher for queer people, and higher for trans people, and even higher for trans POC Employee resource groups; inclusive internal and external communications; housing and benefits; name-change policies Instructor-led training more effective than e-learning for diversity topics Need good processes along with good policies
Purpose of AA
Prevent discrimination and promote equal employment opportunities Identify where underutilization of minorities and women in the workplace is prevalent Set goals to fill the shortages by creating a diverse workforce
Asian American values
Putting Group Concerns before individual desires - Expressing compassion - Fitting in - Walking the talk Promoting Group Harmony - Avoids personal confrontation, saying "no", and giving others unpleasant messages, very indirect - Modesty and humility Accepting Status Differences within the Hierarchy - Respecting roles and positions Revering Education, Thrift and Hard work Communicating Indirectly, vaguely, silently - Being direct may seem insulting (all should know shortcuts) - Avoid open conflict and preserving harmony - Saying no is an insult
Typical cultural value of Filipino Americans is:
Putting family first
Asian American subgroup - Filipino American
Second largest Asian American subgroup; 65% foreign-born immigrants Education: have more education than average American Income: highest employment of any group Lowest rate of poverty Highest number of family working Culture: - Family first - Respecting elders and authority - Cooperating - Maintaining face and avoiding shame - Hospitality, repaying generosity, meeting obligations - Indirect communication - Expression of feelings - Use of time → relaxed view of time - View of nature (humans apart of it)
After Slavery - Separate, but Equal
Segregation was de facto in North and legal in South 1896: Separate, but equal laws were constitutional 1909: NAACP became first African American organization to fight for rights Jim Crow Laws practices 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson: upheld separate, but equal 1954: Brown v Board of Education: separate, but equal is unconstitutional 1960s: Civil Rights Movement
African American values
Sharing and Interrelating Expressing Personal Style and Uniqueness Being Real and Genuine Being Assertive Expressing Feelings Bouncing Back
To most African Americans, being assertive is a key symbol of:
Standing up for yourself
Asian Americans growth rate
fastest growing group with 7 major subgroups (4 times national growth rate of 10%) - asian arabs fastest growing at 70% - japanese american decreased by 6% - subgroups: vietnam (10%), korean (9%), japan (8%), other (17%), india (16%), philippines (18%) and china (22%) they are relatively young with larger families and tend to live longer lives
Asian Americans
make up less than 6% of the population (5.6%)
most typical stereotype that asian americans deal with?
model minority stereotype - expectations that they are all smart, wealthy, hard working, submissive and never in need of assistance
multicultural
the most effective approach to managing diversity
