Micro 2320 CH1

In the five kingdoms system of classification, eukaryotic organisms are found in which kingdoms?

*Animals *Plants *Protista *Fungi

Select the contributions of Robert Koch.

*Established postulates to verify the germ theory of disease. *Confirmed the bacterial cause of anthrax

Out of the answers given, choose the most general and the most specific level in the hierarchy of classification.

*Species *Kingdom

The binomial system of nomenclature assigns ______ names to each organism.

2

Illustrate the scientific method by putting these statements in order, starting with the first process at the top. 1. an experiment is conducted to test the hypothesis 2. the scientist develops an explanation known as a hypothesis 3. analysis leads to either rejection or support of hypothesis 4. a phenomenon is observed in the natural world

4.2.1.3

What is a helminth?

A parasitic worm

What is a virion?

A virus particle that is not inside of a host cell

Which defines spontaneous generation?

Abiogenesis

The Dutch linen merchant who developed a large collection of single-lens microscopes in the late 1600s that he used to view microbes was ______.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

The three domains of the Woese-Fox system include the true bacteria in Domain Bacteria, the extreme microbes in Domain

Archaea Eukarya

What is nomenclature?

Assigning names to organisms

For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, what is the species name?

Aureus

Which microbe(s) do NOT have a true nucleus?

Bacteria

Which type(s) of microorganisms have cells that do NOT contain organelles?

Bacteria and Archaea

Designing organisms in the industrial setting that can provide human products through genetic engineering or clean up environmental waste through bioremediation is part of the subdiscipline of microbiology referred to as ____.

Biotechnology

Which two scientists provided evidence about microbial heat-resistance and the presence of endospores?

Cohn Tyndall

What is the role of restriction enzymes?

Cut DNA in specific ways

____ is the breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be directed back into the natural cycle of living things.

Decomposition

A(n) ___ ninfectious disease, such as SARS or viral encephalitis, is a newly identified infectious disease that is becoming more prominent.

Emerging

______ diseases are those which are newly identified and becoming more prominent.

Emerging

Genetic ____ , or recombinant DNA technology, is a method of deliberately modifying the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products.

Engineering

For the organism Escherichia coli, what is the genus name?

Escherichia

The cells of which microorganisms contain organelles?

Eukaryotes

Which cell type is generally larger in size?

Eukaryotic cells

The theory of ___ states that living things change gradually over time through natural selection.

Evolution

True or false: A sterile environment is free of actively growing cells and microorganisms, but may contain viruses or dormant life forms such as endospores.

False

True or false: A virus is a cellular agent that possesses membrane-bound organelles.

False

True or false: Semmelweis first promoted the use of disinfecting agents during surgery, such as the spraying of phenol in the operating room.

False

True or false: Staphylococcus aureus is the correct way to write this organism's binomial name when used in a scientific journal article.

False

True or false: Viruses are considered living organisms and are classified under the Woese system as members of the domain Archaea.

False

Which two of the following groups of organisms arguably play the greatest role in biological decomposition?

Fungi Bacteria

What technology involves the deliberate modification of the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products?

Genetic engineering

The term ___ refers to a parasitic invertebrate such as a worm.

Helminth

Which scientist established a connection between infections in the maternity ward and physicians with unwashed hands coming directly from autopsies?

Ignaz Semmelweis

The process of discovering general principles by examining specific cases through experimentation and data analysis is termed

Inductive

Which is the most inclusive (in regards to the number of different organisms) level of classification in the five kingdoms system?

Kingdom

List these levels in the hierarchy of classification from most general to most specific, starting with most general at the top. Instructions

Kingdom Class Family Genus Species

Who established the four postulates to verify the germ theory and developed many of the laboratory techniques still used in microbiology labs today?

Koch

Who first promoted the use of disinfecting agents in surgical operating rooms?

Lister

The scientist who helped disprove the belief in spontaneous generation by designing a long, bent "swan neck" for his flasks was ______.

Louis Pasteur

_____ is a specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification.

Microbiology

____is a specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification.

Microbiology

Microscopic organisms are only visible with the aid of a ____.

Microscope

The development of the ___ established the science of microbiology by providing a means by which microorganisms could be viewed.

Microscope

In the 1600s, van Leeuwenhoek developed a large collection of single-lens

Microscopes

In the earlier five kingdoms system of classification, bacteria and archaea were both contained in the kingdom ___.

Monera

______ microbes that are associated with humans cause no harm.

Most

___ is the term applied to the method of assigning a scientific or specific name to an organism, whereas taxonomy involves the organization of these named organisms.

Nomenclature

A(n) ___ is any small, membrane-bound component found inside of an eukaryotic cell.

Organelle

Louis ____ developed methods of making dairy products safer and the formation of beer and wine using microbes.

Pasteur

Who developed techniques for handling liquids (such as beer, wine and milk) and also completed studies on infectious disease agents?

Pasteur

A(n) ____ is the general term used to refer to any disease-causing microorganism.

Pathogen

In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as ______.

Pathogens

Which process uses the sun's energy to produce organic compounds and ATP from carbon dioxide and water?

Photosynthesis

____ is the light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material.

Photosynthesis

Which were the five kingdoms in the earlier system of classification?

Plantae Protista Animalia Fungi Monera

In the five kingdoms system of classification, algae and protozoa are both members of Kingdom ___.

Protista

Which microbes have a true nucleus?

Protists Yeast

Small pieces of ______ are now known to be responsible for precise regulation of cells, and these may be a target for future antimicrobial therapy.

RNA

What was the contribution of Cohn and Tyndall?

Recognized the existence of heat-resistant microbes and endospores

What is the role of small RNAs?

Regulate cell activities

Which is true regarding scientific names?

Scientific names are italicized in printed documents.

An environment or material that is completely free of all life forms (including spores) and virus particles is referred to as

Sterile

Which event helped establish the science of microbiology?

The development of the microscope

All ______ are microorganisms, but not all ______ are microorganisms.

bacteria; eukaryotes

In the ___ system of nomenclature, organisms are assigned and identified by a two-word name representing the genus and species names.

binomial naming

The use of general principles to explain specific observations is called ______ reasoning.

deductive

The use of general principles to make decisions about specific situations is the use of ___ reasoning, which we all use to make everyday decisions in life.

deductive

For human health and well-being, it is important to have a ______ microbiota.

diverse

As indicated by their names, Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium perfringens are different species within the same ____.

genus

For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus represents the ___ level of classification.

genus

Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are bacteria that share the same ______.

genus

The discovery of general principles by examining specific cases is referred to as ______ reasoning.

inductive

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is important in classification because it ______.

is a valuable indicator of evolutionary relatedness

All of the following are true statements about the human microbiome EXCEPT ______.

it regularly causes disease

All bacteria would be placed into the same ___ , called Monera; this is one of five groupings in the five kingdoms system of classification.

kingdom

The scientific ____ is a systematic pursuit of knowledge that involves observation, hypothesis formation and testing, and the collection of data.

method

The sum total of all the microbes in a certain environment is its ______.

microbiome

The principle of evolution states that living things change gradually over time through ______.

natural selection

Small, membrane-bound components found inside of a eukaryotic cell, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, are referred to as ______.

organelles

Microbiology involves the study of microscopic organisms or agents, including ______.

protozoa archaea helminths bacteria fungi viruses

Tuberculosis is an older disease but its prevalence has been increasing in recent years; therefore, this disease is sometimes referred to as a(n) ____ disease.

reemerging

Older diseases that are experiencing recent increases in prevalence are referred to as ______.

reemerging diseases

The discovery of "molecular scissors" called __________ __________ has led to great advances in the field of genetic engineering by allowing microbiologists to isolate specific pieces of DNA for transfer into other cells.

restriction enzymes

The analysis of ______ RNA, which is highly conserved among organisms, is a valuable indicator of evolutionary relatedness.

ribosomal

For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, aureus represents the ___ level of classification which is the most specific grouping of organisms.

species

John Needham, Louis Pasteur, and other scientists all performed experiments to disprove ______.

spontaneous generation

The concept of living things arising from vital forces in nonliving or decomposing materials was known as ______.

spontaneous generation

An environment or material that is completely free of all life forms (including spores) and virus particles is referred to as ____.

sterile

When not present in a host, an individual virus is referred to as a(n) ___ , or virus particle.

virion

What is biotechnology?

The use of microbes or their products for commercial or industrial purposes

True or false: Generally, eukaryotic microbes are larger than bacteria.

True

True or false: Lister first promoted the use of disinfecting agents prior to surgery.

True

True or false: Not all eukaryotes are microorganisms.

True

A ___ is a pathogen that must use an infected host cell's genetic and metabolic machinery for reproduction and assembly.

Virus

A(n) ___ is a microscopic agent, which is not cellular (acellular) and is composed of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat.

Virus

This image represents which type of microbe?

Virus

What uses an infected host cell's genetic and metabolic machinery for reproduction and assembly?

Virus

The structures indicated by the arrows in this figure are representative of different types of ___.

Viruses

Which of the following is not true regarding viruses?

Viruses are eukaryotic.