micro bio chap 23

True or false: Outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis are limited to AIDS patients and others who have immunodeficiency.

False

Escherichia coli strains are ______.

Gram-negative rods able to ferment lactose closely related to Shigella species

Which of the following are signs and symptoms of Helicobacter pylori gastritis?

Infections often asymptomatic, but peptic ulcers can cause abdominal pain, tenderness, and bleeding

The lower digestive system includes which of the following structures?

Large intestine Pancreas Liver Small intestine

Cells of the villi of the small intestine are lined with tiny cytoplasmic projections called _______.

Microvilli

Which of the following is the most common source of viral gastroenteritis in the United states?

Norovirus

The incidence of hepatitis A is much lower today than it was in 1995 because ______.

an effective vaccine is now available

An estimated 1.2 million cases of Salmonella gastroenteritis occur in the United States each year, with 400 deaths. The pathogen in these cases, Salmonella enterica, is typically acquired from ______.

animal sources

Most infections with Helicobacter pylori ______.

are asymptomatic

After attaching to the epithelial cell, an STEC cell injects effector proteins into it. These proteins rearrange the actin cytoskeleton, forming pedestal-like structure under the bacterial cell. This characteristic diarrhea-inducing damage is referred to as ______ and (A/E) _________ lesions.

attaching effacing

A common method for the isolation of intestinal bacteria is the addition of ______ salts to the medium.

bile

Hepatitis B _______.

can become chronic, especially in infants and children

The throbbing pain of a toothache is often the first symptom of dental _______

caries

Scarring of the liver is called

cirrhosis

What is the most widespread and chronic infectious disease?

dental carles

the most common chronic disease is ______ _____, or tooth decay

dental carles

Colonization of the tooth surface by bacteria results in a biofilm that is called ______.

dental plaque

Cholera causes a(n) _________ so severe that it can be fatal within hours.

diarrhea

Cholera is potentially fatal because of ______.

diarrhea

Clostridioides difficile is particularly a problem in healthcare settings, where it is the most common cause of ______.

diarrhea

The main purpose of the ______ system is to convert the food we eat into a form that the body's cells can use for energy and raw materials for growth.

digestive

Although most are harmless, certain strains of E. coli produce different virulence factors that allow them to cause infections of the ______.

digestive tract urinary tract meninges

Diarrheal diseases that are accompanied by blood and pus in the feces are referred to as what?

dysentery

The presence of blood and pus in the feces is a condition known as

dysentery

Typhoid and paratyphoid _________ fevers are examples of fevers, systemic diseases that originate in the intestine.

enteric

Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are called ______ fevers.

enteric

Salmonella gastroenteritis is caused by numerous serotypes of Salmonella _______.

enterica

The risk of contracting hepatitis C virus (HCV) from blood transfusion is ______ because of effective screening of donated blood and blood products.

extremely low

Produced by the liver, bile salts aid in ______.

fat absorption

Escherichia coli is closely related to Shigella species. Most strains ______, an easily observable trait that distinguishes them from Shigella species.

ferment lactose

Common names for herpes simplex labialis include ______.

fever blisters cold sores

Which of the following are signs and symptoms of mumps?

fever, headache, loss of appetite; painful swelling of parotid gland(s); meningitis can occur; miscarriage in some pregnancies

Inflammation of the stomach is called ______.

gastritis

Diarrheal diseases are referred to as ______.

gastroenteritis

Physicians often refer to diarrheal diseases as "stomach flu" or _____

gastroenteritis

One of the most commonly identified waterborne illness in the United States is ______.

giardiasis

All of the following are common modes of transmission of the hepatitis C virus EXCEPT ______.

hand shaking

Inflammation of the liver is called

hepatitis

Cold sores and fever blisters are other names for oral _______

herpes

Most cases of viral gastroenteritis in ______ and ______ around the world are caused by rotaviruses.

infants children

Hepatitis A, formerly called _______ hepatitis, is _______ by vaccination.

infectious; preventable

What are the A/E lesions produced by some pathovars of E. coli?

intestinal damage characterized by pedestals that form under bacterial cells as a result of induced actin rearrangement in the intestinal cell

Cryptosporidiosis ______.

is a common waterborne illness

Campylobacteriosis is a diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Campylobacter _____

jejuni

Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the _______.

liver

Which of the following is not a component of the upper digestive system?

liver

Persons suffering from chronic hepatitis B infection can develop ______.

liver cancer liver failure cirrhosis

An elderly patient diagnosed with mumps complains of headache and stiff neck in addition to painful swelling of the parotid glands. These symptoms are indicative of ______.

meningitis

Giardiasis can be contracted from which of the following?

mountain streams chlorinated but unfiltered city water person-to-person contact

ANUG is an acronym for acute ____ ________ gingivitis, a severe and acute condition seen in methamphetamine users and certain other groups.

necrotizing ulcerative

Which of the following are signs and symptoms of dental caries?

none until advanced disease, then roughness, discoloration, broken tooth, throbbing pain

In the United States, viral gastroenteritis is most often caused by

norovirus

Relatively few microbes reside in the upper small intestine because ______.

of the flushing action of rapidly passing digestive juices

Bacterial infections of the teeth and gums ______.

often go unnoticed for years because they arise slowly

Which of the following are viral diseases of the upper digestive system?

oral herpes mumps

The mumps virus characteristically attacks the _______ glands.

parotid

Mumps is an acute viral infection that primarily affects the ______.

parotid glands

Accumulation of ______ along the gum line can result in periodontal disease.

plaque

Periodontal disease often results from _______ accumulation in regions where the gum line joins the tooth.

plaque

The biofilm that is formed by the colonization of the tooth surface by bacteria is called dental _______

plaque

Amebiasis is caused by the _______ Entamoeba histolytica.

protozoan

The _______ disease cyclosporiasis first came to medical attention in the ______.

protozoan; late 1980s

Despite the availability of a vaccine starting in 2006, most cases of viral gastroenteritis in infants and children around the world are caused by ______, resulting in more than 200,000 deaths each year.

rotaviruses

Cyclosporiasis is characterized by ______.

severe diarrhea

Globally, the occurrence of shigellosis is most common in areas that lack adequate ________ treatment.

sewage

Shigellosis is most commonly found in areas that are lacking in adequate ______.

sewage treatment

Nutrients from food are primarily absorbed in the _______ intestine.

small

Absorption of nutrients and fluids is a major role of the ______.

small intestine

Which of the following is not a component of the lower digestive system?

stomach

True or false: Some studies suggest that chronic gum infections contribute to arterial disease and rheumatoid arthritis.

true

True or false: The main purpose of the digestive system is to convert the food we eat into a form that the body's cells can use for energy and raw materials for growth

true

True or false: Unlike hepatitis A virus, which is passed via the fecal-oral route, hepatitis B virus is transmitted through contact with body fluids.

true

The surface area of the small intestine is increased by the abundance of small, finger-like projections called ______.

villi

Oral herpes and mumps are examples of _______.

viral diseases of the upper digestive system.

The causative agent of campylobacteriosis is

Campylobacter jejuni

______ has been recognized as a cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea for many years, but the severity of the symptoms and the number of outbreaks have been increasing since the early 2000s.

Clostridioides difficile

The incubation period of hepatitis B is _______.

2 to 5 months

The severe, acute form of periodontitis shown here is called _________.

ANUG

Which of the following are used by the immune system to actively monitor the microbial population in the small intestine?

Dendritic cells Peyer's patches M cells

Which of the following can be caused by different strains of E. coli?

Digestive system infections Septicemia Meningitis Urinary system infections

What is the causative agent of amebiasis?

Entamoeba histolytica

the upper digestive system includes which of the following structures?

Esophagus Salivary glands Stomach Mouth