Micro Biology - Chapter 18: Diversity of Microbial Eukarya

Green algae can also be called what?

"chlorophytes"

Red algae can also be called what?

"rhodophytes"

What are algae?

photosynthetic microorganisms that perform photosynthesis but are NOT plants

What is a nucleomorph?

A vestigial (non-functioning; unused) nucleus found between the inner and outer membrane

Haptophytes (one of the 5 supergroup classes of eukarya) is a group of protists that encompasses which subgroup?

Coccolithophores

Haptophytes are a separate and unusual, yet deeply rooted group that has not been considered one of the eukarya 5 supergroups. Which of the following subgroups would be classified in the haptophytes group? a. gymnameobas b. coccolithophores c. chlorarachniophytes d. apicomplexans

B. coccolithophores, is the correct answer.

What unites all eukaryotes?

Complex cell structure and true (membrane-bound) organelles

What are the two types of slime molds (a subgroup of the Amoebozoa supergroup)

Plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds

Which of the 3 classes or microbial eukaryotes (Protists, fungi, or algae) are the organisms classified as alveolata?

Protists

Which of the 3 classes or microbial eukaryotes (Protists, fungi, or algae) are the organisms classified as excavates?

Protists

What is a protist?

any microbial eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungi

Rhizopus stolonifer or "black bread mold", is a nasty fungus that belongs to which of the four fungal groups?

Zygomycota

What is the name of the structural element found in fungal cell walls?

chitin

Fungal hyphae that extend above the surface can produce asexual spores called what?

conidia

Phototrophy

perform photosynthesis; get energy from sunlight

What are the 4 groups of fungi?

1. Microsporidia & Chytridiomycota 2. Mucoromycota & Glomeromycota 3. Ascomycota 4. Basidiomycota

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An A+!

Diatoms are a subgroup of Stramenopiles (one of the 5 eukarya supergroups). Which of the following is NOT true regarding diatoms? a. they are present in all natural water sources b. they are radially and pinnately symmetrical c. they emerged on earth 500,000 years ago d. they live in aqueous environments

C is NOT correct Diatoms emergen on earth 200 million years ago

Basidiomycota belongs to the "Basidiomycota" Fungal group. Which of the following are NOT true regarding basidiomycota? a. they make of the group of recognizable mushrooms, toadstools, and yeasts b. they undergo both vegetative and sexual reproduction c. they are flagellated mounds that move in a "crawl-like" manner

C. is NOT correct

Oomecytes, unlike bacteria, do not have cell walls comprised of chitin. Instead they have cell walls made of what?

Cellulose

Most fungal cell walls are made of what structural element?

Chitin

Diatoms are said to have "pinnate symmetry". What does this mean

It means that for every one element, there is a matching element on the opposite side all the way up and down the object like a ladder

What are the three categories of microbial eukarya?

Protists, fungi, and algae

Symbiosis

Rely on another organism either through mutualism, commensalism, or parasitism

What are hydrogenosomes?

They are anaerobic organelles (and they exist in parabasalids in place of mitochondria)

The last common ancestor (LUCA) had NO mitochondria or chloroplasts. How did the organism get its energy?

Through endosymbiosis

What is primary endosymbiosis?

a cell lives within another cell

What are plasmodial slime molds?

amoeba "supercells" containing many nuclei that inhabit moist soil or decaying vegetation and feed by phagocytosis

What are cellular slime molds?

amoeba that feed as individual cells but can form multicellular aggregates to migrate and disperse spores

What is the name of the bacteria that was able to respire and had been ingested by a eukaryotic cell to derive the mitochondria that we see in eukaryotic cells today?

cyanobacteria

What are apicoplasts?

degenerate (non-working) chloroplasts that have no pigment and lack phototrophic capability

Phagotrophy

eat other cells or detritus (wastes)

What are sporozoites?

spore-like infective agents produced by apicomplexans that are what is introduced into a host cell

How to protists generally get their energy?

Through phagocytosis or through photosynthesis

True or False: Fungi can be pathogenic.

True. Mycoses are diseases caused by fungus, they range from histoplasmosis to "athlete's foot"

What is a kinetoplast?

a network of circular DNA stored in the mitochondria containing copied of the mitochondrial genome

What is a basidium?

a specialized spore-bearing structure that resembles a club and are found on the gills of a mushroom.

Brown algae are a subgroup of Stramenopiles (one of the 5 eukarya supergroups). Which of the following is NOT true regarding brown algae? a. they live in marine environments b. they are multicellular c. they can be brown or green d. they are radially symmetrical

D is NOT correct Brown algae aren't radially symmetrical at all. Diatoms however, are.

Chlorarachniophyta are a subgroup of Rhizaria (one of the 5 eukarya supergroups). Which of the following is NOT true regarding chlorarachniophyta? a. they use flagella b. they are phototrophic c. they contain a nucleomorph d. they are chemotrophic

D is NOT correct Chlorarachniophyta are phototrophic

What is LUCA?

last universal common ancestor

Are algae unicellular or multicellular?

they can be both

Oomecytes are a subgroup of Stramenopiles (one of the 5 eukarya supergroups). Which of the following is NOT true regarding oomecytes? a. they have cell walls made of chitin b. they are also called "water molds" c. they are pathogenic to plants d. they are found in aqueous environments

A is NOT correct Oomecytes have cell walls made of cellulose

Radiolarians are a subgroup of Rhizaria (one of the 5 eukarya supergroups). Which of the following is NOT true regarding radiolarians? a. they have tests made of organic material and then re-enforced with calcium carbonare b. their name comes from the radial symmetry of their tests c. they are mostly marine d. they have tests made of silica

A is NOT correct Radiolarians have tests made of silica. Foraminifera have tests that are made of organic material and re-enforced with calcium carbonate.

Ascomycota belongs to the "Ascomycota" Fungal group. Which of the following are true regarding ascomycota? (Select all that apply) a. 2 haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus b. highly diverse group that includes bakers yeast c. sexual reproduction called mating d. present a phenomenon where cells divide by "budding"

A, B, C, and D are all correct selections.

Archaeplastida include which of the following groups? (Select all that apply) a. Plants b. Red algae c. Green algae d. Ciliates

A, B, and C are all correct answers.

Organisms in the archaeplastida group all share what in common? a. The presence of chloroplasts b. The anerobic characteristic c. Lack of mitochondria

A. The presence of chloroplasts, is the correct answer.

Chytridiomycota belong to the "Microspoidia and Chytridiomycota" Fungal group. Which of the following are NOT true regarding chytridomycota? a. they are found in dry terrestrial environments (eg. desert) b. they can cause infection of the epidermal layers c. they have flagella, which is ideal for dispersal

A. is NOT correct. They are found in moist soil and freshwater environments

Glomeramycota belongs to the "Mycoromycota and Glomeromycota" Fungal group. Which of the following are NOT true regarding glomeramycota? a. they are of the least ecological importance of all fungal groups b. they form endomycorrhizae c. they helped early vascular plants to colonize land

A. is NOT correct. Glomeramycota have major ecological importance.

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AWESOME!

Mitochondria were derived from a bacteria with what special property?

Ability to respire

Saprotrophy

Absorb nutrients from the surrounding environment

Red and Green algae are both mostly marine, but can also be freshwater or terrestrial organisms. Which of the 5 eukarya supergroups might they be found in?

Archaeplastida

What are the 5 supergroups of Eukarya?

Archaeplastida, SAR clade, Excavates, Amoebozoa, and Opisthokonta

Parabasalids are a subgroup of Excavates (one of the 5 eukarya supergroups). Which of the following is NOT true regarding parabasalids? a. they have a parabasal body b. they have structures called mitosomes (reduced mitochondria) c. they lack introns d. they have hydrogenosomes, an anaerobic organelle

B is NOT correct. Diplomads have mitosomes.

Golden algae are a subgroup of Stramenopiles (one of the 5 eukarya supergroups). Which of the following is NOT true regarding golden algae? a. they are also called "chrysophytes" b. they are also called "water molds" c. they are unicellular d. they have two flagella

B is NOT true "Water molds" are another name for oomecytes

Foraminifera are a subgroup of Rhizaria (one of the 5 eukarya supergroups). Which of the following is NOT true regarding foraminifera? a. they are only found in marine environments b. they form shell-like structures called "tests" that are made out of organic material, and re-enforced with calcium carbonate c. they can be found in terrestrial environments AND marine environments d. they do not have tests made of silica, which is the structural element of many other microbial bodies

C is NOT correct Foraminifera can only be found in marine environments

Ciliates are a subgroup of Aveolata (one of the 5 eukarya supergroups). Which of the following is NOT true regarding ciliates? a. they have cilia b. they have 2 nuclei c. they are non-parasitic d. their major genus is paramecium

C is NOT correct. Ciliates can be parasitic

What of the following is the fungus responsible for the massive die-off of amphibian populations? a. microsporidia b. bassidium chytridia c. batrachochytrium

C. Batrachochytrium is the correct answer

Microsporidia belong to the "Microspoidia and Chytridiomycota" Fungal group. Which of the following are NOT true regarding microsporidia? a. they are obligate parasites of a large range of animals b. they have undergone genome reduction allowing them to live outside of the host cell c. they live solely in aqueous marine and freshwater environments

C. is NOT correct.

Zygomycota belongs to the "Mycoromycota and Glomeromycota" Fungal group. Which of the following are NOT true regarding zygomycota? a. they are known for food spoilage b. they form zygospores c. they utilize cilia to aggregate and disperse over rotting food and decaying plant material

C. is NOT correct. zygomycota do not have cilia.

Rhizaria (one of the 5 supergroup classes of eukarya) is a group of protists that encompasses which 3 subgroups?

Chlorarachniophyta, foraminifera, and radiolarians

Alveolata (one of the 5 supergroup classes of eukarya) is a group of protists that encompasses which 3 subgroups?

Ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans

Dinoflagellates are a subgroup of Aveolata (one of the 5 eukarya supergroups). Which of the following is NOT true regarding dinoflagellates? a. they live in aqueous environments b. they have 2 flagellum c. they can be free-living or they can live with corals d. they are an obligate parasite

D is NOT correct Apicomplexans are obligate parasites

Coccolithophores are a subgroup of Haptophytes (one of the 5 eukarya supergroups). Which of the following is NOT true regarding coccolithophores? a. they have the ability to form exoskeleton made of calcite b. they have a major impact on the Earth's carbon cycle c. they have a life cycle that alternates between haploid and diploid d. they are the least abundant unicellular and phototrophic eukaryotes in the ocean

D is NOT correct Coccolithophores are the most abundant and widely distributed unicellular phototrophic eukaryotes in the ocean

Euglenids are a subgroup of Excavates (one of the 5 eukarya supergroups). Which of the following is NOT true regarding euglenids? a. they can obtain their energy by either phototrophic or chemotrophic means b. they are non-pathogenic c. they can perform phagocytosis on bacterial cells d. they lack introns

D is NOT correct. Parabasalids lack introns.

Apicomplexans are a subgroup of Aveolata (one of the 5 eukarya supergroups). Which of the following is NOT true regarding apicomplexans? a. they are an obligate parasite b. they produce sporozoites c. they contain degenerate (non-working) chloroplasts that lack pigment d. their major genus is paramecium

D is NOT correct. Paramecium is the major genus of ciliates

Diplonomads are a subgroup of Excavates (one of the 5 eukarya supergroups). Which of the following is NOT true regarding diplonomads? a. they have 2 nuclei b. they have structures called mitosomes (reduced mitochondria) c. they are pathogenic d. they have hydrogenosomes, an anaerobic organelle

D is NOT true. Parabasalids have hydrogenosomes.

Stramenopiles (one of the 5 supergroup classes of eukarya) is a group of protists that encompasses which 4 subgroups?

Diatoms, oomecytes, golden algae, and brown algae

Excavates (one of the 5 supergroup classes of eukarya) is a group of protists that encompasses which 4 subgroups?

Diplonomads, parabasalids, kinetoplastids, and euglenids

Chitin is the structural element that compose the cell walls of which eukaryotic group?

Fungi

What group of eukaryotes is most closely related to humans?

Fungi

Which fungal group is claimed to have helped early vascular plants colonize land?

Glomeramycota

Amoebozoa (one of the 5 supergroup classes of eukarya) is a group of protists that encompasses which 3 subgroups?

Gymnameobas, entameobas, and slime molds

What essential function is performed by mycorrhizae in association with plants, and what does the plant provide in return?

Mycorrhizae help plants obtain phosphorus and nitrogen, and in return plants provide mycorrhizae with energy

Brown algae and golden algae both have "algae" in their name, but they are not classified as an algae (one of the three groups of microbial eukarya). In which group are they classified?

Protists (weird.. algae are not algae)

Entameobas are a subgroup of Amoebozoa (one of the 5 eukarya supergroups). Which of the following is true regarding entameobas? (one only) a. they use flagella b. they are parasites to vertebrates and to invertebrates c. they are a part of the genus Paramecium

The correct answer is: B. they are parasites to vertebrates and to invertebrates

Slime molds are a subgroup of Amoebozoa (one of the 5 eukarya supergroups). Which of the following are true regarding slime molds? (Select all that apply) a. they were previously grouped with fungi b. they can move across surfaces rapidly c. they are cocclithophores

The correct selections are: a. they were previously grouped with fungi b. they can move across surfaces rapidly

Gymnameobas are a subgroup of Amoebozoa (one of the 5 eukarya supergroups). Which of the following are true regarding gymnameobas? (select all that apply) a. they use flagella b. they are free-living c. they inhabit soil d. they inhabit icelands e. they inhabit aquatic environments f. they have tiny hair-list structures called cilia that allow for motility

The correct selections are: b. they are free-living c. they inhabit soil e. they inhabit aquatic environments

Ciliates have two nuclei: a macronuclei and a micronuclei. When two paramecia (major genus) undergo conjunction, something occurs between their nuclei. What is it?

They exchange micronuclei