Micro Chapter 14

What are small protein molecules that are produced by certain leukocytes and tissue cells in response to viral infection called?

interferons

Which is an insoluble protein that protects skin?

keratin

Filtration of lymphatic fluid occurs primarily in the

lymph nodes

Which of the following are secondary lymphoid organs where encounters with microbes and immune responses take place?

lymph nodes, spleen

Lymph is transported through a system of

lymph vessels

The spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and GALT are all components of the

lymphatic sysem

Organs and tissues of both the circulatory system proper as well as the

lymphatic system comprise the circulatory system

The second most predominant type of leukocyte in circulation is the

lymphocyte

The group of leukocytes that includes B cells, NK cells, and T cells, are known generally as

lymphocytes

Which of the following groups of leukocytes is composed of small spherical cells that are involved in the specific immune response?

lymphocytes

The agranulocytic leukocytes include two general types, the

lymphocytes and monocytes

Which of the following are agranulocytic white blood cells?

lymphocytes, monocytes

Which of the following cell types are NOT involved in the third line of host defense?

mast cells, neutrophils, basophils

All organs and tissues contain a network of fibers and macrophages called the

mononuclear phagocyte system

Body compartments that participate in immune function are the

mononuclear phagocyte system, extracellular fluid, bloodstream, and lymphatic system

Membranes that line the eye and the respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts are moist

mucous membranes

Leukocytes that circulate in the blood in high numbers but spend most of their life in the tissues serving as phagocytes are

neutrophils

Which type of leukocytes have conspicuous, lobed nuclei and fine, pale lavender granules?

neutrophils

Which of the following cell types are the main phagocytic cells of the immune system?

neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells

Erythrocytes transport

oxygen and CO2 to and from tissues

In which of the following locations does hematopoiesis NEVER occur at any time in the human life cycle?

pancreas

In addition to phagocytosis and initiation of inflammation, white blood cells have the capacity to discover foreign substances using surface receptors known as Blank______.

pattern recognition receptors

Inborn, nonspecific defenses include

physical, chemical, and genetic barriers

The fluid portion of the blood that carries proteins, nutrients, and clotting factors, and in which blood cells are normally suspended, is

plasma

A cell that produces and secretes antibodies is a(n)

plasma cell

Which of the following highlights the difference between serum and plasma?

plasma contains clotting proteins, whereas serum does not

Formed elements in the blood that are involved in hemostasis and blood clotting are

platelets

Neutrophils are also called

polymorphonuclear neutrophils or PMNs

innate

present at birth

hematopoiesis

process by which blood cells are formed in bone marrow

characteristics of b lymphocytes

production of antibodies when activated free movement between lymphoid organs and connective tissue maturation in the bone marrow

A circulating chemical substance that resets the control center in the hypothalamus to a higher body temperature setting is a(n)

pyrogen

Microbes are carried into the harsh conditions of the stomach by the constant flow of

saliva

An antimicrobial effect occurs as the result of secretions from

sebaceous glands in the skin

what have antimicrobial effects?

sebum, saliva, tears

An impervious and waterproof barrier to microbes that is a first line of defense is the

skin

Which is NOT lined by moist mucous membranes?

skin

Which of the following is a first line of defense?

skin

The most specific pathogens have specificity for only one

species

Some pathogens are capable of infecting only one host

species, such as humans or cats

An organ that is similar in function to a lymph node except it filters blood instead of lymph is the

spleen

The pluripotent, undifferentiated cells in the bone marrow that give rise to the formed elements are called

stem cells

Microbes can be removed from skin by the flushing effect of

sweat

The main important role of the mononuclear phagocyte system in immune function is:

the provision of a passageway within and between tissues

An external, confluent protective barrier is made up by

the skin

The primary lymphoid organs, sites of lymphocyte formation, are the

thymus gland and bone marrow

The flow of saliva helps to move microbes into the stomach where they can be destroyed by the acidic environment.

true

Accumulation of exudate that gives rise to local swelling and hardness is known as

tumor or edema

The main fluid in plasma is

water

If a sample contains erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended in plasma, the sample is called

whole blood

The liquid connective tissue that consists of cells such as erythrocytes and leukocytes, along with platelets suspended in plasma, is

whole blood

Eosinophils target which of the following?

worms

macrophage functions

- secreting compounds that attract immune system cells - presenting processed antigens to lymphocytes - phagocytosis and killing of foreign cells

Which lines of defense are part of immunology?

2nd and 3rd

The complement system is composed of at least

30 proteins

Lymphocytes are mainly involved in which host defense line?

3rd line of defense

C-reactive protein

A protein produced by the liver that stimulates phagocytosis and promotes the complement system during the inflammatory response

Which associated lymphoid tissue provides immune function against intestinal pathogens and is a significant source of some types of antibodies?

GALT

The associated lymphoid tissue that includes the appendix and Peyer's patches is

GALT - gut associated lymphoid tissue

Organs lined with mucous membranes contain a discrete population of lymphocytes and other white blood cells known as

MALT to respond to the constant influx of microbes through these portals of entry

What is the correct order of circulating leukocytes, from highest to lowest?

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

What is/are the role(s) of the lymph nodes?

Providing sites for immune reactions Provision of immune cells Filtration of lymphatic fluid

Hematopoiesis occurs in which of the following areas at some stage of life?

Red bone marrow Liver Lymphatic organs Yolk sac

Which of the following are functions of the spleen?

Remove worn-out RBCs from circulation Filtration of pathogens from the blood

adaptive

acquired over time

When viewing leukocytes under a light microscope, staining with a hematologic stain produces some cells with granular structures in the cytoplasm. Leukocytes that do not have visible cytoplasmic granules under these conditions are called

agranular

White blood cells with an unlobed, rounded nucleus and the absence of tiny inclusions in their cytoplasm are referred to as Blank______.

agranulocytes

Plasma contains globulin proteins, which include

antibodies

Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific host defense?

antibody production

Chemotactic factors are cytokines that:

attract WBCs to the site of inflammation

Which cell type has a pale-staining, constricted nucleus and contains granules with potent chemical mediators such as histamine?

basophil

Histamine-releasing granulocytic leukocytes include mast cells and

basophils

WBCs that share some morphological and functional similarities with mast cells, and that parallel many of the actions of eosinophils are

basophils

Which motile granulocytes function in inflammatory events and allergies by releasing histamine?

basophils

The system of vessels that transport lymph are built along the lines of

blood vessels

An early indication of inflammation is elevated levels of

c-reactive protein produced by the liver

cell-mediated immunity

direct attack of foreign or abnormal cells by t lymphocytes

Granulocytes that are distinguished in a stain preparation by their larger, orange to red granules and bilobed nucleus are Blank______.

eosinophils

White blood cells that make up 1% to 3% of the total WBC count, and that contain granules with lysozyme, peroxidase, and other digestive enzymes, are

eosinophils

Which of the following are most numerous in circulating blood?

erythrocytes

Which type of pathogens are targeted by eosinophils?

eukaryotes

The structure and position of the body compartments that participate in the immune system, after the formation of immune cells, allows

extensive interchange and communication

Protein-rich fluid that builds up in the extracellular spaces during inflammation is called

exudate

When treated early, chronic inflammation generally resolves within a few weeks or months.

false, chronic inflammation such as arthritis can last years

Which of the following is not found in blood plasma?

formed elements

All three interferons bind to cell surface receptors and induce a change in

gene expression in the target cell, resulting in production of antiviral proteins

Platelets function in which of the following?

hemostasis, inflammation, clotting

Which type of immunity mainly involves the action of B cells?

humoral

Specialized B cells secrete antibodies into the body fluids in

humoral immunity

The study of all features of the body's second and third lines of defense is

immunology

What is the purpose of vasodilation during the inflammatory response?

increases blood flow to injured area

Fever is an increase in body temperature that is associated with:

infection, cancer, allergy

A reaction to any traumatic event in the tissues that attempts to restore homeostasis is

inflammation

Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) responds to microbes entering through which body systems?

Urinary Respiratory Gastrointestinal

Substances that are released by cells in an injured area that act on endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells are called

chemical mediators, cytokines

A system of blood proteins that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism is the

complement system

A chemical substance produced by blood cells and tissue cells that regulates development, inflammation, and immunity is a(n)

cytokines

Which processes physically remove noxious substances or microorganisms from the body?

defecation, vomiting

A line of phagocytic, antigen-presenting cells that are named for their long, thin cell processes are known as

dendritic cells

What is the shedding of the outermost layer of epithelial cells called?

desquamation