Micro: Chapter 16

Which of the following are NOT atopic diseases? - hay fever - food allergies - asthma - eczema

- food allergies

An example of a type III immune complex disease is a. serum sickness b. contact dermatitis c. graft rejection d. atopy

A. serum sickness

The blood type of the universal acceptor is type _______.

AB

Theoretically, type _____ blood can be donated to all persons because it lacks _____. a. AB, antibodies b. O, antigens c. AB, antigens d. O, antibodies

B. O, antigens

Describe the outcomes of transfusing the wrong type of blood.

Blood type must be determined before blood is transfused into a patient to prevent a transfusion reaction. When someone has type A blood (with type A antigens), their plasma has type B antibodies and vice versa. Therefore, a reaction occurs when the antigens on the red blood cells of the donor blood react with the antibodies in the recipient's plasma. For example, if a unit of blood type A (which contains A antigens) is transfused into someone with type B (they have anti-type A antibodies in their blood), a transfusion reaction will occur. When a transfusion reaction does occur, an antibody attaches to antigens on several red blood cells. This causes the red blood cells to clump together and plug up blood vessels. Then the cells are destroyed by the body (a process called hemolysis), releasing hemoglobin from the red blood cells into the blood. Hemoglobin is then broken down into bilirubin, which can cause jaundice. If an emergency blood transfusion is needed and the recipient's blood type is not known, anyone can receive type O- blood. Type O- blood (which has no antigen on its surface) will not react with antibodies in the recipient's plasma. Anyone with type O- blood is called a universal donor. Those with type AB blood (which has no antibodies) are called universal recipients, because their plasma will not react with donated blood.

The direct, immediate cause of allergic symptoms is the action of a. the allergen directly on smooth muscle. b. the allergen on B lymphocytes. c. allergic mediators released from mast cells and basophils d. IgE on smooth muscle.

C. allergic mediators released from mast cells and basophils

The contact with allergen that results in symptoms is called the a. sensitizing dose. b. degranulation dose. c. provocative dose. d. desensitizing dose.

C. provocative dose

Which disease would be most similar to AIDS in its pathology. a. X-linked agammagloblulinemia b. SCID c. ADA deficiency d. DiGeorge syndrome

D. DiGeorge syndrome

Rheumatoid arthritis is an _____ that affects the _____. a. immunodeficiency disease, muscles b. autoimmune disease, nerves c. allergy, cartilage d. autoimmune disease, joints

D. autoimmune disease, joints

B cells are responsible for which allergies? a. asthma b. anaphylaxis c. tuberculin reactions d. both A. and B.

D. both A (asthma) and B (anaphylaxis)

Type II hypersensitivities are due to a. IgE reacting with mast cells. b. activation of cytotoxic T cells. c. IgG-allergen complexes that clog epithelial tissues d. complement-induced lysis of cells in the presence of antibodies.

D. complement-induced lysis of cells in the presence of antibodies

Pollen is which type of allergen? a. contactant b. ingestant c. injectant d. inhalant

D. inhalant

Production of autoantibodies may be due to a. emergence of forbidden clones of B cells. b. production of antibodies against sequestered tissues. c. infection-induced change in receptors. d. possibly all of these.

D. possibly all of these

In _______ syndrome, patients lack cell-mediated immunity.

DiGeorge

T/F: A positive tuberculin skin test is an example of antibody-mediated inflammation.

F: A positive tuberculin skin test is an example of delayed hypersensitivity.

T/F: Contact dermatitis can be caused by proteins found in foods.

F: Contact dermatitis can be caused by chemicals absorbed through the skin.

T/F: In type III hypersensitivities, antigen-antibody complexes are attached to cells.

False; type I bind to mast cells

The thyroid gland is affected in _______ _______.

Graves' disease

The most common infection-induced immunodeficiency is _______.

HIV/AIDS

In multiple sclerosis, autoantibodies attack the _______ _______ surrounding nerve cells.

Myelin Sheath

The blood type of the universal donor is type _______.

O

Patients with _______ _______ _______ lack function of both B and T cells.

Severe Combined Immunodeficiencies

Type IV hypersensitivities are the result of the action of _______ (B/T) cells.

T-cells

The fastest-acting allergic mediator is _______.

T-regulators

T/F: Antibody-mediated degranulation of mast cells is involved in anaphylaxis.

True.

T/F: Rejection of transplanted tissue is dependent on MHC/HLA markers.

True.

T/F: T cells are associated with type IV hypersensitivities.

True.

T/F: Unlike anaphylaxis, serum sickness and the Arthus reaction do not depend on IgE antibodies.

True.

T/F: There are other RBC antigens besides A, B, and AB.

True; Rh or D

Cytotoxic T cells attack insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, causing _______.

Type I diabetes

A number of B-cell immunodeficiencies are linked to the _______ chromosome.

X

In myasthenia gravis, autoantibodies bind to receptors for _______.

acetylcholine

Exposure to poison ivy can result in _______ _______.

contact dermititis

Anaphylaxis is treated with _______.

epinephrene

T/F: Different inflammatory cytokines have similar effects.

false: they have specific targeted responses

A positive tuberculin test is an example of a(n) _______ allergy.

infectious

A _______ is a type of graft from an identical twin.

isograft

Serum sickness and the Arthus reaction depend on _______ (large/small) amounts of antibodies.

large

The Arthus reaction is a _______ (systemic/localized) reaction, while serum sickness is a _______ (systemic/localized) reaction.

localized, systemic.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn can occur when the mother is Rh _______ and the fetus is Rh _______.

mother Rh-; fetus Rh+

To develop an allergy, first there is a _______ dose of allergen.

primary

_______ _______ is an autoimmune disease that attacks the joints.

rheumatoid arthritis

One of the most severe chronic autoimmune diseases is _______ _______ _______.

systemic lupus erythematosus

Type _______ hypersensitivity includes hay fever and asthma.

type I hypersensitivity

A reaction to a blood transfusion is a type _______ hypersensitivity.

type II hypersensitivity

Rheumatoid arthritis is a type _______ hypersensitivity.

type III hypersensitivity

An example of a type _______ is contact dermatitis.

type IV hypersensitivity

Implantation of a swine heart valve is an example of a(n) _______.

xenograft