Micro chapter 3 learn smart assignment

negative; positive

Gram-____ cell walls have less peptidoglycan than Gram-______ cell walls.

wet

Unlike a stained specimen, living moving cells can be observed using a(n) ____ mount.

eukaryote

membrane-bound organelles transform energy

phospholipid, protein

The cytoplasmic membrane is a ____ bilayer embedded with ____.

phospholipid

The cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes is composed of a ____ bilayer embedded with proteins.

secretion or protein secretion

cells use a process called ___ to move certain enzymes and other proteins they synthesize out of the cell.

converting the energy of sunlight or food into ATP

The cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotic cells plays a crucial role in transforming energy. This means that the membrane is directly involved in ______. -contributing phospholipids as the primary energy supply -propelling the cell to an energy source -converting the energy of sunlight or food into ATP

outer membrane

Which of the following is a component of Gram-negative cells but not Gram-positive cells? peptidoglycan cytoplasmic membrane teichoic acid outer membrane

fluorescence microscope

Which of the following microscopes exposes specimens to ultraviolet light and forms an image with the light emitted at a different wavelength? phase-contrast microscope scanning electron microscope bright-field microscope dark-field microscope fluorescence microscope

O2, CO2, water, small hydrophobic compounds

Which of the following molecules can freely pass through the phospholipid bilayer: O2 Water Sugars Ions CO2 amino acids small hydrophobic compounds

golgi apparatus

Which of the following organelles typically receives and then modifies proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum before they are transported to other destinations? Chloroplast Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Lysosome

simple staining

Which of the following staining procedures requires the use of only a single dye? Acid-fast staining Endospore staining Simple staining Gram staining

lipids, proteins

Which two macromolecules are the major components of cell membranes?

bright-field microscope

Which type of microscope transmits a light through a specimen in order to illuminate the field of view evenly? bright-field microscope dark-field microscope phase-contrast microscope

storage granules

______ are accumulations of high-molecular weight polymers synthesized from a nutrient that a cell has in relative excess. Storage granules Bacterial microcompartments Gas vesicles Vacuole regions

lysosomes

_____are membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes, which degrade materials taken up by the cell and participate in autophagy.

prokaryote

cytoplasmic membrane plays a critical role in transforming energy -prokaryote or eukaryote

produce dormant cells called endospores

members of the genera Bacillius and Clostridium___ -are drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens -produce dormant cells called endospores -are the biggest producers of antibiotics

flagella

the motility of bacteria is typically facilitated by long appendages called____

capsule, cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane

the prokaryotic cell envelope consists of which of the following:

transmits light through a specimen

A bright-field microscope ______. -reflects light from a specimen -transmits light through a specimen -transmits light around a specimen

capsule

A distinct and gelatinous layer surrounding a cell is called a ______. capsule biofilm plaque slime layer

lenses

A light microscope uses visible light and a series of ____ to magnify objects.

simple

A procedure that requires the use of a single dye to stain a specimen is called _____staining.

a single, circular chromosome

A typical bacterium possesses ______. multiple, circular chromosomes multiple, linear chromosomes a single, linear chromosome a single, circular chromosome

atomic

A(n) ____ force microscope uses a very sharp scanning probe to produce detailed images of surfaces with a very high resolving power.

ATP; proton motive

Active transport moves compounds against their concentration gradient. The form of energy used for this purpose is either ___ or the ____ ____ force.

cytoplasmic

All cells have a _____ membrane, also called the cell membrane or the plasma membrane.

uses the dye methylene blue

All of the following statements about immunofluorescence are true except one. Which? -uses the dye methylene blue -would require a special UV microscope -makes use of the specificity in binding of antibodies -uses fluorescently tagged molecules -Stained cells often appear bright against a black background.

a

An electron microscope uses a beam of electrons, which is focused by _______ lenses, to generate a magnified image on a _______ screen. a. electromagnetic; fluorescent b.high-resolution glass; fluorescent c.electromagnetic; non-fluorescent d. high-resolution glass; non-fluorescent

mycoplasma; penicillin

Bacteria of the genus _______ do not have cell walls, and so they are naturally resistant to the antibiotic _______. Mycoplasma; penicillin Histoplasma; tetracycline Mycoplasma; tetracycline Histoplasma; penicillin

sunlight

Bacteria use gas vesicles to float to the surface of water to better access _____as a source of energy.

a higher resolving power and does not require special sample preparation

Compared to an electron microscope, the atomic force microscope has ______. -a lower resolving power and requires special sample preparation -a higher resolving power, but requires special sample preparation -a lower resolving power, but does not require special sample preparation -a higher resolving power and does not require special sample preparation

result in bursting of a bacterial cell

Compounds that interfere with the synthesis or structural integrity of peptidoglycan can ______. -interfere with nutrient uptake by a fungal cell -result in bursting of a fungal cell -interfere with nutrient uptake by a bacterial cell -result in bursting of a bacterial cell

endocytosis

Eukaryotic cells use the process of ____ to take in substances too large to move through a transport protein.

granule

Fill in the blank question. If a cell has a nutrient in relative excess, it may accumulate that compound in a storage ____.

bacillus, clostridium

Fill in the blank question. The two most common examples of endospore-forming genera are _____ and _____.

magnification is higher

How do electron microscopes differ from light microscopes? -magnification is higher -glass lenses replace electromagnets -light replaces electrons -resolution is lower

antibody

Immunofluorescence uses a(n) ___ that has a fluorescent compound to tag a specific protein.

shorter but more numerous

In a bacterium, pili are typically _______ than flagella. shorter and less numerous longer and more numerous longer but less numerous shorter but more numerous

80S, 60S

In eukaryotes, a cytoplasmic ribosome is ________ , and is made up of a small 40S subunit and a large _____subunit.

chloroplasts

In plant and algae cells ____, are organelles that contain pigments for photosynthesis.

1,000X

Light microscopes that are routinely used in the laboratory can magnify images about _______. 100X 10,000X 100,000X 1,000X

S-layers

Many members of the Archaea have _____ - ____, which are sheets of flat proteins or glycoprotein subunits.

pseudopeptidoglycan

None of the Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. However, some have a similar molecule called_____.

bacterial

Penicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan, and lysozyme degrades peptidoglycan. Based on this information, you can conclude that penicillin and lysozyme may result in bursting (lysing) of which type of cells? fungal protozoan archaeal bacterial

cell wall/ peptidoglycan layer

Penicillin is ineffective against Mycoplasma species because the organism lacks a rigid ______.

bacteria

Peptidoglycan provides strength to the cell walls of ______. fungi protozoa bacteria archaea

endocytosis

Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are two of the three examples of____

cytoskeleton

Previously it was thought that bacteria lacked a(n) ____, a network of interior proteins that provides support and structure to the eukaryotic cell. Recently though, similar proteins have been characterized in bacteria.

the synthesis of proteins

Ribosomes are directly involved in ______. the synthesis of proteins the breakdown of sugars the synthesis of DNA the breakdown of lipids

some move quickly, some are transparent

Select all that apply Why are cells sometimes difficult to see in a wet mount? Some move quickly. The liquid causes them to swell. Some are transparent. The liquid can make it difficult to focus.

A, B

Select all that apply: Eukaryotic flagella and cilia are ______. A.composed of long microtubules B.flexible structures C.anchored in the outside layer of the cytoplasmic membrane

gas

Small, rigid, protein-bound compartments that provide buoyancy to some aquatic bacterial cells are called ____ vesicles.

slime layer

Some bacteria are covered with a substance that creates a diffuse irregular layer called a

exoenzyme

Some secreted proteins will act as ____ outside of the cell and catalyze the breakdown of large macromolecule

enzymes

Some secreted proteins will act as ____ outside of the cell and catalyze the breakdown of large macromolecules.

requires energy from the cell, moves against the concentration gradient

Suppose that the concentration of an ion is higher in the cytoplasm than in the extracellular environment. If the bacterium wants to bring in more of that ion into the cell, which description best describes this type of transport? -requires no energy usage by the cell, moves with the concentration gradient -requires energy from the cell, moves against the concentration gradient -requires no energy usage by the cell, moves against the concentration gradient -requires energy from the cell, moves with the concentration gradient

positive and negative; cell walls

The Gram stain separates bacteria into two major groups called _______, based on the structure of their _______. -positive and negative; cell membranes -alpha and beta; cell walls -positive and negative; cell walls -alpha and beta; cell membranes

fluorescence

The ____ microscope is a specially modified light microscope that uses an ultraviolet light source.

endoplastic reticulum

The _______ of eukaryotic cells is a complex system of flattened sheets, sacs, and tubes. endoplasmic reticulum peroxisome Golgi apparatus lysosomal complex mitochondria

gram

The ___stain is the most widely used staining procedure for distinguishing different groups of bacteria.

chromosome

The bacterial ____ is typically a single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that contains all of the essential genetic information required by a cell.

a clear area surrounding a cell

The capsule stain shows the capsule as ______. -a pink structure inside a cell -blue structures among a background of pink cells -a clear area surrounding a cell -pink structures surrounding the entire cell

thick layer of peptidoglycan

The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is characterized by ______. thin layer of chitin thin layer of peptidoglycan thick layer of chitin thick layer of peptidoglycan

40S+60S=80s

The eukaryotic ribosome found outside the mitochondria is best described as ______. 30S + 60S = 80S 30S + 50S = 70S 40S + 60S = 80S 30S + 50S = 80S 40S + 60S = 100S

ribosomes

The joining of amino acids to synthesize proteins is facilitated by cytoplasmic structures called_____

nucleus

The most significant structural difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is the presence or absence of a membrane-bound _______ , which contains the genetic material.

peptidoglycan

The strength of the bacterial cell wall is due to the layer of____.

envelope

The surface layers of a prokaryotic cell are collectively referred to as the cell _______. matrix envelope exopolysaccharide capsule wall

flagellum; pili

This micrograph shows the appendages of a bacterium. A = __ and B =___

true

True or false: Although eukaryotic flagella and cilia appear to project out of the cell, they are covered by extensions of the cytoplasmic membrane.

true

True or false: Compounds unique to bacteria or certain other microbial groups can be detected by "alarm systems" in the body.

True

True or false: Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, which contains the cell's genetic information.

d

What collective name is given to the various proteins that criss-cross the cell's interior, hold various organelles in place, enable movement of intracellular structures, and give the cell internal structural integrity? a.Lysosomes b.Cytoplasm c.Golgi d.Cytoskeleton

cytoskeleton

What internal structure helps control cell shape and is involved in cell division? Cytoskeleton Cell wall Inclusion body Cell membrane

degradation

What is the main function of lysosomes? aggregation secretion synthesis degradation motility

flagella

What long protein structures are responsible for most types of prokaryotic motility? Glycocalyx Fimbriae Pili Flagella

wet mount

When observing live organisms, the specimen is prepared with a drop of liquid on which a coverslip has been placed. This is called a ___ ___.

coverslip

When preparing a wet mount specimen for viewing, what should be placed on top of the specimen? a coverslip crystal violet stain clear tissue paper transparent tape another glass slide

nucleus

Where is DNA contained in eukaryotes? nucleus nucleolus nucleoid cytoplasm

golgi apparatus

Which eukaryotic organelle consists of a series of membrane-bound flattened compartments? golgi apparatus peroxisome mitochondrion chloroplast rough endoplasmic reticulum

semi

the cytoplasmic membrane is a(n) ____ permeable barrier of the cell .

prevent cell from bursting

the function of the cell wall is to____

ATP production

what is the principle function of the mitochondria

cell wall

which structure provides strength and rigidity to a cell