Micro - Chapter 8

What is a chromosomes?

- Distinct cellular structure composed of a neatly package DNA molecule - contains Genes

what is an induced mutation

- results from exposure to a known mutagen -Any agent that induces genetic mutation;

what are the four areas that genetics explore?

- transmission of traits from parents to offspring - expression and variation of traits - structure and function of the genetic material and how it it changes

what is transformation?

-This is an indirect process. Factors include Live free donor DNA fragments. -The gene commonly transferred into nature is the polysaccharide capsule

What is transduction?

-This process is also indirect. - Factors also include Donors that are lysed bacterial cell defective bacteriophage that is a carrier of a donor DNA live recipient cell of same species.

What are plasmids?

-small, circular pieces of DNA -replicate independently -not necessarily for survival -carries useful traits

3 categories of genes are:

-structural genes - genes that code RNA machinery - regulatory genes

What is recombination?

A type of genetic transfer in which one bacterium donates DNA to another bacterium

Explain horizontal Gen Transfer

Any transfer of DNA results in organisms Acquiring new genes that did not come directly from parent organisms

What form do most genome exists in?

Chromosomes

What is conjugation?

DNA is transferred by a donor to a recipient cell via a direct connection

what is the F factor?

Donor plasmid that allows synthesis of pilus in bacterial conjugation

What are the locations of genome components?

Exists in chromosomal and nonchromosomal materials

What is the impact on the recipient cell after conjugation is complete?

Some chromosomal genes are transferred to the recipient cells

What is genetics?

Study of inheritance of the living things

examples of induced mutations?

UV lights and X- rays

what is a spontaneous mutation

a mutation in DNA caused by random mistakes in replication and not to be influenced by any mutagenic agent.

What is a genotype?

an organism distinctive genetic makeup

What is a mutation?

any changes to the gene sequence of the genome

These are segments of DNA that have escaped from a lysed bacterial cell and are commonly involved in the transfer of genetic information between cells

chromosomal fragments

This a distinct cellular structure composed of a neatly packaged DNA molecule

chromosome

In bacterial recombination, these require the attachment of two related species an the formation of a bridge that can transports DNA

conjugation

Chromosomes of all cells are divided into basic informational packets called?

genes

Chromosomes of all cells are subdivided into basic informational packets that are called what?

genes

What is the sum total of genetic material of an organism?

genome

the some of all genes constitutes an organisms distinctive genetic makeup, or what?

genotype

the Transfer of DNA that results in organisms acquiring new genes that did not come directly from parent organisms is called?

horizontal gene tranfer

This results from exposures to known mutagens, which are physical or chemical agents that interact with DNA in a disruptive manner- some types of radiation and certain chemicals

induced mutagen

Any change to the nucleotide sequence in the genome is called the?

mutation

Where are the F genes located?

pilus

what are small, circular pieces of DNA that contain their own origin of replication and therefore can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosomes?

plasmids

A type of genetic transfer in which one bacterium donates DNA to another bacterium is known as what?

recombination

This is the random change in the DNA arising from errors in replication that occurs randomly

spontaneous mutation

What is the genome of an organism?

sum total of genetic material

What is a phenotype?

the expression of the genotype creating the traits of an organism

in bacterial recombination, this involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another via a bacterial virus

transduction

In bacterial recombination, this involves the transfer of naked DNA and requires no special vehicle

transformation