micro final
ulcers
open sores
22.11. Describe some distinguishing characteristics and commonalities seen in helminthic infections.
symptoms resemble other diseases, seen in blood counts, adaptive
23.02. List the natural defenses present in the genitourinary tracts.
Mucous secretions Flushing action of urine Desquamation of the epithelial cells Acidity of urine Antibacterial proteins in urine - lysozyme and lactoferrin Secretory IgA
21.02. List the natural defenses present in the respiratory tract.
Nasal Hair: trap particles Cilia: on the epithelium trachea and bronchi propel particles upward and out of the respiratory tract. Mucus: on the surface of the mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract is a natural trap for invading microorganisms. involuntary responses such as: coughing, sneezing, and swallowing can move them out of sensitive areas. Second and third lines of defense also help protect the respiratory tract. Complement action in the lungs helps to protect against invading pathogens, and increased levels of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides further reduce the ability of microbes to cause disease. Macrophages inhabit the alveoli of the lungs and the clusters of lymphoid tissue (tonsils) in the throat. Secretory IgA that targets specific pathogens can be found in the mucus secretions as well.
23.13. Identify the most important risk group for group B Streptococcus infection.
10 to 40 percent of women are infected and when they become pregnant half of them pass it along to their infants
ANUG (acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis)
Acute infection and ulceration of the marginal and interproximal gingival tissue.
21.12. Compare and contrast antigenic drift and antigenic shift in influenza viruses.
Antigenic Drift: Mutation of genes, Altered binding by antibodies, slower process Antigenic shift: Gene reassortment, Coinfections, Rapid Process
22.06. Name nine bacterial and three non bacterial causes of acute diarrhea and identify the most common cause of food born illness in the United States.
Bacterial: salmonella, shigella, shiga toxin producing E.Coli, other E.Coli, Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile, vibrio cholerae, Non-cholera vibrio species Nonbacterial: cryptosporidium, rotavirus, norovirus Food born Illness: Nonvirueses, salmonella, C.Perfringens, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus Aureus
23.04. Summarize how the microbiome of the female reproductive tract changes over time.
Before puberty and after menopause the PH of the vagina is close to neutral and the biota is similar to that of the urethra. After puberty estrogen releases glycogen causing an acidic PH. Psychical and chemical barriers select growth for lactobacillus species which contribute to a low PH balance converting sugars to acids. Their predominance in the vagina, combined with the acidic environment, discourages the growth of many microorganisms and actually plays a major role in developing the overall composition of the vaginal biota.
21.08. Describe the symptoms appearing in each stage of whooping cough.
Catarrhal Stage: common cold symptoms most notable runny nose Paroxysmal: severe and uncontrollable cough Convalescent period: decreasing bacteria and no longer ongoing symptoms
23.08. Identify which of the preceding conditions can cause disease through vertical transmission (from mom to baby).
Chlamydia Gonorrhea Syphilis Chancroid Herpes Group B Streptococcus Colonization
21.04. List the possible causative agents, modes of transmission, and prevention for each of the diseases of the upper respiratory tract: the common cold, sinusitis, otitis media, pharyngitis, and diphtheria.
Common Cold: Virulence: 200 different kinds of viruses/ Transmission:droplet contact, indirect contact through fomites, airborne virus in aerosols and droplet nuclei infecting respiratory system/ Prevention: no vaccine, normal hygiene procedures Sinusitis: Virulence: different viruses, Bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum, and Haemophilus influenzae. chronic sinusitis, Fungi: Aspergillus fumigatus, Bipolaris, Aspergillus, Mucor,/ Transmission: Direct contact, indirect contact, Endogenous (opportunism), Introduction by trauma or opportunistic overgrowth/ Prevention: Hygiene Otitis Media: Virulence: Many different viruses and bacteria, Fungus: Candida, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae/ Transmission: Endogenous (upper respiratory)/ Prevention: Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13), Hib Vaccine Pharyngitis: Virulence: LTA, M Proteins, Hyaluronic Acid Capsule, SLS and SLO, Superantigens, Induction of Autoimmunity, Invasiveness, Endotoxins/ Transmission: Droplet or direct contact, Usually Endogenous, all forms of contact/ Prevention: Hygiene Practices Diphtheria: Virulence: LTA, M. protein Hyaluronic Acid Capsule, SLS and Slo, Superantigens, Induction of autoimmunity/ Transmission: Droplet Contact, Direct Contact or Indirect Contact with Contaminated Fomites/ Prevention: Diphtheria toxoid vaccine (part of DTAP, Tdap, DT, and Td)
23.05. List the most likely causative agent for each type of urinary tract infection discussed in the PowerPoints.
Cystitis: common bladder inflammation - E. coli is most common cause Urethritis: inflammation of the urethra - Many possible organisms Pyelonephritis: kidney infections - E. coli is most common cause
22.05. List the possible causative agents for the following infectious gastrointestinal conditions: dental caries, periodontal diseases, NUG, mumps, and gastric ulcers.
Dental Caries: A polymicrobial mixture of acid-producing bacteria Periodontal diseases: polymicrobial community including some or all of Tannerella forsythia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, others, Polymicrobial community (treponema vincentii, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium species)
22.09. Identify three causative agents for chronic diarrhea.
Enteroaggregative E.coli, Cyclospora Cayetanensis, Giardia Lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica
21.19. Outline the chain of transmission of the causative agent of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.
Hantavirus is transmitted via airborne dust contaminated with the urine, feces, or saliva of infected rodents. Deer mice and other rodents can harbor one of the multiple strains of hantavirus identified throughout the world today, exhibiting few apparent symptoms.
21.18. List the distinguishing characteristics of healthcare-associated pneumonia compared to community-acquired pneumonia.
Healthcare- associated pneumonia: About 1% of hospitalized or institutionalized people develop pneumonia. Most often associated with mechanical ventilation via endotracheal or tracheostomy tube 30 - 50% mortality rate
22.02. List the defenses present in the gastrointestinal tract.
Heavy Load of Mucus - discourages adherence of microorganisms Peristalsis - keep things moving, including microorganisms HCl - Low pH Bile acids - antimicrobial Saliva Digestive enzymes - lysozyme, lactoferrin, pepsin GALT (Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissues) - tonsils, appendix, adenoids all contain immune system cells Secretory IgA - coats most surfaces Commensal organisms - microbial antagonism
22.10. Differentiate among the main types of hepatitis and discuss causative agents, modes of transmission, prevention, and possible outcomes of each.
Hepatitis A: far milder and shorter term than the other forms, Either subclinical or vague, flu like symptoms, Not oncogenic (no cancer)/ Causative agents: hepatitis a or e viruses/ Transmission: Fecal-oral, vehicle/ Prevention: Hep a vaccine, combined HAV, HAB vaccine/ o Hepatitis B: May include fever, chills, malaise, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and nausea/ Causative agents: Hepatitis B virus/ Transmission: parenteral (blood contact) direct contact (especially sexual) vertical/ Prevention: HBV recombinant vaccine Hepatitis C: Most common cause of liver cancer in the United States (worldwide is HEP B)/ Causative Agents: Hepatitis C virus/ Transmission: Parenteral (blood contact), vertical/ Prevention: none
HPV vaccine
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV2, HPV4) - -Three doses should be given over a 6 month -interval for females at 11 to 12 years of age (minimum age is 9 years). -The second dose should be administered 2 months after the first dose, and the third dose should be administered 6 months after the first dose. -HPV4 may be given to males starting at age 9 years of age.
23.09. Distinguish between vaginitis and vaginosis.
Infection called vaginosis rather than vaginitis because inflammation in the vagina does not occur Vaginosis is said to be caused by a mixed infection, has a fishy discharge and Not sexually transmitted but possibly influenced by sexual activity
23.10. Summarize important aspects of prostatitis.
Inflammation of the prostate gland, caused by GI tract bacteria Acute or chronic, both forms are bacterial with chronic forms often being caused by biofilms - resistance to antibiotic therapy Patients very ill with acute form
21.17. Identify three important causes of serious community-acquired pneumonia.
Legionella pneumonia: opportunistic, usually affecting elderly people Histoplasmosis: systemic form, usually deadly in AIDs patients/ defective cell mediated immunity Pneumocystis jirovecii: most frequent opportunistic infection in AIDs patients
22.16. Describe the type of disease caused by Trichinella species.
Life cycle spent entirely within the body of a mammalian host Human eats undercooked pork or bear; cyst envelope digested in the stomach and small intestine, and larvae is liberated Final development occurs when the coiled larvae are encysted in the skeletal muscle Symptoms may be unnoticeable or life-threatening, depending on how many larvae were ingested
23.03. List the types of normal biota presently known to occupy the genitourinary tracts of both male and female that we stressed in the PowerPoints.
Male: Nonhemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, corynebacteria, and some lactobacilli Female: The vagina harbors a normal population of microbes, Lactobacillus species - helpful, Candida albicans at low levels in the healthy vagina
Helminthes
Parasitic worms or flukes
23.11. Discuss pelvic inflammatory disease, and identify which organisms are most likely to cause it.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a generalized term for infection of the upper reproductive structures of women most often caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Because there is no normal biota in these organs, inflammation resulting from infection with these organisms can lead to scar tissue and pelvic adhesions, which can cause pelvic pain, discharge, fever, nausea, diarrhea, painful urination, and pain during intercourse.
Tubercles
Small, rounded processes that provide the attachment for tendons and muscles.
21.06. Identify two bacteria that can cause dangerous pharyngitis cases.
Streptococcus Pyogenes, Fusobacterim Necrophorum
22.08. What is the main characteristic that suggests food intoxication instead of an infection?
Sudden and uncontrollable vomiting and diarrhea
21.16. Explain why so many diverse microorganisms can cause the condition of pneumonia.
They only need only to have appropriate characteristics to allow them to circumvent the host's defenses and to penetrate and survive in the lower respiratory tract. The microorganisms must avoid being phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages, or at least avoid being killed once inside the macrophage.
21.13. List the possible causative agents for each of the diseases affecting the lower respiratory tract: tuberculosis, community-acquired pneumonia, healthcare-associated pneumonia, and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.
Tuberculosis: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, MDR-TB and XDR-TB Community Acquired pneumonia: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma, Legionella, Haemophilus influenzae, Histoplasma capsulatum, Hantavirus Healthcare-associated pneumonia: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus (usually MRSA)
23.07. List the possible causative agents for each of the following infectious reproductive tract conditions: vaginitis, vaginosis, prostatitis, genital discharge diseases, genital ulcer diseases, and wart diseases.
Vaginitis: candida albicans, trichomonas vaginalis Vaginosis: Mixed infections (Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium, and Mobiluncus) Prostatitis: GI tract biota Genital discharge diseases: Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus), Lymphogranuloma venereum (chlamydia)
Sinusitis causes
Vast majority are due to viral infection (acute) Via respiratory droplets or direct contact with conjunctival or nasal mucosa. Most common: Rhinovirus, Influenza virus, Parainfluenza virus Entry to sinuses by viremic spread or direct invasion. Bacteria can secondarily invade sinus (chronic)- S. pnuemoniae, non-typable H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis (80%) - S. aureus, anaerobes, other streptococci - remainder
21.07. List the possible causative agents for each of the infectious conditions affecting both the upper and lower respiratory tracts: whooping cough, RSV disease, and influenza.
Whooping Cough: Bordetella Pertussis RSV Disease: Respiratory Syncytial Viruses Influenza: Influenza A, B, C and viruses
hepatitis A
inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), usually transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food or water
hepatitis b
inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids
hepatitis c
inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is transmitted by exposure to infected blood; this strain is rarely contracted sexually
otitus media
inflammation of the middle ear
21.10. Identify the age groups at most risk for serious disease from RSV.
premature babies and babies up to 6 months
Syphilis stages
primary, secondary, latent, tertiary
22.07. Name one distinct feature for each of the acute diarrhea pathogens.
salmonella: Often associated with chickens, reptiles shigella: Very low ID50 shiga toxin producing E.Coli: Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) other E.Coli: ETEC, EIEC, EPEC, DAEC, EAEC Campylobacter: Guillain-Barré syndrome Clostridium difficile: Associated with disruption of normal biota vibrio cholerae: Rice-water stools Non-cholera vibrio species: Sepsis can follow cryptosporidium: Resistant to chlorine disinfection rotavirus: Severe in infants norovirus: Resistant to disinfection