Micro Study Guide Ch, 1-4

Viruses are commonly grown in/on

animal cells or tissues

The identities of microorganisms on our planet

are still mostly unknown

Mitochondria likely originated from

bacteria

The two major types of helminths based on body type are the _______, which include the tapeworms, and the ________, which are also known as nematodes.

flatworms; roundworms

The difference in cell wall structure of Mycobacterium and Nocardia compared to the typical gram-positive bacterial cell wall structure is that they

have a predominance of unique, waxy lipids

Long, threadlike fungal cells are called _________, and an intertwined mass of these cells is called a _________.

hyphae; mycelium

Most of the time, microbes in natural circumstances exist

in relationship with other species

The enzyme ___________ found in tears and saliva, can hydrolyze the bonds in the glycan chains of certain bacterial cell walls.

lysozyme

The Golgi apparatus

modifies and packages proteins

Chemotaxis refers to the ability to

move in response to a chemical

All bacterial cells have

one or more chromosomes

Chloroplasts are the site of ________ and are located in plants and plantlike organisms called ________.

photosynthesis; algae

Cells, like bacteria and archaea, that do not have a nucleus in their cells have traditionally been called

prokaryotes

The most immediate result of destruction of a cell's ribosomes would be

protein synthesis would stop

The three structures utilized for locomotion by protozoa are flagella, cilia, and

pseudopods

The chemical components of ribosomes are proteins and

rRNA

Which of the following is not a phenotypic trait of bacteria?

rRNA sequencing

All of the following are lipids except

starch

A chain of rod-shaped cells would be called a(an)

streptobacillus

All microorganisms are best defined as organisms

that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

The patient is diagnosed with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection, a foodborne illness. The identification of the bacterial subspecies is important for developing his treatment plan and was possible due to

the analysis of antibody reactions against the pathogen

Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes are believed to have evolved from a different kind of cell, known as

the last common ancestor

The patient is diagnosed with a bacterial infection after gram-positive cocci are detected in the fluid sample. The Gram stain involves

timed, sequential applications of crystal violet dye, iodine, an alcohol rinse, and a contrasting counterstain to the sample

The Gram stain, which employs different colored dyes to analyze bacterial cell wall structure, is an example of which type of staining method?

Differential stain

A fastidious organism must be grown on/in what type of medium?

Enriched medium

The patient's urine culture growth was observed on a medium containing growth factors and complex nutrients. Which term best describes this type of medium?

Enriched medium

What type of medium contains blood, serum, or other special growth factors, and what type of bacterial growth is supported by this medium?

Enriched; fastidious bacteria

The RN anticipates the child will be worked up for pinworm infection. What is the causative organism?

Enterobius vermicularis

All microorganisms are considered pathogens.

FALSE

Both gram-positive and gram-negative cells have outer membranes.

FALSE

Cellular organisms without a true nucleus include bacteria and viruses.

FALSE

The gram-positive cell wall is considered stronger than that of gram-negative cells since its hydrophobic outer membrane contains an endotoxin.

FALSE

What time of day would the RN advise the patient's mother to perform the test to assess for the presence of eggs produced by this organism?

First thing in the morning

Which of these organisms has the best potential to survive in extreme environments?

Fungi

What is the most universal diagnostic staining technique used for bacterial identification and classification?

Gram Stain

A bacterial cell wall that has primarily peptidoglycan with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is

Gram-Positive

Gram staining reveals the presence of gram-negative bacilli in the patient's stool. The RN understands how this bacterium would cause the patient's spike in temperature. Which of the following is the correct explanation for this patient's fever?

Gram-negative bacteria have lipopolysaccharide in their outer membrane, and the lipid portion confers their ability to cause fever.

The lab introduces the sample into a medium with the appropriate nutrients to sustain growth. What term describes this process?

Inoculation

The sterile vaginal fluid specimen is sent for culture. The RN educates the patient about the five basic techniques utilized by laboratory technicians to manipulate, grow, examine, and characterize any microorganisms present in the specimen. Which of the following is the correct order of steps for processing the specimen?

Inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, and identification

Choose the term that best describes the role of protozoan cysts.

Protozoan cysts are a survival form that allows them to survive adverse environmental conditions between hosts.

Choose the statement that best describes the role of mitochondria.

Provide cell with energy through cell respiration

A human squamous epithelial cell measures 75 µm in diameter. The size of this cell represented in millimeters (mm) would be

0.075 mm.

A virus that is 150 nm (nanometers) in diameter would be

0.150 μm (micrometers) in diameter.

A bacterial cell that measures 2.5 μm (micrometers) would measure

2,500 nm (nanometers).

Choose the differential stain that is most important in the diagnosis of tuberculosis

Acid-fast Stain

If a Gram stain result is unclear, which of the following should be considered?

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is not useful to determine whether a clinical isolate is a bacterium, fungus, or protozoan?

All of the choices are correct.

If you were a microbiologist in 1950, which of the following scientific principles would you already know?

Aseptic techniques could reduce the number of wound infections in the surgical setting.

Which of these types of organisms is least likely to be identified to the genus level with light microscopy?

Bacteria

Choose the statement that correctly describes the major difference between bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes.

Bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes differ in size.

is a manual of bacterial descriptions and classifications.

Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

When utilizing a light microscope, the specimen on the glass slide must be in proper position to ensure illumination of the specimen for visualization. The glass slide is placed in which of the following positions?

Between the condenser lens and the objective lens

Some organisms ferment certain carbohydrates to produce an acidic byproduct while others don't. What component of mannitol salt agar makes this media differential?

Both the mannitol and the phenol red

Organic chemicals always have a basic framework of the element ____________ bonded to other atoms.

Carbon

To identify the microbe, one step of inspection involves examination for colony growth characteristics. All the following are macroscopically observed characteristics except _______.

Cell Shape

The culture is stored at the proper growth temperature for three days. Upon assessment, visible growth is noted. In order to separate a single microbe, a sample is transferred onto another medium to allow for colony growth. What term describes this process?

Isolation

Which of the following is a taxon that contains all the other taxa listed?

Kingdom

The RN understands that along with a pH test, a microscopic view is needed to perform the ferning test to detect an amniotic fluid leak. The patient sample is prepared on a glass slide and examined under 10x magnification. Which type of microscope will be used to make this observation of the patient sample?

Light microscope

The patient's culture is found to have growth of gram-negative bacteria. What unique component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria acts as an endotoxin, causing symptoms of shock?

Lipopolysaccharide

While describing sample processing, the RN refers to the process of inoculation. He explains that the sample is introduced to a nutrient-rich substance capable of sustaining microbe growth. What is the name of this sterile substance that allows for microorganism multiplication?

Medium

During protein synthesis, ___________ RNA is made as a copy of a gene from DNA.

Messenger

In a ___________, the dye stains the background, forming a silhouette around the unstained organism.

Negative Stain

The laboratory report shows that a motility test was performed on the sample with positive results. Thinking about bacterial movement, the RN is aware that this bacterium could possess which structure(s) for motility?

One or more flagella

The provider educates the patient about his condition, based on information from the laboratory findings and clinical presentation. Later, the RN reinforces the teaching and explains why this infection may be difficult to treat with antibiotics. Which part of the cell envelope restricts the passage of many of drugs into gram-negative bacteria?

Outer membrane layer

The Nobel Prize was awarded to Kary Mullis in 1993 for inventing what technique to amplify and subsequently analyze DNA?

Polymerase chain reaction

Which of these groups causes the most casualties on an annual basis globally?

Protozoa

Microscopic analysis revealed the presence of gram-negative bacilli in the patient's stool. Based upon this information, which of the following accurately describes the appearance of the bacterium under magnification?

Red rods

Fungi produce which structures for reproduction and multiplication?

Spores

The RN anticipates the specimen will be prepared in the lab and examined for identification. What is the term describing any procedure that applies dye to a specimen smear?

Staining

The physician orders cultures to be drawn from the patient's invasive intravenous lines. What term describes the technique the RN must utilize during specimen collection to ensure a proper culture?

Sterile

Specimen collection from the patient is ordered for microbial analysis in the hospital laboratory. Based upon the patient's symptoms, which of the following samples would the RN expect to be ordered for collection?

Stool Sample

Which of the following is a scientific name?

Streptococcus pyogenes

Endospores of certain bacterial species can enter tissues in the human body, germinate, and cause an infectious disease.

TRUE

Many chronic conditions are found to be associated with microbial agents.

TRUE

The most important outcome of polypeptide intrachain bonding and folding is the unique shape of the protein.

TRUE

What simple test may be performed to detect the eggs produced by this organism?

Tape Test

Which of the following statements is not true regarding the differences between bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes?

The cell walls of bacteria and archaea both contain the complex macromolecule peptidoglycan, whereas only the organisms in kingdom Plantae contain cell walls, which are made of cellulose.

Choose the most accurate description of a typical helminth lifestyle.

The helminth reproduces sexually and spends most of its life in either a single animal host or a series of animal hosts.

E. coli is an intestinal organism, and Staphylococcus epidermidis resides on the skin. What do you hypothesize will occur when both are inoculated onto mannitol salt agar?

The salt inhibits the growth of E. coli, which is not a halophile; the S. epidermidis will grow.