microbiology 4

Which statement is not a characteristic of biofilms? A. They can be involved with human disease. B. They involve bacteria only. C. They evolve and adapt to their surroundings. D. They are very difficult to eliminate with antimicrobials. E. They can accumulate on living and nonliving surfaces.

They involve bacteria only.

All bacterial cells have A. a chromosome. B. fimbriae. C. endospores. D. capsules. E. flagella.

a chromosome

Sarcinae refers to A. cocci in pairs. B. a cuboidal packet of cells. C. groups of endopsores. D. coffee-bean-shaped rods in pairs. E. vibrios in threes.

a cuboidal packet of cells.

Which structure protects bacteria from being phagocytized? A. slime layer B. fimbriae C. cell membrane D. capsule E. All of these choices are correct.

capsule

The site/s for most ATP synthesis in prokaryotic cells is/are the A. ribosomes. B. mitochondria. C. cell wall. D. inclusions. E. cell membrane.

cell membrane.

If bacteria living in salty seawater were displaced to a freshwater environment, the cell structure that would prevent the cells from rupturing is A. endospore. B. cell wall. C. cell membrane. D. capsule. E. slime layer.

cell wall

The outcome of the Gram stain is based on differences in the cell's A. ribosomes. B. inclusions. C. cell wall. D. cell membrane. E. flagella.

cell wall

Peptidoglycan is a unique macromolecule found in bacterial A. cell walls. B. cell membranes. C. capsules. D. slime layers. E. inclusions.

cell walls

Which of the following characteristics of living things is/are not found among viruses? A. heredity B. cellular structure C. ability to evolve D. presence of nucleic acid E. All of these characteristics are lacking in viruses.

cellular structure

Bacteria and Archaea can be differentiated from one another by the A. presence or absence of membranous organelles. B. size of individual cells. C. presence of a novel nucleic acid in the Archaea D. chemical makeup of the cell wall. E. All of these can be used to differentiate the two domains.

chemical makeup of the cell wall.

Movement of a cell toward a chemical stimulus is termed _____.

chemotaxis

Bacterial cells could have any of the following appendages, except A. flagella. B. cilia. C. fimbriae. D. periplasmic flagella (axial filaments). E. sex pili.

cilia

When a rod-shaped bacteria is short and plump, it is called a A. spirochete. B. pleomorphism. C. vibrio. D. coccobacillus. E. spirillum.

coccobacillus.

Magnetosomes are A. infoldings of the cell membrane. B. termed metachromatic granules. C. responsible for the heat resistance of endospores. D. composed of magnetic iron oxide particles. E. found in all bacteria.

composed of magnetic iron oxide particles.

What is the correct sequence for a Gram stain? A. Gram's iodine, Crystal Violet, Alcohol, Safranin B. crystal Violet, Safranin, Alcohol, Gram's iodine C. crystal Violet, Gram's iodine, Alcohol, Safranin D. safranin, Crystal Violet, Gram's iodine, Alcohol E. alcohol, Crystal Violet, Safranin, Gram's iodine

crystal Violet, Gram's iodine, Alcohol, Safranin

The presence of thylakoids, phycocyanin, gas inclusions, and cysts would be associated with A. green sulfur bacteria. B. cyanobacteria. C. purple sulfur bacteria. D. archaea. E. spirochetes.

cyanobacteria.

Chemical analysis of a bacterial cell structure detects calcium dipicolinic acid. What is the identity of this structure? A. cell wall B. capsule C. slime layer D. nucleoid E. endospore

endospore

The cell _____ is composed of three layers: the glycocalyx, the cell wall, and the cell membrane.

envelope

Gram-negative bacteria do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

false

If during the Gram stain procedure, the bacterial cells were viewed immediately after crystal violet was applied, gram-positive cells would be purple but gram-negative cells would be colorless.

false

Iodine is the decolorizer in the Gram stain.

false

The region between the bacterial cell membrane and the cell wall is called the outer membrane.

false

The term diplococci refers to an irregular cluster of spherical bacterial cells.

false

The prokaryotic flagellum has three parts: the _____, the hook, and the basal body.

filament

The short, numerous appendages used by some bacterial cells for adhering to surfaces are called A. flagella. B. cilia. C. fimbriae. D. periplasmic flagella (axial filaments). E. sex pili.

fimbriae

A bacterial cell exhibiting chemotaxis probably has A. fimbriae. B. capsules. C. mesosomes. D. flagella. E. metachromatic granules.

flagella

The function of bacterial endospores is A. to convert gaseous nitrogen to a usable form for plants. B. for reproduction and growth. C. for protection of genetic material during harsh conditions. D. the storage of excess cell materials. E. to have sites for photosynthesis.

for protection of genetic material during harsh conditions.

Lipopolysaccharide is an important cell wall component of A. gram-negative bacteria. B. gram-positive bacteria. C. acid-fast bacteria. D. mycoplasmas. E. protoplasts.

gram-negative bacteria.

A prokaryotic cell wall that has primarily peptidoglycan with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is A. gram-negative. B. gram-positive. C. archaea. D. a spheroplast. E. acid fast.

gram-positive

Which phylum is mismatched? A. Gracilicutes - gram-negative cell walls B. Firmicutes - gram-positive cell walls C. Actinobacteria - waxy acid-fast cell walls D. Proteobacteria - archaea cell walls

Actinobacteria - waxy acid-fast cell walls

Endospores are A. metabolically inactive. B. resistant to heat and chemical destruction. C. resistant to destruction by radiation. D. living structures. E. All of these choices are correct.

All of these choices are correct.

A microoganism has been described to you as living in hot acidic habitats in the waste piles of coal mines that regularly sustain a pH of 1 and a temperature of nearly 60° C. Which type of organism do you immediately assume it is? A. Gracillucates B. Firmicutes C. Actinobacteria D. Archaea E. Spirochaetes

Archaea

Which of the three domains includes organisms that would be most likely to survive the environmental conditions that existed on Earth nearly 4 billion years ago? A. Eukarya B. Archaea C. Bacteria

Archaea

According to current thought regarding the domains of life, which two domains are believed to be the most closely related? A. Bacteria and Eukarya B. Archaea and Bacteria C. Archaea and Eukarya

Archaea and Eukarya

The difference in cell wall structure of Mycobacterium and Nocardia compared to the typical gram-positive bacterial cell wall structure is A. the presence of more peptidoglycan. B. the predominance of unique, waxy lipids. C. the rapid decolorization during staining. D. the presence of lipopolysaccharide. E. All of these choices are correct.

B. the predominance of unique, waxy lipids.

The periplasmic space is A. larger in gram-positive bacteria. B. made up of lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids. C. an important reaction site for substances entering and leaving the cell. D. just external to the LPS layer of the outer membrane. E. absent in gram-negative bacteria.

C. an important reaction site for substances entering and leaving the cell.

Which of the following is mismatched? A. Rickettsia rickettsii: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever B. Rickettsia typhi: endemic typhus C. Chlamydia trachomatis: blindness D. Coxiella burnetti: cowpox E. All of these choices are correct.

Coxiella burnetti: cowpox

Which is mismatched? A. Chlamydias - lack ability to independently complete growth and metabolism B. green sulfur bacteria - photosynthetic anaerobes that use sulfur in metabolism C. Cyanobacteria - filamentous, gliding thermophilic bacteria D. Myxobacteria - gliding, fruiting slime bacteria

Cyanobacteria - filamentous, gliding thermophilic bacteria

Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called A. flagella. B. cilia. C. fimbriae. Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called A. flagella. B. cilia. C. fimbriae. D. periplasmic flagella (axial filaments). E. sex pili.

D. periplasmic flagella (axial filaments).

A bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls is A. Mycobacterium. B. Mycoplasma. C. Streptococcus. D. Corynebacterium. E. Salmonella.

Mycobacterium.

_____ is a macromolecule containing alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid cross-linked by short peptide fragments.

Peptidoglycan

Which of the following, pertaining to prokaryotic cell membranes, is mismatched? A. internal folds - mesosomes B. sterols present - mycoplasmas C. form a bilayer - phospholipids D. unique hydrocarbon present - cyanobacteria E. function - regulates transport of nutrients and wastes

unique hydrocarbon present - cyanobacteria

A newly described unicellular organism was isolated from a salt mine. This organism has no membranous organelles and its cell wall lacks peptidoglycan. Attempts to culture it in a medium with less than 25% salt were unsuccessful, but it was able to grow well on 25% salt supplemented agar. This organism would best be described as a ______________ and is most likely in the domain ___________. A. halophile; Bacteria. B. thermophile; Bacteria. C. thermophile; Eukarya. D. halophile; Archaea. E. thermophile; Archaea.

halophile; Archaea.

Lysozyme, an enzyme found in tears, provides a natural defense against bacteria by A. hydrolyzing peptidoglycan in cell walls. B. inhibiting protein synthesis. C. removing flagella. D. dissolving the cell membrane. E. removing the capsule from outside the cell.

hydrolyzing peptidoglycan in cell walls.

All of the following structures contribute to the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease, except A. inclusions. B. fimbriae. C. capsule. D. slime layer. E. outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls.

inclusions

In the Gram stain, the mordant is A. crystal violet. B. safranin. C. alcohol. D. water. E. iodine.

iodine

The bacterial chromosome A. is located in the cell membrane. B. contains all the cell's plasmids. C. is part of the nucleoid. D. forms a single linear strand of DNA. E. All of these choices are correct.

is part of the nucleoid.

All of the following are correct about a slime layer, except A. it is a type of glycocalyx. B. it can be easily washed off the cell. C. it protects the cell from loss of water and nutrients. D. it enables movement of cells. E. it allows cells to participate in biofilms.

it enables movement of cells.

Bacteria with small bunches of flagella emerging from the same site are said to be A. lophotrichous. B. peritrichous. C. monotrichous. D. amphitrichous. E. spirilla.

lophotrichous.

The enzyme _____, that is found in tears and saliva, can hydrolyze the bonds in the glycan chains of certain bacterial cell walls.

lysozyme

What unit of measure is most appropriate for expressing the size of bacteria? A. micrometer B. nanometer C. milimeter D. picometer

micrometer

During the Gram stain, gram _____ cells decolorize when the alcohol is applied.

negative

An important indicator of evolutionary relatedness is the A. size of the periplasmic space. B. similarities of cell membrane proteins. C. size of the bacterial chromosome. D. nitrogen base sequence of rRNA. E. size of the ribosomes.

nitrogen base sequence of rRNA.

Which of the following characteristics is not a property of cells or living things? A. cell boundaryB. ability to replicate C. nucleus D. responds to stimulus E. All of the choices are not fundamental characteristics of living things.

nucleus

Cells form a _____ arrangement when cells in a chain snap back upon each other forming a row of cells oriented side by side.

palisade; palisading

The term that refers to the presence of flagella all over the cell surface is A. amphitrichous. B. atrichous. C. lophotrichous. D. monotrichous. E. peritrichous.

peritrichous

Which cell structure is an important component in modern genetic engineering techniques? A. ribosomes B. capsules C. plasmids D. inclusions E. mesosomes

plasmids

Which is mismatched? A. ribosomes - protein synthesis B. inclusions - excess cell nutrients and materials C. plasmids - genes essential for growth and metabolism D. nucleoid - hereditary material E. cytoplasm - dense, gelatinous solution

plasmids - genes essential for growth and metabolism

The most immediate result of destruction of a cell's ribosomes would be A. material would not be able to cross the cell membrane. B. protein synthesis would stop. C. destruction of the cell's DNA. D. formation of glycogen inclusions. E. loss of capsule.

protein synthesis would stop

In bacteria such as members of the Bacillus and Clostridium genera, nutrient depletion is likely to result in A. germination. B. sporulation. C. binary fission. D. plasmolysis. E. starvation.

sporulation.

The process of endospore formation is _____________, while the process of an endospore growing into a vegetative cell is ____________. A. germination; sporulation B. reproduction; sporulation C. germination; reproduction D. sporulation; germination

sporulation; germination

Which term is not used to describe bacterial cell shapes? A. coccus B. tetrad C. vibrio D. rod E. spirochete

tetrad

Which of the following makes possible the differentiation of members of the genus Mycobacterium and the genus Nocardia from other bacteria? A. the Gram stain B. the presence of flagella C. the acid-fast stain D. an endospore stain

the gram stain

All of the following are correct about biofilms, except A. they are cooperative associations among several microbial groups. B. they play an important role in recycling elements in the Earth. C. they can colonize medical devices. D. an example could be the scum that builds up in toilet bowls. E. they are harmless aggregations of microbes.

they are harmless aggregations of microbes.

A halophile would ______________ in a high salt environment. A. undergo plasmolysis B. undergo osmotic lysis C. become crenated D. thrive E. form endospores

thrive

Archaea do not have the typical peptidoglycan structure found in bacterial cell walls.

true

Bacteria in the genus Mycoplasma and bacteria called L-forms lack cell walls.

true

Endospores of certain bacterial species can enter tissues in the human body, germinate, and cause an infectious disease.

true

Hot carbol fuchsin is the primary dye in the acid-fast stain.

true

If you observe rod-shaped, pink cells on a slide that had just been Gram stained, you can assume that their cell walls contain endotoxin.

true

The prokaryotic cell membrane is a site for many enzymes and metabolic reactants

true

All of the following terms describe environmental adaptations found among the members of the domain Archaea, except A. thermophilic. B. psychrophilic. C. acidophilic. D. halophilic. E. barophilic. F. There are no exceptions here. Each of these adaptations is seen among different members of the domain Archaea.

There are no exceptions here. Each of these adaptations is seen among different members of the domain Archaea.

Bacterial endospores are not produced by A. Staphylococcus. B. Sporosarcina. C. Bacillus. D. Clostridium. E. All of these choices are correct.

Staphylococcus.

All of the following pertain to endotoxins, except they A. are specific bacterial cell wall lipids. B. can stimulate fever in the human body. C. can cause shock in the human body. D. are involved in typhoid fever and some meningitis cases. E. are found in acid-fast bacterial cell walls.

are found in acid-fast bacterial cell walls.

Which of the following represents size relationships from smallest to largest? A. rhinovirus, Ebola virus, Staphylococcus cell, yeast cell, red blood cell, squamous epithelial cell B. Ebola virus, Rhinovirus, yeast cell, Staphylococcus cell, red blood cell, squamous epithelial cell C. Ebola virus, yeast cell, Rhinovirus, red blood cell, Staphylococcus cell, squamous epithelial cell D. rhinovirus, Ebola virus, Staphylococcus cell, red blood cell, yeast cell, squamous epithelial cell

rhinovirus, Ebola virus, Staphylococcus cell, yeast cell, red blood cell, squamous epithelial cell

The chemical components of ribosomes are proteins and _____.

ribosomal RNA; rRNA; r RNA

Classification and taxonomy provide information and contribute to each of the following endeavors, except A. identification of unknown species. B. the study of evolutionary relationships. C. tracing the origins of bacteria. D. selection of appropriate antibiotics. E. enabling communication among scientists regarding the same and different species of microbes.

selection of appropriate antibiotics.

The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called A. flagella. B. cilia. C. fimbriae. D. periplasmic flagella (axial filaments). E. sex pili.

sex pili